Science, Technology and Society
Lesson 1: Historical Antecedents in the Course of Science and
Technology
Ancient Times
In the ancient times, people are concerned with:
→ Transportations – is the movement of goods and
people from one place to another. In ancient times,
people crafted simple boats out of logs, walked, rode
animals and, later, devised wheeled vehicles to move
from place to place. They used existing waterways or
simple roads for transportation.
– Over time, people built more complex
means of transportation. They learned how
to harness various sources of power, such as
wind, steam, and combustion, to move
barges, ships, trains, automobiles, airplanes.
→ Communication – humans have been using different
methods to communicate from the beginning.
– Cave Paintings
– Symbols for communication
– Smoke signals
– Carrier pigeons
→ Mass Production – began in the ancient world when
food security and warfare were the pressing needs of
the day.
→ Weapons and Armors – in their hunger for power,
humans have always searched for the perfect
weaponry. The careful selection of weapons at times
proved to be the crucial difference between winning
a battle or being slaughtered on the field.
→ Engineering and Architecture – the science of civil
engineering truly commenced between 4000 and
2000 BC in Egypt when transportation gained such
importance that it led to the development of the
wheel. Structures built during the ancient times:
– Sphin
– Ziggurat of Ur
– City of Uruk
– Hanging Gardens of Babylon
Sumerian Civilization
– Located on the southernmost tip of ancient
Mesopotamia
– Known for their high degree of cooperation with one
another and their desire for great things.
– Not contented with the basic things that life can offer.
This desire pushed them to develop many things
connected with science and technology.
Cuneifrom
– It is the first writing system known as cuneiform.
– It is system that utilizes word pictures and triangular
symbols which are curved on clay wedge instruments
and then left to dry.
Uruk City
– Another important contribution of the Sumerians is
the City of Uruk. It is a great wonder not only because
it is considered to be the first true city of the world
but also for the way it was erected.
– One of the major problem that the Sumerians
encountered was the lack of materials. There were no
building stones in the location of this city and lumber
was limited, making the construction a big challenge.
The Sumerians were able to build the city using only
mud or clay from the river, which they mixed the
reeds, producing sunbaked bricks- a true engineering
feat.
The Great Ziggarat of Ur
– Another engineering and architectural feat of the
Sumerians is the Great Ziggurat of Ur. The ziggurat,
also called the mountain of god, was built in the same
manner that they constructed the City of Uruk,
Without much building materials, the structure was
constructed using sunbaked bricks. The ziggurat
served as the sacred place of their chief god, where
only their priests were allowed to enter. As such, even
today, people still enjoy and marvel at the preserved
Great Ziggurat of Ur.
Irrigation And Dikes
– As population increased, so did the demand for food.
The Sumerians were challenged to mass produce food
items but the elements in the environment seemed
uncooperative
– The farmers in Sumer created levees to hold back the
floods from their fields and cut canals to channel river
water to the fields. The use of levees and canals is
called irrigation.
Sailboats
– Another challenge to the Sumerians was
transportation. At that time, the wheel was not yet
invented; the main mode of transportation was
through waterways such as rivers and seas. Boats
were used to carry large quantities of products and
were able to cover large distances.
Wheel
– In the latter part of their history, the Sumerians were
able to invent the wheel since the specialized tools
needed to create it were already available. The first
wheels were not made for transportation but for farm
work and food processes. With the use of the wheel
and axle, mass production was made easier. Farmers
were able to mill grains with less effort in less time
Plow
– Humans evolved from being food gatherers to farm
cultivators. However, farmers needed a technology
which would enable them to dig the ground where
the seeds would be planted. The plow was invented
to dig the earth in a faster pace. As the plow breaks
the ground, the farmer would just drop the seeds and
farm work would already be done. With this tool,
farmers could cultivate larger parcels of land faster,
enabling them to mass produce food without taking
so much effort and time.
Roads
– In order to facilitate faster and easier travel, the
Sumerians developed the first roads. With this work,
the flow of traffic become faster and more organized.
They made the roads with the same technology they
used in making the sunbaked bricks that they laid
down on the ground.
Babylonian Civilization
– Babylonian civilization emerged near the Tigris and
Euphrates Rivers. The Babylonians were great
builders, engineers, and architects. One of their major
contribution is the hanging gardens of Babylon, one
of the seven wonders of the ancient world.
Hanging Gardens of Babylon
– Today, people can only marvel at the beauty of the
famous Hanging Gardens of Babylon from stories of
historians and paintings that portray the place. It was
said to be a structure made up of layers upon layers
of gardens that contained several species of plants,
trees, and vines. According to legends, the great
Babylonian King Nebuchadnezzar II built the gardens
for his wife, Queen Amytis.
– However, no physical evidence has been found to
prove the existence of the Hanging Gardens of
Babylon. Its exact location is also unknown.
– They used contracts for commercial transactions They
developing two significant literary pieces; and
establishing the Code of Hammurabi, which became
the foundation for many existing laws in modern
times.
Code of Hammurabi
– Hammurabi code of laws, a collection of 282 rules,
established standards for commercial interactions
and set fines and punishments to meet the
requirements of justice. Hammurabi’s Code was
carved onto a massive, finger-shaped black stone
stele (pillar) that was looted by invaders and finally
rediscovered in 1901
1 | tin
Science, Technology and Society
Egyptian Civilization
Another early civilization famous for its legacy is the Egyptian
civilization located in North Africa. Many stories tell about the
engineering feats of the Egyptians especially regarding about
the infrastructures established by the pharaohs. Aside from
engineering technology, the Egyptians have contributed other
practical things that the world now considers as essentials. It
is thus safe to say that the pyramids are not the only
contribution of the Egyptians civilization to the modern world.
Paper Of Papyrus
– One of the earlier contributions of Egyptian
civilization was the paper or papyrus. Although Egypt
was not the first to develop a system of writing, they
were able to make writing easier for the world. Before
the Egyptian innovation, clay tablets were used.
However, safe-keeping and transporting them were a
major problem. Clay tablets were very fragile, heavy,
and delicate to handle. So, bringing them to places
was a major challenge.
Ink
– Egyptians invented the papyrus of the paper,
engraving ceased to be used in writing. As a result, the
Egyptians invented ink by combining soot with
different chemicals to produce inks of different
colors. Ink must withstand the elements of nature
since it was used to record history, culture, and
codified laws. It must be tamper-proof so thatpeople
could not simply tinker with those written down by
authorities.
Hieroglyphics
– Like the Sumerians, the Egyptians also developed a
system of writing using symbols, known as
hieroglyphics. This form of writing can still be seen
today and remains to be a famous as the pyramids
where they were found. Hieroglyphics was the
language that tells the modern world of the history
and culture of the ancient Egyptians. Their records
were well- preserved since they were carved at the
walls of pyramids and other important Egyptians
structures.
Cosmetics
– Cosmetics in the modern times are used to improve
and highlight the facial features of a person, but, their
function in ancient Egypt was for both health and
aesthetic reasons. Egyptians wore Kohl around the
eyes to prevent and even cure eye diseases. Kohl was
created by mixing soot or malachite with mineral
galena. Egyptians also believed that a person wearing
make-up was protected from evil and that beauty was
a sign of holiness.
Wig
– The wigs were used to protect the shaved heads of
the wealthy Egyptians from the harmful rays of the
sun. Wearing a wig was better than putting on a scarf
or any other head cover since wig allowed heat to
escape. Moreover, it was considered cleaner than
natural hair because it prevented the accumulation of
head lice.
Water Clock / Clepsydra
– This device utilizes gravity that affects the flow of
water from one vessel to the other. The amount of
water (or its height, depending on the method used)
remaining in the device determines how much time
has elapsed since its full. In the process, time is
measured. The water clock was widely used as a
timekeeping device during the ancient times.
Greek Civilization
– Greece is an archipelago in the southeastern part of
the Europe. Known as the birthplace of western
philosophy, some of the major achievements of the
Greeks include in-depth works on philosophy and
mathematics. More than coliseums and the Olympics,
the Greek civilization has contributed much to the
world especially in the fields of science and
technology.
Alarm Clock
– One of the most utilized gadgets today that was
invented by the ancient Greeks is the alarm clock.
Although the alarm clock during that time did not
resemble the present-day alarm clock, the purpose
was just the same- to tell an individual when to stop
or when to start. The ancient Greek’s alarm clocks
used large complicated mechanisms to time the
alarm. They made use of water that dropped into
drums which sounded the alarm.
Water Mill
– Watermills were also considered as one of the most
important contributions of the Greek civilization to
the world. They were commonly used in agricultural
processes like milling of grains which was a necessary
form of food processing during that time.
Roman Civilization
The Roman Empire was perceived to be the strongest political
and social entity in the west. It was considered to be the cradle
of politics and governance during that period. Because the
Roman Empire was so large, other civilizations looked up to it
as their model in terms of legislation and codified laws. Aside
from their contributions in politics, a lot of discoveries and
inventions still relevant today can be attributed to the Roman
Empire.
Newspaper
– The first newspapers, known as gazettes, contained
announcements of the Roman Empire to the people.
Made before the invention of paper, these gazettes
were engraved in metal or stone tablets and then
publicly displayed. These documents were edited and
published on the same day that they were recorded.
This way, the Romans enjoyed easy access to
government information the same way we benefit
from present-day newspapers.
Aqueduct
– An aqueduct is a watercourse constructed to carry
water from a source to a distribution point far away.
In modern engineering, the term aqueduct is used for
any system of pipes, ditches, canals, tunnels, and
other structures used for this purpose
Roman Numerals
– Roman numerals originated in ancient Rome, but
survived for some uses after the end of the Roman
Empire. The numbers in the system are represented
by combinations of letters from the Latin alphabet.
"The history of our civilization, the great advances that made
it possible, is not a story of cynics or doom criers. It is a gallant
chronicle of the optimists, the determined people, men and
women, who dreamed great dreams and dared to try
whatever it took to make them come true.” - Reagan
Lesson 2: Historical Development in the Philippines
Long before the Spaniards came to the Philippines, Filipinos
had a civilization of their own. This civilization partly came
from the Malay settlers and partly from their response to the
new environment. Many of these customs and traditions,
government and way of life, have come down to the present
day, despite the changes brought about by westernization and
modernization. This is why it is possible to know about our
distant past by simply observing some customs and practices
that have resisted change and modernization.
Society – Philippine pre-colonial society is both different and
the same as in the present. Some aspects of the pre-colonial
period have survived into our time. The following is a
description of the way of life of pre-colonial Filipinos.
2 | tin
Science, Technology and Society
Agriculture
– main source of livelihood rice, coconuts, sugar cane,
cotton, hemp, bananas, oranges, and many species of
fruits and vegetables were grown
– done in two ways: kaingin system(slash and burn) and
tillage when the Spaniards came to the Philippines,
they noted that Cebu and Palawan were abundant in
many agricultural foodstuffs
Pre-Colonial Writing
– During the early period almost everyone in the
society-male or female knows how to read and write.
They have their own method of writing which they
use sharp pointed tools, leaves, bamboo and trunk's
skin. They write from top to bottom and read it from
left to right. Accordingly, they have their Alibata
which script is different from China, Japan and India.
This account was told by one of the first Spanish
missionaries who came in the Philippines, Fr. Pedro
Chirino.
Engineering
– built to suit the tropical climate
– called bahay kubo, made of wood, bamboo, and nipa
palm; it was built on stilts and can be entered through
ladders that can be drawn up
– some Filipinos, such as the Kalingas, Mandayas and
Bagobos built their houses on treetops
– others, such as the Badjaos, built their houses on
boats
– The Banaue Rice Terraces (Filipino: Hagdan-hagdang
Palayan ng Banawe) are terraces that were carved
into the mountains of Banaue, Ifugao, in the
Philippines more than 2,000 years ago,by the
ancestors of the Igorot people. The terraces are
located approximately 1,500 metres (4,900 feet)
above sea level.
Pre-Colonial Culture
– During the pre-colonial time there was already an
indigenous spiritual traditions practiced by the
people in the Philippines. Generally, for lack of better
terminology prehistoric people are described to be
animistic. Their practice was a collection of beliefs
and cultural mores anchored in the idea that the
world is inhabited by spirits and supernatural entities,
both good and bad, and that respect be accorded to
them through nature worship thus; they believed that
their daily lives has a connection of such beliefs.
– Others also worship the moon, stars, caves,
mountains, rivers, plants and trees. Some creatures
are being worship too like the bird, crow, tortoise,
crocodile and other things they believed has value
and connected to their lives
– The variation of animistic practices occurs in different
ethnic groups. Magic, chants and prayers are often
key features. Itspractitioners were highly respected
(and some feared) in the community, as they were
healers, midwife (hilot), shamans, witches and
warlocks (mangkukulam), babaylans, tribal historians
and wizened elders that provided the spiritual and
traditional life of the community.
Pre-Colonial Clothing
– During this pre-colonial era historians have found out
that the "Barong Tagalog” (dress of the Tagalog)
already existed. The earliest Baro or Baro ng Tagalog
was worn by the natives of Ma-I (the Philippines name
before) just before they were colonized by the
Spaniards.
– The men wore a sleeve-doublet made of Canga
(rough cotton) that reached slightly below the waist.
It is collarless with a front opening. Their loins were
covered with a pane that hung between the legs and
mid- thigh. The women also wore a sleeve dress but
shorter than the men. They also wear a pane attached
to the waist and reaching to the feet accented by a
colourful belt. The materials used for their dress is of
fine line or Indian Muslim.
– The Visayan men wore a jacket with a Moorish style
rob, that reach down their feet and was embroidered
in beautiful colours. Tagalog and Visayan men bound
their temples and forehead with a “putong" (a narrow
strips of clothe). They also wore gold jewellery and
other accessories to beautify their bodies.
Mode of Dressing
– Male attire was composed of the kanggan (sleeveless
jacket) and bahag (loincloth) the color of the kanggan
indicates rank - red for the chief, black or blue for the
commoners men also wear a turban called
pouchennej which also tell the social
status/achievement of the individual wearing it
female attire consisted of baro or camisa (jacket with
sleeves) and saya or patadyong (a long skirt); some
women wore a piece of red or white cloth on top of
their skirt called tapis
– men and women wore ornaments to look attractive
– both wear kalumbiga, pendants, bracelets, leglets
– these ornaments were made of gold
– some wore gold fillings between the teeth
– tattoos were also fashionable for some precolonial
Filipinos; they also exhibit a man's war record
– Islas del Pintados – term coined by the Spaniards for
the Visayans
Spanish Colonial Period
– Government buildings, churches, roads, bridges and
forts were constructed
– Formal education was established
– Trade was given more focus
– The Manila-Dagupan Railway was established
American Colonial Period
– The Manila-Dagupan Railways became manila
Railroad Company, extended line to south Luzon
– Science was inclined towards agriculture, food
processing, medicine and pharmacy
– Filipino food technologist- Maria Y. Orosa is credited
with invented banana ketchup, Soyalac and darak
– Establishment of bureau of Government Laboratories
(Bureau of Science, Institute of Science), National
Research Council of the Philippines
– The public school system was establishe
– Siliman University (Dumaguete), Central Philippine
University (IloIlo) and UP Manila were founded.
– Modification of war jeeps for public transport.
– Development of the rice, corn and coconut industries
– Establishment of PAG-ASA, Philippine National Oil
Company, National Academy of Science and
Technology
– Rise of professional organizations of scientist and
engineers
– Revitalized science courses in public high schools
Lesson 3: Medieval and Modern Ages
Medieval/Middle Ages
The start of the middle ages was marred by massive invasions
and migrations. Wars were prevalent during this time. As such,
great technology was needed in the fields of weaponry,
navigation, mass food and farm production, and health. The
wars have resulted I population decline, but during the latter
part of the period, there was significant rise in population.
Trade and Commerce among nations increased which resulted
in greater demands for transportation technology.
Printing Process
After the Chinese developed woodblock printing, Johann
Gutenberg was able to invent the printing press, a more
reliable way of printing using a cast type. He utilized wooden
machines that extracted juices from fruits, attached to them a
metal impression of the letters, and pressed firmly the cast
metal into the piece of paper, which then made an exact
impression on paper. This general invention soon evolved to
be the mechanical printing press which was eventually used all
over the world.
3 | tin
Science, Technology and Society
Microscope
– To develop the proper medicines for illnesses, expert
must understand the sickness through an
investigation. Thus, they needed the device that
could magnify things invisible to the eye. Guided by
the principles used for the invention of eyeglasses in
earlier years, Zacharias Janssen was able to develop
the first compound microscope.
Telescope
The invention of the telescope, an optical instrument that
helps in the observation of remote objects, was a great help
for navigators during this time. Together with the telescope,
the invention of the compass, oars, and rudders made sea
travelling easier and safer.
War Weapons
Since wars were widespread during the Middle Ages, great
development in the weaponry technology also occurred. All
sides must develop weaponries not only as offensive tools but
also defensive instruments. For open-area battles, people
developed cross bows and long bows so that they could attack
the enemies at long ranges, keeping themselves safe with the
protection of walls and fortresses.
Leonardo Da Vinci
– In Italy, Leonardo da Vinci, a great pioneer in arts,
engineering, architecture and science, stressed the
importance of experiment. He produced a vast series
of notebooks with observations of anatomy, cloud
formations, plans for sites, military inventions, tanks,
flying machines and submarines.
Nicolaus Copernicus
– Copernicus rediscovered what some of the ancient
Greeks had known that the sun was at the center of
the solar system and that the earth revolves around
it.
The era also gave way to geographic discovery beginning with
the invention of the triangle sail and the magnetic compass.
This aided PRINCE HENRY, the navigator to travel around South
Africa, Portugal, to reach India.
It was around the same time COLUMBUS discovered the
America.
Modern Ages
Pasteurization
Louis Pasteur, a French biologist, microbiologist, and chemist,
found a way to solve the problem. He invented pasteurization,
the process of heating dairy products to kill the harmful
bacteria that allow them to spoil faster. Through this process,
milk could be stored and consumed for a long period. It also
prevented illnesses caused by harmful bacteria.
Petroleum Refinery
Samuel M. Kier was able to invent kerosene by refining
petroleum. Kerosene was later on referred to as “illuminating
oil” because it was used at first to provide lighting to homes.
After some time, it was applied for heating purposes. The
development of kerosene established the petroleum refinery
industry.
Telephone
Important day to day decisions must be discussed and
addressed at the fastest time possible. Thus, the development
of the telephone by Alexander Graham Bell was one of the
most important inventions at that time.
Calculator
Although an earlier version of the calculator had already been
developed, circumstances in the modern times required a
faster way to compute more complicated equations.
Computing devices must also be easy to carry since they would
be utilized on a day-to-day basis. The Creation of modern
calculators did not only pave the way for easier arithmetic
calculations, but also resulted in the development of more
complex processing machines like the computer.
Modern Science and Technology Around 1600 A.D.
GALILEO was the first to use the modern scientific methods
based on experiment and testable observations. In 1608, some
spectacle maker came to the Republic of Venice with their new
invention, a spyglass for identifying ships before they enter the
harbor.
Galileo heard about it and promptly set about figuring how it
worked. His triumph is not only for spy glass but went on to
the second one with the magnification stepped up by eight and
finally thirty times which is now known as the telescope.
He was able to discover craters and mountains on the moon.
He later invented the microscope and thermometer.
Isaac Newton – helped define the laws of gravity and planetary
motion, co- founded calculus and explained the laws of light
and color.
Albert Einstein – the most popular scientist of the twentieth
century. His work had profound impact on everything from
quantum theory to nuclear power and the atom bomb, and
came up also with the famous equation used in calculus.
Lesson 4: Intellectual Revolution
The term "Intellectual Revolution" is used to refer to Greek
speculation about the "nature" in the period before Socrates
(roughly 600 to 400 BCE). ... First, the world is a natural whole
(that is, supernatural forces do not make things 'happen').
Second, there is a natural 'order' (that is, there are 'laws of
nature').
Copernican Revolution
– This caused the paradigm shift of how the earth and
sun were placed in the heavens/universe. It is the idea
that rejected Ptolemic's model (earth is the center of
the solar system) and proved the heliocentric model
(Sun is the center of the solar system having earth
revolving around
– In the early times, people questioned what created
days and nights. They wanted to understand what
heavenly bodies like stars, moons, and planets are.
The invention of the telescope allowed the people to
take a peek at the outer space, but more importantly,
it is also intrigued them to know what was actually
out there
Claudius Ptolemy (100 CE - 170 CE)
– Egyptian astronomer, mathematician and geographer
– In several fields his writings represent the culminating
achievement of Greco-Roman science, particularly his
geocentric model of the universe now known as the
Ptolemaic system
Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543)
– Polish Catholic Cleric
– Observe night sky from an observation tower
– Trying to solve calendar problem
– Suggested a Sun centered Universe in a book titles De
Revolutionibus, which was not published until the
year he died
– NOTE: He was well educated and had read Greek
astronomy
Copernican Model
– Heliocentric Universe
– De Revolutionibus Orbiun Celestium ( On the
Revolutions of the Heaveanly Spheres)
– Idea was opposed by the Catholic Church
– Earth rotation caused daily motion from east to west
– Mercury and Venus are inferior planets, which
explained why they are always seen near the Sun.
– Sun's annual motion along the ecliptic (Zodiac) was
cause by Earth’s orbital motion (this one was difficult
to accept)
– Retrograde motion was a natural phenomenon of one
planet passing another planet as the orbited the sun.
– Although heliocentric theories had been considered
by philosophers as early as Philolaus in the 5th century
BCE, and while there had been earlier discussions of
4 | tin
Science, Technology and Society
the possibility of Earth’s motion, Copernicus was the
first to propound a comprehensive heliocentric
theory equal in scope and predictive capability to
Ptolemy’s geocentric system.
Darwinian Revolution
– The Darwinian Revolution was considered to be one
of the most controversial intellectual revolutions of
its time
– This has brought a great impact on how people
approach Biology. This revolution provided a different
idea about the "theory of Creation". The Darwinian
revolution started when Charles Darwin published his
book "The Origin of Species" that emphasizes that
humans are the result of an evolution
Evolution
– Evolution means change over time.
– A scientific theory is NOT just a belief, it is a supported
tested explanation
Charles Darwin (1809-1882)
– English naturalist whose scientific theory of evolution
by natural selection became the foundation of
modern evolutionary studies
– In 1831, Darwin sets sail on the HMS Beagle
– In 1844, he writes his theory on the origin of species
– In 1858, Darwin and Wallace publish their theories on
evolution
– Darwin went on an around the-world trip on the HMS
Beagle and traveled to the Galapagos Islands/
– He particularly liked and observed the tortoises on
different islands.
– He observed each group had its own niche
– He studied 13 different species and saw how they
adapted to their environment
What influenced Darwin's ideas about species?
– During the 5-year surveying mission in which Darwin
served aboard the Royal Navy Brig HMS Beagle as a
naturalist, he became intrigued by Charles Lyell's
Principles of Geology.
– In Principles of Geology, Lyell presents arguments in
support of uniformitarianism, the theory that
observable processes occurring in the present are
sufficient to explain the formation of all geological
features over great time periods.
– Darwin eventually applied the idea that ongoing,
observable processes can account for the variety of
features in the natural world to living systems.
– Departing the coast of South America, the Beagle
arrived at the Galapagos Islands, where Darwin would
make his most famous observations of species,
including the 14 or so closely related species of
finches now commonly referred to as Darwin's
finches.
– Just four of the Galapagos Islands finch species that
Darwin observed, described and drew. He pondered
the great range in bill type among these species.
Darwin's hypothesis described the evolutionary relationships
between taxonomic groups.
– Darwin's idea of descent with modification explained
how species change slowly over time as they adapt to
environments.
– Darwin proposed that all species descended step by
step from a single common ancestor by adapting to
changing environments or to new environments
arrived at by migration.
– Darwin's work explained taxonomic relationships
between groups of organisms, which were related by
common ancestry and not necessarily by outward
form.
– Gaps between forms signaled the importance of
extinction. Before Darwin's work, most scientists had
not appreciated the phenomenon's relevance, in part
because it was not supported by theology
Freudian Revolution
– In the past, the field of psychology was classified
under philosophy. Psychology was considered more
an art rather than a science.
– In the later 19th century, Sigmund Freud was able to
change people's perception of psychology with his
revolutionary theory of psychoanalysis.
– This theory has started to revolutionized Psychiatry
with Sigmund Freud. This includes the "Freudian
Theory of Personality" that involves the human
development contributes to his/her personality and
also his "psychoanalysis" that is the process for
achieving proper functioning if a human does not
complete his/her developmental stage.
Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)
– Psychology Austrian, doctor
– Father of Psychoanalysis
– One of the First Psychologists to study human
motivation
– Freud-believed that mental illness is the result of
nurture, not nature.
– He asked the question: “What makes people do
things?” Answer: MOTIVATION Needs motivate
human behavior (food, shelter, clothing)
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Human Needs
→ Self-Actualization
→ Esteem
→ Love and Belonging
→ Safety Needs
→ Physiological Needs
– Maslow’s hierarchy of needs is a theory of psychology
explaining human motivation based on the pursuit of
different levels of needs. The theory states that
humans are motivated to fulfill their needs in a
hierarchical order. This order begins with the most
basic needs before moving on to more advanced
needs. The ultimate goal, according to this theory, is
to reach the fifth level of the hierarchy: self-
actualization.
– Being deprived of a need arouses a feeling called
DRIVE or DESIRE. Animals respondinstinctively,
humans learn various ways to respond.
– Human motivation explains the reason why people
behave the way they do.
– People have DRIVES or DESIRES in the back of their
minds for example, Will to live or will to die Some of
these desire cause people to behave irrationally.
– People are born with a certain number of instincts or
DRIVES ( human instinctive behavior)
– The human mind has 3 aspects which influence
behavior:
→ Ego – Conscious part of mind (Rational Self)
Decides what action to take for positive
means and what to do based on what is
believed is the right thing to do. Aware of
reality.
→ Superego – unconscious part of mind that
acts as our conscience. Reminds us of what
we should do.
→ Id – unconscious part of mind this part of
mind seeks to bring us pleasure. Primitive
parts of our personality including aggression
and sexual drives.
The ID and the SUPEREGO are in constant conflict.
Your drive tells you to do one thing, while society tells
you to do something else.
Sigmund Freud, the founder of psychoanalysis, compared the
human mind to an iceberg. The tip above the water represents
consciousness, and the vast region below the surface
symbolizes the unconscious mind. Of Freud's three basic
personality structures - id, ego and superego-only id is totally
unconscious.
If you don't resolve this conflict between ID and EGO, you may
experience unhappiness or mental distress Thus in order to
understand motivation, you must understand what is in your
unconscious memory. This is the basis of PSYCHOANALYSIS.
Psychoanalysis has as its core the idea that each of us has an
unconscious part whose existence, activities and thoughts are
5 | tin
Science, Technology and Society
hidden behind a mental barrier that we cannot voluntarily
remove. Behind this barrier are repressed and psychologically
dangerous thoughts that give rise to unconscious conflicts,
which in turn, can result to psychological and physical
symptoms -Plotnik, p 514
Lesson 5: Science, Technology and Nation Building
Brief Historical Background of Science and Technology in The
Philippines
– The history of science and technology in the
Philippines started way back before the country
gained its independence from the American
colonizers.
– It is observed in the way they plant their crops that
provide them food.
– In taking care of animals to help them in their daily
tasks.
– For food production
– Science is observed in the way they interpret the
movements of heavenly bodies to predict seasons
and climates.
– They use science in preparing the soil for agricultural
purposes; they discovered the medicinal use of
plants.
– Technology is used by people in building houses,
irrigations, and in developing tools that they can use
in everyday life
– The different archaeological artifacts discovered in
different parts of the country also prove that the
Metal A g e also had significant influences on the lives
of early Filipinos
When the Spaniards colonized the country, they brought with
them their own culture and practices.
– They established schools for girls and boys and
introduced
– the concept of subjects and discipline.
– It was the beginning of the formal science and
technology in the country, known now as school of
science and technology.
– Life during the Spanish Era slowly became
modernized.
– The galleon trade has brought additional technology
and development in the Philippines
The Americans have more influence in the development of
Science and Technology in the Philippines compared to the
Spaniards. They established the following:
→ Public education system
→ Improved the Engineering works
→ Improved health conditions of the people.
→ Established a modern research university, University
of the Philippines.
→ Created more hospitals than the former colonial
master.
– Americans did everything to “Americanize” the
Philippines.
– They recognized the learning of science and
introduced it in public and private schools.
– The desire of the Americans to develop the human
resources of the Philippines is somehow, beneficial in
the country.
Health and Sanitation
– Filipinos learned the value of cleanliness, proper
hygiene and healthy practices
– Hospitals, clinics and health centers were established
including public hospitals for lepers.
– Since the establishment of the new republic, the
whole nation has been focusing on using its limited
resources in improving its science and technological
capabilities.
– It has explored the use of O DA or Overseas
Development Allocations to help the countries
improved its scientific productivity.
– introduced and implemented several programs,
projects, and policies to boost the area of science and
technology.
– GOAL: prepare the whole country and its people to
meet the demands of a technologically driven world
and capacitate people to live in a world driven by
Science.
Clusters of Government Policies according to NRCP
1. Social Sciences, Humanities, Education, International
Policies and Governance.
2. Physics, Engineering and Industrial Research, Earth
and Space Sciences, and Mathematics.
3. Medical, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences.
4. Biological Sciences, Agriculture, and Forestry.
Social Sciences, Humanities, Education, International Policies
and Governance
1. Integrating ASEAN awareness in basic education
without adding to the curriculum
2. Emphasizing teaching in the mother tongue
3. Developing school infrastracture and providing for ICT
broadband
4. Local food security
Physics, Engineering and Industrial Research, Earth and Space
Sciences, and Mathematics
1. Emphasizing degrees, licences and employment
opportunities
2. Outright grants for peer monitoring
3. Review of RA 9184
4. Harnessing science and technology as an
independent mover of development
Medical, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences
1. Ensuring compliance of drug-manufacturing firms
with ASEAN-harmonized standards by full
implementation of the FDA
2. Creating an education council dedicated to
standardization of pharmaceutical services and care
3. Empowering food and drug agencies to conduct
evidence- based research as pool of information
4. Allocating 2% of the GDP to research
5. Legislating a law supporting human genome projects
Biological Sciences, Agr iculture, and Forestry
1. Protecting and conserving biodiversity by full
implementation of existing law
2. Use of biosafety and standard model by ASEAN
countries
3. Promoting indigenous knowledge systems and
indigenous people's conservation
4. Formulation of common food and safety standards
Government Policies on Science and Technology
→ There are also other existing programs supported by
the Philippine government through the DOST. Some
of these projects are the following:
– Providing funds for basic research related to
science and technology.
– Providing scholarships for undergraduate
and graduate studies of students in field of
Science and Technology.
– Establishing more branches of the Philippine
Science High School System
– Creating a Science and technology parks
– Balik Scientist Program
– Developing science and technology parks
– Establishment of the National Science
Complex
Famous Filipino in the Field of Science
→ Ramon Cabanos Barba – Is a well-known Filipino
scientist, especially to agriculturally involved
individuals in the Philippines for contributing towards
advancements in the mango industry. He developed
a process that caused the flowering and fruiting of
mango trees three times a year, instead on once a
year, so dramatically improving yields
→ Josefino Cacas Comiso – for his works on observing
the characteristics of Antartica by using satellite
images.
6 | tin
Science, Technology and Society

→ Jose Bejar Cruz – known internationally in the field of

electrical engineering
→ Lourdes Jansuy Cruz – notable for her research on sea
snail venom.
→ Fabian Millar Dayrit for his research herbal
medicine.
→ Rafael Dineros Guerrero III – for his research on
tilapia culture.
→ Enrique Mapua Ostrea Jr. – for inventing the
meconium drugs testing
→ Lilian Formalejo Patena – for doing research on plant
biotechnology
→ Mari-Jo Panganiban Ruiz- for being an outstanding
educator and graph theorist.
→ Gregory Ligot Tangonan- for his research in the field
of communications technology.
There are other outstanding Filipino scientists who are
recognized here and abroad; Famous Filipino in the Field of
Science
→ Caesar A. Saloma- an internationally renowed
physicist.
→ Edgardo Gomez- famous scientist in marine science
→ William Padolina- chemistry and president of
National Academy of Science and Technology (NAST)-
Philippines
→ Angel Alcala- Marine science

7 | tin