Uni

t5
Psy
chot
her
apy
Psychot
herapy,ortal
kt her
apy,i
sawayt ohel
ppeoplewit
habr oadvari
etyofmentalil
l
nesses
andemotionaldif
fi
cul
ties.Psy
chotherapycanhel
peli
minat
eorcontrol
troubl
ingsy
mpt omssoa
per
soncanf uncti
onbet t
erandcanincreasewel
l-
bei
ngandheal
ing.

Problemshelpedbypsy chotherapyincl
udedi f
fi
cult
iesincopingwit
hdailyl
if
e;thei mpactof
tr
auma, medi
calil
lnessorl oss,li
kethedeat hofalovedone;andspecif
icment
aldisorders,
li
ke
depressi
onoranxiety.Therear eseveraldif
fer
enttypesofpsychot
herapyandsomet ypesmay
workbetterwithcert
ainpr oblemsori ssues.Psychother
apymaybeusedi ncombi nati
onwi t
h
medicati
onorothertherapies.

Ty
pesofPsy
chot
her
apy

Psychi
atr
istsandot hermentalhealt
hprofessi
onal
susesev er
altypesoftherapy
.The
choi
ceoft herapyty
pedependsont hepati
entspart
icul
ari
l
lnessandcircumst
ancesand
hi
s/herpref er
ence.Therapi
stsmaycombi neelement sf
rom dif
ferentappr
oachesto
bestmeett heneedsofthepersonrecei
vi
ngt r
eatment.

Cognitiv
ebehav iouraltherapy( CBT)helpspeopleident i
fyandchanget hi
nki
ngand
behaviourpat
ternst hatarehar mfulorineff
ect
ive,r
eplacingthem wi
t hmor eaccur
ate
thoughtsandfunctionalbehaviours.I
tcanhelpapersonf ocusoncurrentprobl
emsand
howt osolvet
hem.I tofteninvolvespract
ici
ngnewskill
sint he“r
ealworld.
”

CBTcanbehel pfulint r
eatingavar
iet
yofdi sorder
s,i
ncl
udi
ngdepression,anxi
ety
,
tr
aumarelat
eddisorders,andeati
ngdi
sorders.Forexampl
e,CBTcanhel
paper sonwith
depr
essi
onr ecognizeandchangenegat ivet houghtpat
ter
nsorbehavioursthatare
cont
ri
but
ingtothedepr ession.

Int
erpersonaltherapy (
IPT)i s a short-
ter
m f orm oft reatment.Ithelps pat
ients
underst
andunder l
yingi
nterper
sonalissuest hataretr
oublesome,likeunresol
vedgrief
,
changesinsocialorworkroles,confli
ctswit
hsi gni
fi
cantot her
s,andproblemsrel
ating
toothers.Itcanhel ppeoplelearnheal t
hyway stoexpr essemot i
onsandway st o
i
mpr ovecommuni cati
onandhow t heyrelat
et oothers.I
ti smostof t
enusedt otreat
depr
essi
on.

Dialecti
calbehaviourtherapyisaspeci f
ict
ypeofCBTt hathelpsr
egulateemotions.I
t
i
sof t
enusedt otreatpeoplewi thchroni
csuici
dalt
hought sandpeoplewi thborder
li
ne
personali
tydisorder,eati
ngdi sorder
sandPTSD.I tteachesnew skill
stohel ppeople
takepersonalresponsibi
li
tytochangeunhealthyordi
sruptivebehav
iour.I
tinvol
vesboth
i
ndiv i
dualandgroupt her
apy .

Psychodynamictherapyi sbasedont hei

deathatbehaviourandment alwell
-beingare
i
nfluencedbychildhoodexper i
encesandinappr
opri
ater epeti
ti
vethoughtsorf eeli
ngs
thatareunconscious( outsi
deoft heper
sonsawar eness).A personwor kswi ththe
therapi
sttoimprovesel f
-awarenessandtochangeol dpat t
ernssohe/ shecanmor e
ful
lytakechar
geofhi s/
herl i
fe.

Psychoanaly
sisisamor eint
ensi
vefor
m ofpsy
chody
nami
cther
apy
.Sessi
onsar
e
ty
pical
lyconduct
edt
hreeormoreti
mesaweek.

Suppor
ti
vet herapyusesgui danceandencour agementt ohelppati
entsdevelopthei
r
own resources. It hel
ps bui l
d self-
est
eem,r educe anxiet
y,strengt
hen coping
mechani
sms, andi mprovesocialandcommunityfunctioni
ng.Suppor
ti
vepsychother
apy
hel
pspatientsdealwithissuesrelatedtothei
rment alhealt
hconditi
onswhichi nt
urn
aff
ectt
her estofthei
rli
ves.

Addi
ti
onal
ther
api
essomet
imesusedi
ncombi
nat
ionwi
thpsy
chot
her
apyi
ncl
ude:

Ani
mal-
assi
stedtherapy— worki
ngwi t
hdogs,hor
sesorotherani
mal
stobr
ing
comfort
,hel
pwithcommunicat
ionandhel
pcopewit
htr
auma

Cr
eat
ivear
tst
her
apy—useofar
t,dance,
drama,
musi
candpoet
ryt
her
api
es

Pl
ayt
her
apy—t
ohel
pchi
l
dreni
dent
if
yandt
alkaboutt
hei
remot
ionsandf
eel
i
ngs
Behav
iour
alt
her
apy

Ast henamesuggest s,behav i

ouralt
herapyisfocusedonhumanbehav iourandlooksto
eradicat
eunwant edormal adaptivebehavi
our.Typical
l
y,t
histy
peoft herapyisusedfor
thosewi thbehav i
ouralproblemsorment alhealthcondi
ti
onsthati nvol
v eunwanted
behav i
our.Forexample,addicti
ons,anxi
ety,
phobiasandobsessiv
e-compul si
vedisor
der
(OCD) .

Practit
ionersofbehav i
ouralt
herapybeli
evethatbehav i
ourisl
earned,andcan,therefore,
beunl earnedv i
at herapy.Aswel last hebehaviouri t
sel
f,t
herapist
swi l
llookatt he
thoughtsandf eel
ingst hatl
eadtothebehav i
our,
oroccurasar esultofthebehav i
our ,
to
betterunderstandit.Therearecertai
nissuesthatr espondpart
icul
arlywel
ltot hi
st ype
oftherapy ,aswellast heassoci
atedintegr
atedf orms,suchascogni t
ivebehav ioural
therapy(CBT).

Whati
sbehav
iour
alt
her
apy
?

Behav i
ouralther apyisanaction-
basedt her
apyt hatlookst ofost
erpositi
vebehav i
our
change.Ot hert herapi
es,suchaspsy choanaly
tictherapy,t endtobemor efocusedon
i
nsightanddel vi
ngi nt
othepast.Whil
ei nbehaviouraltherapy ,
thepastisstil
limport
ant
asitoftenrev ealswhereandwhent heunwant edbehav iourwasl earned,t
hemai nfocus
i
st olookatt hepr esentbehav
iour
sandt heway sinwhi cht heycanber ecti
fi
ed.

Thepremisebehindt hetherapyisthatbehav
iourcanbebothlear
nedandunlearned.
Thegoalistohelptheindivi
duallear
nnew,positi
vebehav
iour
stooverr
ideormini
mi se
theunwantedbehaviour.Therearevari
ouswaysthiscanbedone,t
houghthemethods
wil
lvar
ydependingont heconcerns.

Thet
hreemai
ndi
sci
pli
nesofbehav
iour
alt
her
apy

Appl
iedbehavi
ouranal
ysi
s-Wherebehavi
ourchangeisinst
igat
edusi
ngoper
ant
and/orcl
assi
cal
condi
ti
oni
ngandposi
ti
verei
nfor
cement
.

Cogni
ti
vebehav
iour
alt
her
apy-Ani
ntegr
ati
vet
her
apyt
hatcombi
nesel
ement
sof
 behav
iour
alt
her
apywi
thcogni
ti
vet
her
apy
.

Soci
allearni
ngt
heor
y-At
heor
ythatr
evol
vesar
oundt
henat
ureofi
mit
ati
onand
l
ear
ning.

Thepr
inci
plesofbehav
iour
alt
her
apy

Therearetwokeypri
ncipl
esthatformthef
oundati
onsofbehav
iour
alt
her
apy-cl
assi
cal
condit
ioni
ngandoperantcondi
ti
oning.Weexpl
ainmorebel
ow.

Cl
assi
calcondi
ti
oni
ng

Behav i
ouraltherapy t
hatis based on classicalconditi
oning uses a numberof
techniquestobringaboutbehavi
ourchange.Original
l
ythistypeoftherapywasknown
asbehav i
ourmodifi
cat
ionbut,t
hesedays,i
tisusual l
yref
erredtoasappl i
edbehav
iour
analysis.Thevar
iousmethodsofchangebehaviourincl
ude:

Fl
oodi
ng

Floodingisapr ocessgenerall
yusedforthosewi t
hphobiasandanxiety
,andi nv
olves
exposingt heindivi
dualtoobjectsorsi
tuat
ionstheyareafr
aidofi
nani ntenseandfast
manner .Anex ampl eofthi
swoul dbeexposingaper sonwhoisaf
rai
dofdogst oadog
foranex tendedper iodofti
me.Thel ongerthi
scont i
nueswit
hnothi
ngbadhappeni ng,
thelessfearfulthepersonbecomes.

Theideaist hatthepersoncannotescapet heobjectorsituati

onduri
ngtheprocess,
and ther
efore mustconf rontthei
rf earhead-on.Thi s method can,however,be
di
sconcert
ingf orsome,somayonl ybeusedi ncertai
nsituati
ons,i
nwhichthemethod
hasbeenex plai
nedindetai
ltothecl
ientpr
iortoexposure.

Sy
stemat
icdesensi
ti
sat
ion

Thistechni
quewor ksonasi mil
arpremiset ofloodi
ng,however,iti
smor egradual.The
ther
apistwoul dbeginbyaski ngtheindiv
idual towr i
teali
stoffearstheyhav e.Oncet hi
s
l
istiswr i
tt
en,t het her
apistwi l
lteachr elaxati
ont echni
quesf orthei ndi
vidualtouse
whil
et hi
nkingaboutt helistoffears.Wor kingt hei
rwayupf ormt heleastfear-i
nducing
i
tem tothemostf ear-i
nducingitem -thet herapistwil
lhel
pthei ndi
vidualconfrontthei
r
fear
sinar elaxedstate.

Anexampleoft
hiswoul
dbeaper sonwhoi
safr
aidofsmal
lspaces.Theymayst
artby
thi
nki
ngaboutasmallspace,orl
ooki
ngatani
mageofasmal lspacewhi
leut
il
isi
ng
rel
axati
ontechni
ques,pr
actisi
ngunti
ltheyar
ereadytophysical
l
ybeinasmal lspace.
Thispair
ingofthefear-
induci
ngit
em andnewlylear
nedrelaxat
ionbehav
iourai
mst o
reduceandeli
minat
ethephobiaoranxiet
y.

Av
ersi
ont
her
apy

Thispr ocesspairsundesi r
ablebehav i
ourwi t
hsomef or
m ofaversivest
imuluswiththe
ai
m ofr educingunwant edbehav i
our.Anexampl eofhow t hi
si scommonl yusedi s
whenaper sonwi thadr i
nkingproblem isprescri
bedacer t
aindr
ugt hati
nducesnausea,
anxietyandheadacheswhencombi nedwi thalcohol.Everyti
met heyhaveadr i
nkwhi l
e
onthi smedi cat
ion,theyex peri
encenegat i
vesideef fect
s.Thismet hodaimstochange
howt hepersonf eel
saboutal cohol
, astheyarenol ongerexperi
encingthefeel
ingsthey
previouslydidandt heref
ore,reduci
ngt hei
rintake.

Oper
antcondi
ti
oni
ng

Oper
antcondi
ti
oni
ngusest echni
quessuchasposit
iverei
nfor
cement
,puni
shmentand
model
lingt
ohelpal
terbehavi
our.Thef
oll
owingst
rat
egiesmaybeusedwi t
hint
hist
ype
oft
herapy:

Tokeneconomi
es

Thisstr
ategyrel
i
esonposi t
iverei
nfor
cement-off
eri
ngindiv
idual
stokensthatcanbe
exchangedforpr
ivi
l
egesordesir
editemswhenpositi
vebehavi
ourisexhi
bit
ed.Thi
si sa
commont acti
cusedbyparentsandteacher
stohel
pimprovethebehavi
ourofchil
dren.

Cont
ingencymanagement

Amor efor
malapproach,conti
ngencymanagementi
nvol
vesawrit
tencontr
actbet
ween
thether
api
standcl
ientthatoutl
inesgoal
s,r
ewar
dsandpenal
ti
es.Forsome,havi
ngthi
s
kindofcl
earagr
eementhelpstochangebehavi
ourandaddasenseofaccount
abil
i
ty.

Model
li
ng

Modelli
ng involv
esl ear
ning through obser
vati
on and i
mitati
on ofothers.Havi
ng a
posi
tiv
er olemodelcangi veindivi
dual
ssomet hi
ngt oai
mf or,all
owingthem t
ochange
thei
rbehav i
ourtomat cht hei
rs.Thisrol
emodelmaybet het herapi
storsomeonethe
i
ndivi
dual al
readyknows.

Ext
inct
ion
Exti
ncti
onwor ksbyr emovinganyt y
peofr einf
orcementtobehaviour
.Anexampleof
thi
swoul dbeadisrupti
vechildwhoi sgiv
enat ime-outortol
dtositsomewherequi
et.
Byremov i
ngthem from thesituat
ion(andassociatedatt
enti
on)thebehavi
ourshoul
d
comet oast op.Thismet hodisntonlyeffecti
vewi t
hchil
drenandcanbeusedwi t
h
adult
s,t
oo.

Cogni
ti
vet
her
apy
Cogniti
vetherapy:Ar el
ati
velyshort
-termf orm ofpsychother
apybasedont heconcept
thatthewaywet hinkaboutt hi
ngsaf fectshowwef eelemotional
ly.Cognit
ivether
apy
focuses on presentt hi
nking,behav i
our ,and communi cati
on ratherthan on past
experi
encesandi sorient
edt owardproblem solvi
ng.Cogniti
vetherapyhasbeenappl i
ed
to a broad range ofpr oblems including depressi
on,anxiety,panic,fears,eati
ng
disor
ders,substanceabuse,andpersonal i
typrobl
ems.

Cogniti
vet herapyi ssomet i
mescal l
edcogni t
ivebehaviourtherapybecauseitaimst o
help peoplei nt heway st heythink( t
hecogni ti
ve)and i nt heway stheyact( the
behaviour
) .Cogni t
ivether apyhas,forinstance,beenusedt ohel pcocaine-
dependent
i
ndivi
duals become abst inentfr
om cocai ne and othersubst ances.The underl
ying
assumpt i
oni st hatlearningprocessespl ayani mport
antr ol
ei nthedevelopmentand
conti
nuationofcocai neabuseanddependence.Thesesamel earni
ngprocessescanbe
usedt ohelpindividualsreducetheirdruguse.

Cognitivetherapy( CT)i sat y

peofpsy chot herapydev elopedbyAmer i
canpsy chiat
r i
st
AaronT.Beck.CTi soneoft hetherapeut icappr oacheswi t
hinthel argergr oupof
cogniti
vebehav ioralt herapies( CBT)andwasf i
rstexpoundedbyBecki nt he1960s.
Cognitivetherapyi sbasedont hecognitiv emodel ,whichst atesthatthought s,feeli
ngs
andbehav iorar eal lconnect ed,andt hati ndividual scanmov etowar dov ercomi ng
dif
fi
cultiesandmeet ingt heirgoal sbyident ifyi
ngandchangi ngunhelpfulori naccurat e
thi
nking,pr obl
emat icbehav ior,anddi st
ressi ngemot i
onalresponses.Thi si nv olvest he
i
ndividualwor kingcol laborati
v elywitht het herapi sttodev el
opski l
lsfort estingand
modif y
ingbel i
efs,ident if
yingdi stort
edthi nking,relatingtoot hersindiff
erentway s,and
[
1]
changingbehav iors. At ai
loredcogni t
ivecaseconcept uali
zationisdev elopedbyt he
cogniti
vet herapistasar oadmapt ounder standt hei ndivi
dual'
si nt
ernalreal ity,select
appropriateinterventionsandi dentif
yareasofdi stress.

Ty
pes
Cogni
ti
vet
her
apy

Cognit
ivetherapybasedont hecogni ti
vemodel ,st
at i
ngthatt houghts,feel
ingsand
behavi
ouraremut ual
l
yinfluencedbyeachot her
.Shif
tingcognit
ioni sseenast hemain
mechanism bywhichlasti
ngemot i
onalandbehav i
ouralchangest akeplace.Treat
ment
i
sv er
ycoll
aborati
ve,t
ail
ored,skil
l
-focused,andbasedonacaseconcept ual
izat
ion.

Rat
ionalemot
ivebehav
iourt
her
apy(
REBT)

Rati
onalemot ivebehav iourtherapy(REBT)basedont hebel i
efthatmostpr oblems
ori
ginat
einer roneousori r
rati
onalthought.Forinstance,perfecti
oni
stsandpessi mists
usuall
ysufferf r
om issuesr el
atedtoirrati
onalthinki
ng;f orexample,ifaperfecti
onist
encounter
sasmal lf
ail
ure,heorshemi ghtperceiveitasamuchbi ggerfai
lure.Itis
bett
ert oestablishar easonabl estandardemot ionall
y,so t heindiv
idualcanl ivea
bal
ancedlife.Thisform ofcogniti
vetherapyisanoppor t
unityforthepati
enttolearnof
hi
scur r
entdistorti
onsandsuccessf ul
lyeli
minatethem.

Cogni
ti
vebehav
iour
alt
her
apy(
CBT)

asystem ofapproachesdrawingf
rom bot
hthecogni
ti
veandbehavi
ouralsyst
emsof
psy
chot her
apy.
[20]CBTi sanumbrel
l
atermforagroupofther
api
es,whereasCTi
sa
di
scretefor
m oftherapy
.[
21]

Ot
herappl
i
cat
ions

Cognit
ivet
her
apyhasbeenappl
i
edt
oav
erywi
der
angeofbehav
iour
alheal
thi
ssues
i
ncludi
ng:

Academi
cachi
evement

Addi
cti
on

Anxi
etydi
sor
der
s

Bi
pol
ardi
sor
der

Lowsel
f-
est
eem

Phobi
a

Schi
zophr
eni
a
Subst
anceabuse

Sui
cidal
ideat
ion

Wei
ghtl
oss

Cogni
ti
vebehav
iour
alt
her
apy(
CBT)
Cogni
tiv
ebehavi
our alt
her apy(
CBT)isatalki
ngther
apy .Ithel
psy oumanageproblems
byhelpi
ngy ourecognisehow y ourt
houghtscanaf fectyourfeeli
ngsandbehaviour.
CBT combinesacogni ti
veapproach(examini
ngy ourt houghts)wi t
habehavioural
appr
oach(thethingsy oudo).Itaimst obreakov erwhelmingpr oblemsdowni nt
o
small
erpar
ts,makingthem easiertomanage.

CBThasbecomeoneoft hemostpopularfor
msoft alkther
apyandi srecommendedby
theNationalInst
it
uteforHeal t
handCar eExcel
l
ence( NICE)forcommonment alheal
th
condi
tions,li
kedepressionandanx i
ety
.Duri
ngt hetreatment,yourtherapi
stwil
lwork
withyoutohel pyoufocusont he"hereandnow".Theywi l
lhel
py ourecognisehowpast
event
smayhav eshapedy ourthi
nki
ngandbehav iours,t
eachingyouhow t onotonly
adaptyourthoughtsbutmanaget hem.

Whati
sCBT?

CBT combines t
wo appr
oaches fora pr
act
icaland sol
uti
on-f
ocused t
herapy
.The
ther
apyisveryact
ivebynat
ure,soyoumaybeexpectedt otakeaproacti
verol
eand
complet
etasksathome.

Thei deabehindCBTi sthatourthoughtsandbehav i

oursinfl
uenceeachot her.The
premiseisthat,bychangingthewaywet hi
nkorbehav ei
nasi tuati
on,wecanchange
thewaywef eelaboutl
ife.Thet
herapyexamineslear
ntbehaviours,
habitsandnegati
ve
thoughtpat
ternswi t
hthev i
ewofadapti
ngandt ur
ningthem i
ntoaposi t
ive.

Unli
kesomeot herther
apies,CBTisroot
edinthepresentandlookstothef
utur
e.Whil
e
pastevent
sandex periencesareconsi
dereddur
ingthesessions,t
hefocusismoreon
curr
entconcerns.Duri
ngaCBTsessi on,yourther
apistwil
lhelpyouunderst
andany
negati
vethoughtpat t
ernsy ouhave.Youwi l
llearnhow theyaf f
ectyouandmost
i
mpor t
antl
y,whatcanbedonet ochangethem.
CBTl ooksathow bot hcognit
iveandbehav iouralprocessesaffectoneanot herand
aimst ohelpyougetoutofnegat ivecycl
es.Theemphasi sonbehav i
ouralorcogni
ti
ve
approacheswilldependonthei ssuey ouaref acing.Forexample,ifyouar esuff
eri
ng
from anxi
etyordepressi
on,t
hef ocusmaybeont hecogniti
veapproach.Ify ouhavea
conditi
onthatcausesunhel
pfulbehaviour(suchasobsessi ve-
compul si
vedisorder
),t
he
focusisli
kelyt
obet hebehavi
ouralapproach.

Ment
alheal
thchar
it
y,Mi
nd,
hav
emadeav
ideoexpl
aini
ngCBTi
nmor
edet
ail
.

Thisty
peofther
apyispar
ticularl
yhel
pf ul
fort
hosewit
hspeci
fi
cissues.Thi
sisbecause
i
tisverypr
acti
cal(
rat
hert
hani nsi
ght
-based)andl
ooksatsol
vi
ngthepr obl
em.Someof
thepeopl
ethatmaybenef
itfrom CBTi ncl
ude:

Thosewi
thdepr
essi
onand/
oranxi
ety
.
Peopl
ewi
thpost
-t
raumat
icst
ressdi
sor
der(
PTSD)
.
Thosewi
thaneat
ingdi
sor
der
.
Peopl
ewhohav
eanaddi
cti
on.
Peopl
ewhoar
eexper
ienci
ngsl
eepi
ngpr
obl
ems,
suchasi
nsomni
a.
Peopl
ewhohav
eaf
earorphobi
a.
Thosewi
thobsessi
ve-
compul
siv
edi
sor
der
.
Thosewhowantt
ochanget
hei
rbehav
iour
.
Insomecases,CBTi susedforpeoplewit
hl ong-
standi
nghealt
hpr obl
ems,suchas
chr
onicpainori
rri
tabl
ebowelsyndrome(I
BS).Whilethether
apycannotcurephysi
cal
i
ll
ness,i
tcanhel
ppeoplecopebett
erwit
hthesymptomsandl owerst
resslev
els.

Weknow how daunt

ingi
tcanbetoreachoutandseekhel
p,buthel
pisavai
labl
e.If
you'
rel
ooki
ngforsuppor
t,y
oucanf
indacounsell
ory
ouresonat
ewithandbeginyour
j
ourney
.

Whatt
oexpectf
rom CBT

CBTcanbepr ov
idedonaone- to-onebasi s,oraspar tofgroupt herapy.Whichever
formaty ou choose,the rel
ati
onshipy ou hav e wit
hy ourt herapi
stshoul d be a
coll
aborati
veone.Thismeanst haty ouwilltakeanact i
veinvolvementi nthetherapy
andhav eav oi
cewhenitcomest ofutur
epr ogressi
on.Theissuesy oudiscusswit
hy our
therapi
stwi l
lbe in conf
idence and withoutj udgementt o helpy ou gain a new
perspecti
ve.
Thecour seofCBTcanbeany wherefr
om si
xweekst osi
xmonths,dependingonyour
cir
cumstance.Usuall
y,youwi
llatt
endonesessionaweek,wit
heachsessi onl
ast
ing
between50mi nut
est oanhour.Atthestartofyourtr
eat
ment,youwi l
lmeety our
ther
apistanddiscusswhyyouar eseeki
ngCBT.Youwi l
lbeabl
et ooutli
newhaty ou
hopetogai nf
rom CBTandsetgoalsf
orthef
utur
e.

Togetherwit
hyourtherapi
st,y
ou wi
l
lworkon the cont
entand st
ruct
ureofyour
sessi
ons.Yourt
her
apistmayalsosetyoucer
tai
ntaskstodoafterthesessi
onsat
home.

Asy ourt herapyprogr

esses,youwi l
ltakeamor eprominentroleinthesessi
ons.You
willstarttodecideonthecontentandst r
uctureofthesession,wit
houtthehel
pofyour
therapist.Theideaisthatoncey ourtreat
menti sover,youshouldfeelconfi
dentand
comf ortableenoughtoconti
nuethewor kony ourown.

CBThel psmet orecogni

semynegativethoughts,tobr
eakthehabitofthesethought
s,
andtof indamor epositi
vewayoft hinki
ng.Sof ar,i
tshelpedmegr eatl
y,andIam
grat
efulIvehadthechancetogothroughwi t
hmysessi ons.Ihav
eal mostfini
shedmy
sessi
onsnow andam usi ngthetechniqueslearneddail
y.Iwouldhighlyrecommend
CBT.

HowdoesCBTwor
k?

Cognitiv
ebehav i
ouraltherapyl ookst ohelpy oumakesenseofwhatcanf eelli
kean
overwhel mingproblem bybr eakingitdowni ntomor emanageabl eparts.Thesesmal l
er
part
sar ey ourthoughts, f
eel
ings, act
ionsandev enphysicalsensati
ons.Theseelement s
areinterconnectedandcanof t entrapyoui nanegat ivespir
al.Forexampl e,ifyour
marriageorr el
ationshiphascomet oanend, y
oumayt hinkyouhavef ail
edandt hatyou
arenotcapabl eofbei ngi naf unct i
onalr
elati
onship.Theset houghtscanr esul
tiny ou
feel
i
ngl onelyandl ackingenergy .Wheny ouf eell
iket his,y
ouar eunlikel
yt owantt o
soci
al i
seorgooutandmeetnew peopl e.Thisnegativespi r
alcant hentrapy ouinto
feel
i
ngi solatedandunhappy .

Psy
choanal
yti
cTher
apy
Psychoanal
ysi
sisasetoftheor
iesandt
her
apeut
ict
echni
quesusedt
ostudythe
unconsci
ousmind,whi
cht
oget
herfor
m amet
hodoftr
eat
mentforment
aldi
sor
ders.
Thedi sci
pli
newasest abli
shedi ntheear l
y1890sbyAust r
ianneurologi
stSigmund
Freud,whor et
ainedt heterm psy choanalysisf
orhisownschooloft hought.Freud'
s
workst emspartlyfrom thecl ini
calwor kofJosefBreuerandothers.Psychoanalysi
s
wasl at
erdevel
opedi ndifferentdirect
ions,mostl
ybystudentsofFreud,suchasAl fr
ed
Adlerandhiscollaborat
or,Car lGustavJung,aswellasbyNeo- Fr
eudianthinker
s,such
asErichFromm, KarenHor ney,andHar ryStackSul
li
van.

Psychoanal
ysishasbeenknownt obeacont roversi
aldisci
pli
ne,anditsvalidi
tyasa
sci
enceisoftencontested.Nonethel
ess,i
tremainsast r
onginfl
uencewithi
npsy chi
atr
y,
moresoi nsomequar t
erst hanother
s.Psychoanalyt
icconceptsarealsowi del
yused
out
sidethetherapeuti
car ena,i
nareassuchaspsy choanalyt
icl
iter
arycr
iti
cism,aswell
asintheanalysi
soffil
m, fair
ytal
esandothercult
uralphenomena.

Theaim ofpsychoanalysistherapyistoreleaserepr
essedemotionsandexper
iences,
i
.e.
,make t he unconscious conscious.Itis onlyhavi
ng a cathar
ti
c(i
.e.
,healing)
exper
iencecanthepersonbehel pedand"cured.
"

Thepsy choanalystusesvari
oust echniquesasencour
agementf
ortheclienttodev elop
i
nsightsi nt
ot hei
rbehaviourand t he meani
ngs ofsymptoms,including inkblots,
parapraxes,free associ
ati
on,i nterpret
ati
on (
incl
udi
ng dr
eam analysis),resist
ance
analysi
sandt r
ansf er
enceanaly
sis.

WhatDoesaPsy
choanal
ystDo?

Usingtheprincipl
esofpsy choanal
yti
ct heory,ananaly
stpr ovidestherapy.Dur ingthe
therapysessions,thepsychoanaly
stlistensast hepatientdiscussesf antasiesand
dreamsandnar r
atesexperi
ences.Thet herapi
stsearchesf orrecurr
ingpat t
er nsor
eventsfrom t he pastthatmay pl aya r oleinthe pat i
ents cur
rentpr oblems.A
psychoanal
ystalso:

Meet
swi
thpat
ient
sindi
vi
dual
l
y

Hol
dssessionsappr
oxi
mat
elyf
ourt
imesaweekf
or50mi
nut
esorl
ongereach
sessi
on

Encour
agespat
ient
stosel
f-
ident
if
ythei
remot
ional
stat
es

Hel
pspat
ient
sunder
standt
hesubconsci
ousf
act
orst
hatdr
ivet
hei
rbehav
iour

Mai
ntai
nspat
ientconf
ident
ial
i
ty

Keepsdet
ail
ednot
esofeachsessi
on
WhatI
ssuesCanPsy
choanal
ysi
sTr
eat
?

Psychoanaly
sisisusedtotr
eatav ar
iet
yofcondi
ti
onsandemoti
onalprobl
emsinbot
h
adult
sandchi l
dren.Avar
iet
yofissuestypi
cal
l
yrespondwel
ltot
histypeoftr
eat
ment,
i
ncluding:

Anxi
ety

Depr
essi
on

Pani
cat
tacks

Phobi
as

Obsessi
vebehav
iour

Tr
auma

Eat
ingdi
sor
der
s

Sel
f-
est
eem pr
obl
ems

Sexual
dif
fi
cul
ti
es

Rel
ati
onshi
ppr
obl
ems

Sel
f-
dest
ruct
ivebehav
iour
s

HowDoesPsy
choanal
yti
cTr
eat
mentWor
k?

Numer ous assumpt i

ons underliet he theori
es behind psychoanalysi
s.Firstl
y,three
functi
onsex i
stwi t
hin ev ery
onesper sonali
ty— t hei d,ego,and super ego.The i d,
compr i
singbot hinsti
nctandbasi cf undament aldri
ves,i
sunconsci ousenergy;italso
i
ncludesaggr essiveandsexualt endencies.Theconsci ousmi nd,ortheego,ser v
est o
keepthei dincheckbyex erti
ngamoder atinginfl
uence.Fi
nall
y,thesuperegorepresents
theexternalreal
it
y,includingconscioust houghts,f
eeli
ngs,andbehav i
ours,whichrefl
ect
parentalorsociet
almor esandv al
ues.

Theset hreecomponent sf or
mt hest r
ucturalmodelofwhatweknow asper sonal i
ty.
Theinteract
ionbet weenthethreepresentsastrugglefordominance,whi
cht akespl ace
withi
nev eryper son.Psychoanal
yti
ct r
eatmenthel psall
eviat
etheunder l
yingt ensions
thatoccurbet weent heid,ego,andsuper ego.Inanat t
emptt obalancet heset hree
mentalfunctions,pati
ent
smustunv eilthei
runconsciousthoughtsandfeel
ings.

I
nmosttradi
ti
onalpsy
choanal
ysi
stherapi
es,thepat
ientl
iesonacouchwhil
et he
t
her
api
stsi
tsbehi
ndthepati
enttopr
eventeyecont
act
.Thisposi
ti
onhel
pst
hepati
ent
feelcomfort
able,soheorshecanr
eachamor
eint
imat
elev
elofdi
scussi
onwi
tht
he
psychot
herapist
.

Psychoanal
yti
ctherapyty
pical
lycompr i
sesalong-
ter
m cour
seoftreat
ment.Cl
i
ents
oft
enmeetwi ththeirt
her
apistatleastonceaweekandcanr emai
ninther
apyfora
numberofyears.

Psy
choanal
yti
cTechni
ques

Av ar
ietyofther
apeut
ict
echniquesar eusedduringpsy
choanal
ysi
s,al
lofwhi
chare
employedinanat t
empttomax i
mi zeinsi
ghtandgainawarenessint
othepat
ient
s
behavi
our.Someofthemorepopularmethodsincl
ude:

Dr
eam anal y
sis— I n psychoanalysi
s,dr eam interpret
ati
on is used tor eveal
unconsci
oust houghts.Freudt houghtthatrepressedideasandf eeli
ngsriseto
thesurf
aceoft hemindt hroughdreams.Howev er,thecontentofdreamsisoften
alt
ered.Therefore,the psy choanaly
stmusthel pt he pat
ientinterpr
etand
underst
andthedr eamssubst ancetodiscoverit
shi ddenmeanings.

Fr
eeassociati
on— Duringfr
eeassoci
ati
on,thepatientisencour
agedt otal
kabout
anyt
hingthatfr
eel
ycomest omind.Thepsychoanalystmayreadal i
stofrandom
words,andt hepati
entsi
mplyrespondswi t
hthef ir
stassociat
ionsthatoccur.
Repressedmemor i
esoft
enemergeduringtheprocessoffreeassoci
ati
on.

I
nterpretati
on — The psy choanalysthelps the pati
entexpl ore memor i
es and
personalnarrati
vesindetai
l,andwhi ledoi
ngso,anal yzest hem.Thet herapi
st
l
ooksf orsomecommont hemesi nt hepat i
ent
sst or i
es.One,t heso- call
ed
“Fr
eudiansl i
p,”occurswhenpat i
entsacci
dentall
yr evealsomet hingi mpor t
ant
whenmaki ngr andom conversat
ion.Thepsy choanalyti
ct herapi
stpr ovidesan
i
nterpretat
ionofthepati
entsinadvert
entchoiceofwor dorphr ase.

Tr
ansference— Pati
entsengageintr
ansf er
encewhent heytransferfeeli
ngsthey
hadf orsomeonei nthei
rpasttothepr esent
.Transfer
encesomet imestakes
placebetweenthepati
entandthetherapi
st.Pat
ient
smayappl ycertai
nfeel
ings
towardthether
api
stthatact
ual
lyr
elatetosomeonef r
om theirpast
.

Psy
choanal
yti
cTr
eat
ment
:Goal
sandObj
ect
ives

Oneoft hepr
imar yaimsofpsy choanalysisistohelppatient
si denti
fythehidden
thought
s,behaviours,and desi
res thatar e cr
eati
ng pr
oblems int hei
rday -
to-
day
exist
ence.Theobjecti
veistohel ppatientsunderst
andtheissuest hathavecaused
deeplyroot
edproblemsandamal adaptiv
eperspecti
veonlif
e.Psychoanalysi
sassi
sts
thepati
enti
nadopt
ingafreshviewpoi
nt.Thi
snew at
ti
tudecangener
atesi
gni
fi
cant
changeandgr
owt
hinthepati
ent
slif
e.