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Year 1
Biology
Questions –Answer all forty (40) questions in thirty (30) minutes.
1. Which of these units of life is at the simplest level?
a. Tissue
b. Cell
c. Organ
d. System
e. None of the aforementioned.

2. One of these levels of organization of life is at the most complex level.

Which one is it?
a. Cell
b. Human
c. Echinodermata
d. System
e. None of the above.

3. Which of these cells need the most amount of energy for life process?
a. Cheek cells
b. Stomach cells
c. Egg cells
d. Sperm cells
e. Collenchyma cells

4. All but one of the following are organs?

a. Eye
b. Leaf
c. Penis
d. Bulb
e. None of the above.

5. The options below are arranged in the ascending order. Which one is it?
a. Cells – Organs – System –Tissue
b. Organs – Biomolecules – System – Organism
c. Biomolecules – Cells – Tissue – Organ

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d. System – Organ –Tissue – Cells
e. None of the above.

6. Before germination can occur, enzymes must be activated. What factor

strictly determines this?
a. Air
b. Soil
c. Viable seeds
d. Water
e. None of the above

7. During a germination, the epicotyl elongates before the hypocotyl. What

type of germination is this?
a. Epigeal
b. Hypogeal
c. Epogeal
d. Hypigeal
e. None of the above

8. Referring to Question 7, if the hypocotyl elongates before its counterpart,

what type of germination will be evident?
a. Hypigeal
b. Epigeal
c. Epogeal
d. Hypogeal
e. None of the above.

9. Which of the following conditions is necessary for proper development of

seeds?
a. Water
b. Good soil
c. Air
d. Sunlight
e. All of the above

10. The word “cotyledons” simply means?

a. Seed covers

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b. Seed leaves
c. Stem supporters
d. Stem anchorages
e. None of the above.

11. The group “Thallophytes” is divided into:

a. Algae and mosses
b. Fungi and algae
c. Liverwort and mosses
d. Monocots and Dicots
e. None of the above.

12. The words – chloro-, phaeco- and rodo- in chlorophytes, phaecophytes and
rodophytes(plants subdivisions)respectively denotes what colors?
a. Green, yellow and purple
b. Green, brown and red
c. Green, red and blue
d. Green, black and brown
e. None of the above.

13. The favored modern classification scheme is?

a. The five scheme
b. The three scheme
c. The two scheme
d. None of the above
e. All of the above.

14. Which of these is correct about the famous naturalist, Carolus Linnaeus?
a. His real name was Car von Linne and was later Latinized.
b. He was also a mathematician
c. He was the first man to attempt naming organisms.
d. He was born in 1990.
e. All of the above.

15. We have over (_________) species of monerans.

a. 10,000
b. 50,000

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c. 16,000
d. 3000
e. 2500

16. The term “bacteria” is broadly divided into two which are?
a. Cyanobacteria and Norbacteria
b. Normal bacteria and Abnormal bacteria
c. Archaeobacteria and Eubacteria
d. Eubacteria and Cyanobacteria
e. Norbacteria and Archaeobacteria.

17. All but one of the following are characteristics of Plants.

a. Green leaves
b. Stems
c. Pili
d. Root hairs
e. None of the above.

18. Flagella is a whip-like projection used for (____) by the means of (_____)
a. Feeding, engulfing
b. Engulfing, feeding
c. Movement, projection
d. Projection, movement
e. All of the above.

19. Pili as stated above, is primarily used for (____) by the means of (_____)
a. Defense, stinging
b. Stinging, defense
c. Obtainment, clinging
d. Fast-holding, predation
e. Clinging, obtainment.

20. In identifying bacteria, the gram test was named after?

a. Hans Christian Gram, 1884.
b. Mike Pompeo Gram, 1901.
c. Sergio Aristotle, 300 BC.

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d. Robert Hooke, 1665.
e. None of the aforementioned personas.

21. According to 20, the gram test classified bacteria into two (2) namely?
a. Gram descending and Gram ascending
b. Gram positive and Gram negative
c. Gram abosrbers and Gram repulsers
d. Gram Type A and Gram Type B
e. b and d above.

22. Which of the following are examples of imperfect fungi?

a. Penicillium
b. Aspergillum
c. a and b
d. All of the aforementioned.
e. None of the aforementioned.

23. All but one are the three (3) major classes fungi are divided into?
a. Ascomycota
b. Basidiomycota
c. Zygomycota
d. Fungimycota
e. All of the above.

24. The gram test as clichéd is evidently supported by the nature of the cell
wall of the tested bacteria. What two properties determines the absorption?
a. The chemical structure and physical structure of the cell wall
b. The physical properties and chemical properties of the cell wall
c. The chemical structure and physical properties of the cell wall
d. The physical structure and chemical properties of the cell wall
e. All of the above.

25. Which of these is untrue of prokaryotes?

a. They lack membrane-bound organelles
b. Their nucleus is located in their cytoplasm.
c. They are independent living organisms.

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d. They possess mitochondria
e. Almost 10,000 bacteria can lie end to end across your thumbnails.

26. Which of the following is true about the two processes: photosynthesis and
respiration?
a. The former is energy-storing while the latter is energy-using.
b. The latter is energy-storing while the former is energy-using.
c. Electron donor of photosynthesis is oxygen.
d. Electron acceptor of respiration is hydrogen.
e. None of the above.

27. What is the common tool used by geneticist in the 19th century?
a. Amanita muscaria
b. Drosophila melanogaster
c. Bufo regularis
d. Entamoeba histolytica
e. None of the above.

28. What does the term F1 generation mean?

a. First generation
b. Philia generation
c. First filial generation
d. First philial generation
e. Filial generation.

29. A man who is a carrier of hemophilia marries a woman who is hemophilic.

How many of their children will be normal?
a. 50 %
b. 25 %
c. 100 %
d. 75 %
e. Inconclusive.

30. One of the consequences of sex-linked diseases is?

a. A female cannot be a carrier.
b. A male cannot be a sufferer.
c. A male cannot be a carrier.

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d. A female cannot be a sufferer.
e. None of the aforementioned.

31. The effect of the second X-chromosome in female masks the effect the
other during transmitting of sex-linked diseases. This automatically
implies?
a. Females are unaffected by sex-linked diseases.
b. Females are the only affected ones.
c. Females can be carriers of sex-linked diseases.
d. All of the above.
e. None of the above.

32. During the electron transport chain phase of cellular respiration, why is
oxygen so important?
a. Oxygen is the final electron donor.
b. Oxygen is the final electron acceptor.
c. Oxygen is the reaction terminator.
d. Oxygen is the reaction initiator.
e. b and c.

33. Trisomy 21 is also referred to as (____) and is characterized by a (______).

a. Turner syndrome, mental retardation.
b. Parkinson effect, shaky movement.
c. Down syndrome, mongoloid look.
d. Rigor mortis’ syndrome, stiff movement.
e. Klinefelter syndrome, girlish characters.

34. All but one are defects of the eye?

a. Xerophthalmia.
b. Hypermetropia.
c. Myopia.
d. Astigmatism.
e. Conjunctivitis.

35. One of the following is true about the nervous system?

a. The parasympathetic nervous system is enabled during tension.
b. The sympathetic nervous system is enabled during relax.

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c. Ejaculation is an instance of parasympathetic phase.
d. Anti-peristalsis is an instance of parasympathetic phase.
e. Erection is an instance of parasympathetic phase. (Chioma, don’t
stammer, I know you know option c and e very well)

36. One of these is apt. Which one option is it?

a. The sub-clavian vein is found above the neck region.
b. The hepatic-portal vein carries oxygenated blood from the liver.
c. All veins, except pulmonary vein carries deoxygenated blood.
d. The pulmonary artery carries oxygenated blood to the heart.
e. All of the above.

37. The X-chromosome in females results from?

a. The father.
b. The mother.
c. The father and the mother.
d. The mother’s concubine and the father’s mistress.
e. None of the above.

38. The full meaning of HIV as abbreviated is?

a. Human Immune Deficiency Virus.
b. Human Immuno-deficiency Virus.
c. Human Immune Deficient Virus.
d. Human Immuno-deficient Virus.
e. None of the above.

39. One of these is a disease of the liver?

a. Diuresis.
b. Gall stones disorder.
c. Serum Hepatitis.
d. Trypanosomiasis.
e. SARS - Cov II.

40. According to the Scientific / research method, which phase comes first?
a. Problem solving.
b. Making an observation.
c. Formulating hypotheses.

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d. Making conclusion.
e. Identifying the problem. Good luck.

Brain Numb

Take a Task

Courtesy: Lord A.S.B

The persona of the plainly simple guy.

Time Limit: As long as your brain can admit. Smiles.
1. The Calvin cycle during photosynthesis is named for?
a. Melvin Calvin, 1961.
b. Kelvin Calvin, 1973.
c. John Calvin de Baptiste, 1900.
d. Peter Calvin de Helmont, 1986.
e. Sunday Mercy Chioma, 2023.

2. The term pinocytosis derives from the (____) word, meaning (____)?
a. Latin (pinoe), to ingest.
b Greek (pino), to drink.
c. French (pinoae), to fight.
d. German (pino), to assimilate.
e. Nigerian (puna), to chop.

3. All but one of these personalities was directly involved in the quest and the
“for-or-against” arguments about microorganisms?
a. The French chemist and biologist, Louis Pasteur. (1861)
b. The Italian scientist, Francisco Redi. (1668)
c. John Needham (okay, insult me, I have forgotten his nationality)
d. The Italian scientist, Lazzaro Spallazinni (1776)
e. The Hungarian Scientist and doctor, Ignaz Semmelweis. (1821)

4. One of the factors ignored during the research methods is the role of luck.
Which one of these scientists does this apply to?
a. Francisco Redi.
b. Alexander Fleming.
c. Robert Hooke.
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d. Ignaz Semmelweis.
e. Dilliam Bateson.

5. One of the consequences of mutation is?

a. Triploidy
b. Polyploidy
c. All of the above
d. Diploidy
e. None of the above.

6. Mutations is broadly divided into two (2) namely?

a. Normal and abnormal
b. Mutagens and non-mutagens
c. Germline and somatic
d. Gametic and Polyploid
e. Autosomes and Chromosomes

7. The mutations which are inheritable are?

a. Mutagens
b. Normal
c. Autosomes
d. Germline
e. Non-mutagens.

8. The scientific name for the roundworm is?

a. Arias platyhelminthes.
b. Ascaris lumbricoides
c. Entaroundi wormali
d. Crotalaria retusa
e. Amanita muscaria.

9. Which of these bests describes protonema?

a. The gametes of bryophytes.
b. The posterities (young ones) of rodophytes.
c. The transitory phase in the life cycle of bryophytes.
d. The fleeting phase in the life cycle of pteridophtes.
e. The gametes of thallophytes.

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10. One of the controversial issues in taxonomy is the differences between a

millipede and a centipede. Which one of these theses is correct?
a. The former is an arachnid.
b. The latter is an arachnid.
c. The former is a myriapod.
d. The latter is a myriapod.
e. Both are non-poisonous. Break-a-leg!

1. Wellesley College, Massachusetts. 2. Haverford College, Pennsylvania 3.

Washington and Lee University, Virginia4. Wesleyan University, Connecticut. 5.
Dartmouth College, New Hampshire 6. Duke University, North Carolina 7.
Stanford University, California. 8. Amherst College, Massachusetts.

Scholarships opportunities are available in the afore-listed institutions.

All questions are UTME standards and are taken from the person, thoughts and
imaginations of Lord A. S. B

I don’t want the credits I earn.

I reserve my comments – they are best revered that way.

Lord A.S.B.
The persona of the plainly simple guy

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Answers

1. B 12. B 23. D 34. E 4. B

2. D 13. A 24. C 35. E 5. C

3. D 14. A 25. D 36. C 6. C

4. E 15. C 26. A 37. C 7. D

5. C 16. C 27. B 38. B 8. B

6. D 17. C 28. C 39. C 9. C

7. B 18. C 29. E 40. B 10. C

8. D 19. C 30. C ASB’S

9. E 20. A 31. C 1. A

10. B 21. B 32. B 2. B

11. B 22. D 33. C 3. E

Explanations and Notes

1. B: Cell–The cell is the basic and structural unit of life. It is at the

simplest level of organization of life. Vide 2.

2. D: System –The system is a collection of organs performing a related

and complex function. It is actually at the most complex level. The
ascending arrangement (from simplest to complex) is as thus:
Cell, Tissue, Organ, System.

3. D: Sperm cells –The amount of energy needed by a cell is directly

proportional to the work of the cell.The number of mitochondria in the cell
also reflects the activity level of the cell. Sperm cells, which must swim to
meet an egg cell, and skeletal muscles, which contract, have several
thousand mitochondria. Inactive adipose cells, which merely store fat, have
far fewer mitochondria. Remember, mitochondrion is the ‘power house’ of
a cell. To cut the short story long or rather still the long story short, the
more the activity of a cell, the more the amount of energy needed for life
processes and vice versa.
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4. E: Bulb - It might amaze you that all the afore-listed are organs. Bulb?
Yes! A bulb is also plant organ. Bulbs are composed of a short stem (recall
stems are also vegetative organs) surrounded by numerous fleshy leaves.
Nota Bene: The leaves, which are full of food, store energy for growth the
following spring.

5. C: Biomoleules are actually at a lower level than cells. The full and
actual trend isAtoms – Biomolecules – Cell –Tissue – Organ – System.
Nota Bene: Biomolecules are components of the cell, just like protons are
components of the atom.

6. D: Water is the factor that activates the enzymes. Recall enzymes are
substances which alter the rate of biochemical reactions. As water enters
the seed, its enzymes become active and digestive enzymes convert starch
and fats into glucose. Recall, glucose is the primary fuel of cells.

7. B: Hypogeal. (The hypocotyl will become the lower part of the stem)

8. D: Epigeal. (The epicotyl will form the leaves and the upper part of the
stem.)
Recall that if the hypocotyl elongates before its counterpart (epicotyl) the
epicotyl remains buried underground and this type of germination is
Epigeal.

9. E: All of the above are conditions necessary for proper seed growth and
development.

10. B: Seed leaves. Now, a major function of leaves is to store food as in

bulbs, earlier explained. Now cotyledons are food stores (leaves) for the
seed. Endopserm is the food storage tissue. In monocots, the cotyledons
nourish the embryo by digesting and absorbing food molecules from the
surrounding endosperm. It then transports the food to the embryo. In dicots,
the cotyledons serve as a storage tissue.
Did You Know: The cotyledons have absorbed the entire endosperm so that
each of a bean is primarily a large cotyledon. In general, cotyledons are
another source of nutrients for the embryo.

11. B: Thallophytes – Fungi and Algae. (UTME ’20, Question 2)

12. B: Green, brown and red.

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13. A: The five-scheme classification is the modernly favored one. All
living organisms (of course except viruses, for viruses are on the borderline
between living and non-living things. When in a living thing, they
reproduce and assume life, and when not in a living thing – they assume a
crystal-like shape and become non-living) are classified into five kingdoms
- Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia.

14. A: The famous Swedish naturalist, Car von Linne (1707 - 1778) was a
major figure in taxonomy. He established a system of naming organisms
called binomial nomenclature. He also established the modern levels of
classification. It might be surprising that his real name wasn’t Carolus
Linnaeus. This was just the latinized form. It was done as an honorific feat.
E shock u! E shock me too!

15. C: 16,000 - We have over 16,000 species of monerans. They are a very
diverse organisms. They are independent.

16. D: Archaeobacteria and Eubacteria–These are the two major group of

bacteria. The self-acclaimed Cyanobacteria surprisingly falls under the
group Eubacteria. Other types found in Eubacteria are Spirochates,
Rickettsias and Myxobacteria. Methanogens, Extreme halophiles and
Thermoacidophiles are found under the group Archaeobacteria.

17. C: Pili. Vide 19.

18. C: Flagella are long, thin structures possessed by monerans that allow
them to move around. The flagella (flagellum sing.) act like tiny propellers;
they rotate and move the cell in response to chemical stimuli. Did I ring a
bell? Can you remember the characteristic of life displayed? It is
Irritability, this proves that monerans, not only you, have the ability to
respond to stimuli.
Nota Bene: Stimuli are generally short changes in an organism’s
environment.

19. C: Obtainment, clinging –Pili are short, hair-like protein strands that
enables cell to stick to a surface and obtain food.

20. A: Hans Christian Gram, 1884 – The Gram stain, a method used for
identification of bacteria was developed in 1884 by the aforementioned
Danish Doctor.
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21. B: Depending on whether they absorb the stain or not, bacteria
generally are classified into Gram-positive (the absorbers) and Gram-
negative – the ones that do not absorb the stain.

22. D: The imperfect fungi are ‘headstrong’ fungi id est. they are very
difficult to classify. This is because sexual reproduction has been observed.
Many are being removed yearly from the list.

23. D: The kingdom Fungi has three divisions which are: Zygomycota,
Ascomycota and Basidiomycota. There is actually no such term as
Fungimycota.

24. C: Absorbing the Gram stain depends on the chemical structure and
physical properties of the bacteria’s cell wall.

25: D Mitochondria - Prokaryotes are organisms that are generally

characterized by one of the following: They do not have a membrane-
bound structure, they have a single, circular DNA molecule in the
cytoplasm. They also lack membrane-bound organelles such as
mitochondria and chloroplasts.
Nota Bene: You might have been taught that some bacteria are autotrophs
(id est. capable of making their own food.) Yes! Cyanobateria have
additional pigments called phycobilins. These allow cyanobacteria to use
light of different wavelengths for photosynthesis. Researches have also
shown that the purple bacteria also possess chlorophyll, one that is
chemically different from plant chlorophyll. Bacterial chlorophyll absorbs
light of longer wavelengths. The blue-green bacterial is such evidence. The
chlorophyll are located in the cytoplasm and not the chloroplasts.

26. A: Comparing Photosynthesis and Respiration.

Although photosynthesis and respiration include many complex steps, they
may seem clearer if you compare the reactions for the two processes.
Photosynthesis:
3CO2 + 3H2O C3H6O3 + 3O2
Respiration:
C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O

The reactions are almost the reverse of each other. Photosynthesis produces
a carbohydrate (and since glucose is a ‘reservoir’ of energy), it can be

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thought that the latter stores energy. A priori, respiration involves a
breakdown ofa carbohydrate, it can be thought of an energy use process
(since breaking of glucose molecules releases the energy in its bond,
respiration uses this energy to fuel all life activities of a cell.)

27. B: Drosophila melanogaster –This is the scientific name for the fruit
fly. Another tool used is the pea plant.

28. C: F stands for filial, which means ‘of an offspring’, and the 1 connotes
first. Can you now name the F2 and F3 generation successfully? The second
and third filial generation. I know you missed it oo.

29. C: Inconclusive. This is a trap question. Females in general can be

carriers of sex-linked diseases. Sex-linked diseases are simply diseases that
are linked to the X-chromosomes. The defective X-chromosome is
recessive. So, if only one is affected, the other unaffected one (in females
though) is dominant. Recall that a dominant gene masks the effect of a
recessive one. Thus, female can either be normal (two normal X-
chromosomes), carriers (one defective X- and one normal X-chromosome)
or sufferers (two defective X-chromosomes).
Males on the other hand, needs just one defective X-chromosome to
express the traits since there is no other X-chromosome to mask the effect
of the defective one. Ipso facto, they can never be carriers. Males can
wither be normal (one normal X- chromosome and an unconcerned Y-
chromosome) or sufferers (one defective X-chromosome and also one
unconcerned Y-chromosome).
Note: Sex-limited genes are genes that are expressed only in individuals of
one sex. It begins around the time, a child becomes a teen. Body chemistry
play a vital role. Exempli gratia Heavy beard. (But Chioma, you are an
exception). So even if a woman is homozygous for the gene for heavy
beard, she will not exhibit the traits. Trait exhibitions constitute what?
Phenotype – I know you got it right.
Note: Sex-influenced traits are traits controlled by genes which in turn are
controlled by differences in body chemistry, which causes them (the traits)
to be dominant in one sex and recessive in other.A common example is
baldness. Therefore, a man needs to inherit only one allele to be bald.
However a woman must inherittwo alleles to be bald, because in her the
allele is recessive …

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30. C: Vide 29.

31. C: Vide 29.

32. B: Now, during glycolysis and citric acid cycle phase of respiration, many
hydrogen atoms are removed. Recall that a hydrogen atom consists of a
single proton and a single electron. Hydrogen bring with them high energy
electrons from the chemical bonds of molecules in the citric acid cycle.
These high energy electrons are added to molecules in the cell called
electron carriers.
Electron Transport Chain: Aerobic cells have a way of saving the energy
from the electrons to a group of coenzymes (enzymes’ assistants) located
in the inner mitochondrial membrane. Like members of a bucket brigade,
these coenzymes make up the electron transport chain. Each time an
electron is passed from one coenzyme to another, like the bucket of water,
energy is released. This energy is used to form a large number of ATP
molecules from ADP and P. By the time the electron reaches the end of the
chain, it has lost most of its energy.
Since oxygen has not yet entered into any of the reactions, why then is
oxygen so important to this process? Electrons brought in by electron
carriers must be removed at the end of the chain. The final acceptor of the
electrons is oxygen. The hydrogen and electrons removed during the initial
phase of the respiration reactions combine with oxygen to form water.
Oxygen then, acts like the person at the end of an automobile assembly line
who drives each finished car out of the factory. If that person decides to
walk off the job, the entire assembly line must shut down. Without oxygen
to carry off low energy electrons, all respiration reactions come to a halt.
The cell stops making ATP, and quickly dies because it no longer has an
energy source.
Nota Bene: ATP is an acronym that stands for Adenosine Triphospate. The
adenosine being the addition reaction between the amino acid, adenine and
a ribose sugar, and the triphosophate being linkage to three phosphate
groups. It is the form in which all living things stores, derives and
interconvert energy for life process. It can be thought of as ‘the energy
currency of the cell’. ADP – Adenosine Diphosphate. And P – Phosphate.
Equations for the overall jargons are as follows:
Adenine + Ribose + Three Phosphate group = Adenosine Triphosphate.

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Energy
ADP + P ATP
O2 + 4H+ + 4e- 2H2O

33. C: Down syndrome: This condition is also called trisomy 21 because of

the extra copy of the twenty-first chromosome. Nondisjunction of the
twenty-first pair of chromosomes causes Down syndrome. People with this
disorder often have abnormal eyelids (Mongoloid look), noses with low
bridges, large tongues, and hands that are short and broad. They are also
mentally retarded.
Nota Bene: Turner syndrome is caused by the nondisjunction of the sex
chromosomes. In this case, the Y chromosome is missing. The result is a
female with the genotype XO. These girls appear normal at birth, but
throughout their lives, they are shorter and stockier than other girls.
Women with Turner syndrome have large necks. Their sex organs and
breasts do not develop to the adult stage, so they are sterile. These women
can be treated with hormones that can make them appear more feminine.
Turner syndrome is not associated with mental retardation.
Nota Bene: Klinefelter syndrome is caused by the nondisjunction of the
sex chromosomes, resulting in a male with an extra X chromosome. These
individuals have the genotype XXY instead of XY. Boys with these
syndrome do not develop the physical traits typical of adult men. Instead,
they may develop enlarged breasts and have high-pitched voices. Such men
are sterile and may have below-normal intelligence.
Nota Bene: Parkison’s disorder is caused due to other health issues,
characteristically of a shaky, jerky and uncontrollable body movement. It
is not caused by nondisjunction.
Nota Bene: Rigor mortis is not a syndrome. It is a stage experience after
death, characteristic of a stiff like motion of the body. A syndrome is a
group of symptoms with a single underlying cause. It can also be caused
by nondisjunction of a given chromosome.
Note: Nondisjunction is a chromosomal mutation. A mutation is an error
in the replication of the genetic material that becomes part of the genotype
of a cell and its descendants. Nondisjunction results in two kinds of
gametes – a monosome and a trisome. One cell has an extra chromosome
and one has one chromosome missing …

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34. E: Conjunctivitis – This is not a defect of the eye, it is an infection – an
inflammation to be precise. Xerophthalmia is connected with imbalance in
the pigment rhodopsin, Long- and short sightedness is concerned with the
eyeball, the former being caused by the eye ball being too short (corrected
by convex lens), thus the refracting power being too strong (1/f) Dioptres
[D] and the latter – a resultant from the eye ball too long and the refracting
power being too weak (corrected by concave lens). Astimagtism a defect
caused by the unevenness of the cornea where vertical line appear blur and
horizontal ones clear (Research more on this and other correction.)

35. E: Erection is the stiffness of the penis. The penis is composed of

spongy tissues which fill with blood during sexual arousal. This is to aid
easy penetration into the vagina during intercourse. Erection can happen
during parasympathetic mode (relaxed). Ejaculation can occur during
sympathetic mode (tensed). Sympathetic mode is enabled during tension
and the parasympathetic – during normalcy.

36. C: All veins, except the pulmonary vein, carry deoxygenated blood to the
heart for ‘oxygenating’, while all arteries, except the pulmonary artery,
carry oxygenated blood from the heart for delivery to other organs.
However, the lungs are the only organs which do not need the heart’s
oxygen as they are in direct contact with the atmospheric oxygen. Now, the
heart is also an organ, which also needs its supply of oxygen. The
pulmonary vein thus, carries oxygenated blood to the heart (from the lungs
of course) and the pulmonary artery carry deoxygenated blood from the
heart to the lungs …
The sub-clavian vein is found below the neck region.

37. C: The father and the mother. The father ‘drops’ one X and the mother
mandatorily (for she has no Y) ‘drops’ an X, constituting XX for females.
The father also drops a Y and the mother, also drops an X, constituting XY
for males. This infers that the father is the factor that determines the sex of
a child.
Caveat: Don’t joke with us guys! Lol

38. B: HIV stands for Human Immuno-Deficiency Virus. Or do you have it?
No need for alarm, as long as it hasn’t aggravated into the AIDS stage, it
isn’t deadly. Researches have shown that an HIV patient can lead a fairly
normal life … Vide recommended text.
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39. C: Serum Hepatitis A and B are both diseases of the liver. The others are
not concerned with the liver. Dieresis is connected to the kidney, gall
stones are also connected to the kidney, Trypanosomiasis is caused by a
trypanosome carried by the Tse tse fly, and the sickenss is also called
sleeping sickness. SARS Cov. II is a respiratory tract infection.

40. B: Making an observation is the first step in the research method. The steps
is as follows: Observing, Defining the problem or question, forming a
hypothesis, testing the hypothesis with a controlled experiment, observing
and recording the results, forming conclusions by confirming or modifying
the hypothesis, reporting results.
Note: Identifying the problem is not a part of the research method.

Akintoyean special

1. A: The Calvin cycle is named for Melvin Calvin, who received a Nobel
Prize in 1961 for his work on photosynthesis. During photosynthesis, two
major reactions occur – the light stage and the Calvin cycle. The former is
briefly about trapping light energy. In the latter, the carbon atoms in carbon
dioxide are combined to form carbohydrate molecules. These reactions
require energy and this energy comes from the ATP and the high energy
electron carriers from the light reactions. This cycle differs from the light
stage, where light is not the energy source. The Calvin cycle is controlled
by enzymes (such as rubisco …) Vide recommended text.

2. B: Endocytosis is the process of transporting substances into the cell

through a vesicle (membrane-bound sac). The second way in which active
transport may occur is by means of vesicles. Endocytosis can occur in two
ways, depending on the size of what is being transported. A small particle
or liquid droplet enters the cell by a process known as pinocytosis…
When large, solid particles must be brought into the cell, another kind of
endocytosis, called phagocytosis occurs. Phago- derives from Greek
meaning to eat.

3. E: Ignaz Semmelweis. Sometimes, a hypothesis is made before there is

enough information to support it. Semmelweis worked in a hospital in
Vienna, Austria, some 40 years before microorganisms were thought to
cause diseases. In Semmelweis’s hospital, it was common for women to
die of fever shortly after giving birth.

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Semmelweis noticed a connection between women who died of fever and
doctors who did not wash their hands before assisting in childbirth. He
hypothesized that the doctors carried the disease-causing agent on their
hands. Semmelweis insisted that doctors wash their hands before
delivering babies. When this was done, the number of women who
developed fever dropped abso-dramatically-lutely. Well tmesis is my
grammar strength.
Today, Semmelweis conclusion might seem obvious, but the doctors of his
day resisted it. With no theory to explain why dirty hands could cause
fever, the idea was difficult to sell. Semmelweis died in 1862, a defeated
man who had failed to convince more than a few that his ideas were correct
… Vide recommended text.
Nota Bene: John Needham is a Scottish scientist. (1748)

4. B: Alexander Fleming – a factor that is not listed in the research method is

the role of luck. In 1928, an important discovery was made in the laboratory
of the British scientist Alexander Fleming. Fleming was investigating
bacterial growth and noticed that green mold interfered with the growth of
the bacteria in some of the petri-dishes. A clear ring was evident around
the green mold. Many researchers would have simply thrown out the
spoiled dish. But Fleming did not. He thought that the mold must have
produced something that killed the microorganisms. He was right! The
‘something’ he discovered was penicillin, a chemical that kills certain
bacteria without harming the body. Today, penicillin is a widely used
medicine to fight bacterial infection …

5. C: One of the consequences of mutation is monoploidy and triploidy as

explained in 33.

6. C: Germline and somatic. Chromosomal mutations that affect reproductive

cells are inheritable while the ones that affect only body cells are generally
non-heritable.
Caveat: Do not mistake this for the classification of mutations. Mutations
are equally classified into two group – chromosomal mutations and gene
mutations. Chromosomal mutations affect whole chromosomes; gene
mutation affect individual gene on a chromosomes. Note that both type of
mutation can occur in either somatic cells or reproductive cells, the cells
that give rise to gametes. A mutation in a somatic cell may be passed on to

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descendants of the cell within the organism. Some cancers are caused by
mutations in somatic cells. Mutations in these kinds of cells cannot be
passed on to an offspring. A mutation in a reproductive cells, however can
have far-reaching effects. Mutations in reproductive cells may be passed
on to gametes and then to a zygote if any of these are involved in
fertilization. All of an organism’s cells are descended from the zygote.
Therefore, every cell of the offspring will carry the mutation.

7. D: Germline. See 6.
Mutagen are certain substances and conditions that increase the rate of
mutation.

8. B: A. lumbricoides - Option D is the scientific name for the rattlebox. Find

out what A. muscaria is.

9. C: Stop asserting that protonema are sex organs of bryophytes, they are
transitory stages oin the life cycles of bryophytes.

10. C: One of the most debated comparisons and juxtapositions about any two
organisms is no other than – centipedes and millipedes. Milipedes belong
to the class diplopoda. ‘Millipedes’ is a name meaning ‘thousand feet’ but
in reality they only have a few hundred feet. They are herbivores. The
strictly herbivorous millipedes range in length from 2 millimeters to 30
centimeters. The number of segments vary from about 10 to over 100. A
millipede’s head has two groups of simple eyes, a pair of antennae,
mandibles, and maxillae. The first four segments behind the head each have
a single pair of legs. The abdominal segment is unique, however, since
each external segment is actually two segments fused together.
Centipedes, on the other hand, belong to the class chilopoda, (I have
forgotten the order), and ‘Centipedes’ is a name meaning ‘hundred feet’.
Centipedes may have between 15 and 150 pairs of legs and are usually only
a few centimeters long. Some tropical species, however, reach a a length
of 30 centimeters. Centipedes have simple, unfused body segments. Each
segments have only one pair of legs. Like millipedes, centipedes live under
leaves and stones. Surprisingly, centipedes are carnivores. A pair of
anterior appendages is modified into poison claws. Centipedes use these
claws to capture prey. They are both myriapods. This is where the
confusion sets in. some prefixes are added to terms in the hierarchical
placements like sub- for phylum amongst others. The full and actual trend
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is as thus: Kingdom – Phylum (or Divisions, for plants) – Class – Order –
Family – Genus – Species … Vide recommended text.

Recommended text: Heath BIOLOGY. McLaren, Rotundo, Gurley-Dilger, et al.

All notes and explanations are excerpts from Heath BIOLOGY.

Additional references –

Modern BIOLOGY. M. C. Michael, et al.

Essential BIOLOGY. Sarojini T. Ramalingam (Ph.D), et al.

Knowledge is beneficial – I know nothing of its hazards.

The best legacy – humility.

The art is, and should be, more important than the artist.

Emotions can be forgotten but not concealed.

Fair is foul – and foul is fair.

Akintoye Sulaimon Babatunde.

Lord A. S. B

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