Quezon District Quezon National High School: Qnhs #Batangquezonianikawangbida

QUEZON DISTRICT
QUEZON NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
ATIS (Annona Squamosa Linn) LEAF INCENSE AS MOSQUITO KILLER
A Research
Presented to the Teachers of

Quezon National High School
Senior High School Department
Alunan, Quezon, Isabela
_______________
In Partial Fulfilment
Of the Subject Requirement for
Practical Research 2
Drian C. Arila
Althea G. Camtugan
Haneca Jea O. Rabec
Carl Luis L. Micu
Allan Dave C. Cabanlong
Daphni I. Dupan
John Vinz E. Ramos
Angelbert Q. Valdez
Reuben Christian G. Mercado
Jimwell A. Lacbawan
Ehroll Jay P. Peruna
Wesley R. Jose
S.Y. 2022-2023
Quezon District
QNHS: Committed to Excellence
#BatangQuezonianIkawAngBida
Email: depedqnhs1992@gmail.com
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Chapter I
The Problem and Its Background
I. Introduction
Pursuant to the study of World Health Organization, mosquitoes are the deadliest insect in
the world. These tiny blood thirsty creatures carry disease and nasty pathogens namely
chikungunya, dengue, and the deadliest of them all, the malaria.
Certain species of mosquitoes carry specific pathogens. Malaria, which is caused by
Plasmodium parasites that is being carried by infected female Anopheles mosquitoes.
According to the World Health Organization, in 2020, there were an estimated 241 million
cases of malaria and the estimated number of malaria deaths stood at 627 000 in the same
year. Malaria is common on sub-Saharan Africa, Eastern Mediterranean, Western Pacific,
and the Americas. On the other side, the Aedes aegypti species are transmitting chikungunya
and dengue viruses. Dengue is the most prevalent viral infection transmitted by Aedes
mosquitoes. More than 3.9 billion people in over 129 countries are at risk of contracting
dengue, with an estimated 96 million symptomatic cases and an estimated 40,000 deaths
every year while chikungunya is a viral disease transmitted to humans by the same kind of
mosquito caused by chikungunya virus (CHIKV). In 2022, and as of 24 August, 229 029
cases and 41 deaths have been reported worldwide. The said mosquito caused diseases are
common on sub-tropical and tropical countries.
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Knowing that Philippines is a tropical country, the most common mosquito-borne disease
is dengue. Dengue infections in the country have breached the 100,000-mark for 2022 after
the Department of Health (DOH) said it has so far logged 102,619 cases as of July 30, 2022.
This is 131 percent higher compared to the reported cases during the same period in 2021,
which was at 44,361, the DOH said.
The researchers are residents of Quezon, a fourth-class municipality of the Province of
Isabela in Region 2 where dengue cases in the region arose by nearly 900 percent during the
early part of this year from the same period in 2021. The province of Isabela has the greatest
number of dengue cases with 997, 86 from San Mateo and 50 from Roxas wherein the said
municipalities are neighbors of Quezon.
We are all aware that dengue and chikungunya remain incurable. However, the
government is taking certain preventative measures to slow down the proliferation of
mosquitoes and ultimately prevent dengue and other diseases caused by mosquitoes because
prevention is better than cure. Moreover, there are also some insecticides available on the
market like mosquito coils and aerosols but these products containing dangerous substances
including fumigants that is harmful on our health. Fumigants are highly toxic in humans
because breathing small amounts of it can be fatal.
With that being said, the researchers wanted to create a new and innovative product to
help the community in batting mosquito problem which is an environment-friendly, health-
friendly, and cost-efficient product.
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Mosquitoes can be repelled through natural ways pursuant to certain studies. There are
lots of plants species that can be used as mosquito repellents as they contain natural
chemicals that mosquito hates. These includes Citronella (Cymbopogon nardus), Lavender
(Lavandula angustifolia), Marigold (Tagetes erecta), Nastursium (Tropaeolum majus),
Rosemary (Salvia rosmarinus), Basil (Ocimum basilicum) and Mint (Mentha piperita).
However, the researchers found that Atis (Annona Squamosa Linn) leaf can also use as a
material to repel and kill mosquito after researching.
Atis leaf possess vermicidal and insecticidal properties good for repelling and killing
mosquitoes. Atis is a tropical plant that grows spontaneously in the Philippines, aside from
bearing fruits of white, sweet, soft, juicy, and mild flavored flesh, also yields leaves where
government researchers found extracts for the formulation of anti-mosquito repellent. Atis
leaf has methanol and spathulenol that can be used to kill larvae, specially mosquitoes.
The researchers come up with an idea of creating an incense from Atis leaves. The
incense would be useful in killing mosquitoes, especially Aedes egypti that carries dengue
virus. The Atis leaf incense would be beneficial not only in eradicating diseases spread by
mosquitoes but also in promoting a cutting-edge, environmentally friendly, health-friendly,
and cost-efficient product.
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II. Conceptual/Theoretical Framework
Mosquitoes are highly dangerous to living organisms, particularly humans. They
spread various diseases and viruses, which may result to death. Species such as Aedes
Aegypti and Anopheles carry some of the world’s most lethal diseases and viruses.
Malaria, chikungunya, yellow fever, zika, and dengue fever have all claimed millions of
lives in recent years.
While specific cures and treatments for some of these diseases have yet to be
discovered, humans can only prevent. Nowadays, authorities are taking some preventive
measures to, if not completely eradicate, at least lessen the spread of these viruses. To kill
mosquitoes, fumigants such as carbon disulfide, chloroform, and carbon tetrachloride are
used. In addition, some insecticides for pest control are already available on the market.
It is true that we have methods to prevent all of these things from happening.
However, we are unaware that methods such as fumigation have negative effects not only
on the environment but also on our health. Fumigants are highly toxic, whereas
insecticides contain chemicals that are also harmful, leading to more severe diseases in
some cases.
Atis is a tropical plant that usually grows spontaneously in the Philippines. It is
widely known as bearing fruits of white, sweet, soft, juicy and mild agreeable flavored
flesh. Normally, its leaves are ignored. The leaves and fruit of the atis have been found to
be beneficial to human use and needs. According to research conducted by major
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institutions such as the Department of Science and Technology and the Philippine
Council for Health Research and Development (PCHRD), the atis plant contains
vermicidal and insecticidal properties that are effective at repelling mosquitoes.
There are numerous methods for repelling and killing mosquitos. They are, however,
ineffective because they can transmit diseases that are more severe than those transmitted
by mosquitos. However, there are already solutions in nature that are more
environmentally and health-friendly and most pertinently, cost-efficient- the Atis leaves
are inexpensive.
Percent composition by mass of
atis leaves
 2 grams of dried atis leaf Average mortality Rate of
 4 grams of dried atis leaf mosquitoes
 6 grams of dried leaf
Figure 1. Research Paradigm
III. Research Questions
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The study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of atis leaf incense in killing mosquitoes,
Specifically, it aims to provide answers to the following questions:
1. What is the average death rate of mosquitos in terms of mass composition?
a. 2 grams of dried atis leaf
b. 4 grams of dried atis leaf
c. 6 grams of dried atis leaf
2. Is there a substantial variation in the efficiency of atis leaf incense in terms of percent
composition by mass?
3. Which percent composition by mass generates the most effective mosquito killer?
Hypothesis
There is no significant difference on the effectiveness of atis leaf incense in killing
mosquitoes in terms of percent composition by mass?
IV. Scope and Delimitation of the Study
The study will center on creating an all-natural mosquito repellent composed of atis leaf.
The quantity of mosquitoes killed during each trial will be used to gauge the potency of the
aforementioned Atis leaf incense. The Atis leaf incense trial(s) will take place in a confined
room with (10) mosquitoes present each trial in the home of one of the researchers, and the
manufacturing of the components will take place in the science laboratory of Quezon
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National High School. It will be completed in the first quarter-first semester of the 2022–
2023 academic year.
To calculate the mosquitoes’ death rate, arithmetic mean will be utilized. While with the
one-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), will determine whether there is a notable change
per trial and per percent by mass.
V. Significance of the Study
This research is conducted with the goal of obtaining critical information and knowledge
about the chosen topic from respondents, recent studies or theses, and related sites that are
required for the expected importance to the individual as follows:
For the community. The community was the study's primary benefactor. Mosquito
repellents can be an efficient approach for personal protection against mosquito bites that are
a nuisance and carry the danger of transmission of mosquito-borne illnesses such plasmodia,
dengue virus, chikungunya virus, and Zika virus.
Entrepreneurs. The study would help businesses that offers mosquito killer products. The
Atis leaf incense would be more cost-efficient for the sellers and especially for the
consumers.
World Health Organization (WHO). The study would be beneficial for the organization in
decimating the information about the effectiveness of atis leaf incense as mosquito killer. It
could also be used for further research since WHO is an organization that handles global
medical problem.
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Future researchers. The study will assist future researchers in gathering more information
and knowledge on the studies or theses they will be conducting.
VI. Definition of Terms
Atis. This is the common or local name of "annona squamosa linn" in the Philippines. This is
a plant belonging to the family of annonaceaeis.
Atis leaf. Part of the atis fruit that is to be used in the study.
Incense powder. One of the main ingredients in the study which is to be mixed with the atis
leaf extract.
Triple beam balance. This weighing scale will be used in the study to calculate the mass of
the incense powder and atis leaf extract.
Incense cone molder. This tool will be used in the study to make consistently-sized and
shaped cones.
Stirring rod. This is a piece of laboratory science equipment that will be used to stir
chemical compounds.
Beaker. This is a glass container with a flat bottom that will be used in the study to store and
mix liquids.
Mortar and Pestle. A tool to be used to powderize the dried atis leaf.
Petri Dish. A container used to place the measured powder.
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Reference
World Health Organization. “Fact Sheet about Malaria,” July 26, 2022.
https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malaria.
World Health Organization. “Fact Sheet about Vector Borne Diseases.” Vector-
Borne-Diseases, March 2, 2020. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/vector-
borne-diseases.
World Health Organization. “Chikungunya Worldwide Overview.” European Centre
for Disease Prevention and Control, January 10, 2021.
https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/chikungunya-monthly.
Sarao, Z. “Dengue Cases in PH Jump Past 100K in 2022, 131% Higher than Last
Year | Inquirer News.” INQUIRER.net, August 16, 2022.
https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1646990/dengue-cases-in-ph-jump-past-100k-in-2022-131-
higher-than-last-year.
Casas, W. “Dengue Cases in Region 2 up 897% - Manila Standard.” Manila Standard,
June 9, 2022. https://manilastandard.net/news/314235048/dengue-cases-in-region-2-up-
897.html.
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Ball, Jessica. “7 Plants That Repel Bugs and Mosquitos.” 7 Plants that Repel Bugs
and Mosquitos, February 2022. https://www.eatingwell.com/article/7947914/plants-that-
repel-bugs-and-mosquitos/.
Flores, G. O. “Mosquito Repellent Lotion Developed from Atis Leaves |
Philstar.Com.” Philstar.com, February 2010. https://www.philstar.com/business/science-and-
environment/2010/11/18/630710/mosquito-repellent-lotion-developed-atis-
leaves#:~:text=The%20PCHRD%20said%20studies%20revealed,dengue%2C%20malaria
%2C%20and%20filariasis.
Spathulenol - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics. “Spathulenol - an Overview |
ScienceDirect Topics,” 2010. https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/chemistry/spathulenol.
Philippine Medical Plants. “Atis/Annona Squamosa Linn.” Struart Change. March
2016. http://www.stuartxchange.org/Atis.
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Chapter II
Review of Related Literature
Mosquito
The term "mosquito" refers to a common flying insect category. There are around 3,500
different varieties of mosquito in the world. In humans, most mosquito bites cause irritation
and swelling around the bite site. Mosquitoes may dwell both indoors and outside, and they
can bite at any time of day or night, depending on the species. Female mosquitoes bite
because they require a blood meal to lay eggs, while both male and female mosquitoes eat
plant sap for general nourishment. A mosquito can live for two to four weeks after hatching,
depending on the circumstances. Vectors are mosquitoes that may transmit infections to
humans or animals. When they bite diseased humans or animals, they can pick up diseases
and parasites. If you are bitten by an infected mosquito, you may become ill (Terminix).
Mosquito-borne illnesses are infectious diseases conveyed by the bite of infected
mosquitos carrying pathogens. These include dengue fever, malaria, the West Nile virus, the
Chikungunya virus, and the Zika virus. Mosquitoes are among the vectors that transmit more
than one out of every seven infectious illnesses, resulting in around 700,000 deaths each year
(Thomas, 2020). Mosquitoes have six legs and two wings that they utilize to fly. Mosquitoes
go through four life phases: eggs, larvae, pupae, and adults. The first three of these occur near
or in water. When a female mosquito flies into a swarm of men, they normally mate in the
air.
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The female then stores and nourishes the sperm within her body until the time comes for
her to ovulate. She disperses the sperm just in time for the eggs to fertilize. A female
mosquito may lay up to 100 eggs at a time after a blood meal. For reproduction, mosquitoes
are drawn to moist areas because their larvae and pupae require still water to survive. Some
mosquito species prefer permanent water. Their eggs are laid at the borders of ponds and
lakes. Permanent water mosquitos may breed in swamps and marshes (Terminix).
Mosquito-borne Diseases
(a) Dengue
Dengue is a mosquito-borne viral infection causing a severe flu-like illness and
sometimes causing a potentially lethal complication called severe dengue. Dengue is a
rapidly emerging pandemic-prone viral disease in many parts of the world, including in the
Western Pacific Region. The virus that causes dengue is the dengue virus (DENV). In various
Asian and Latin American nations, severe dengue is a major cause of fatal sickness. Medical
experts are needed to handle it. Dengue and severe dengue do not have a particular therapy.
Early diagnosis of the disease's course and availability of quality medical care reduces severe
dengue mortality rates to less than 1% (WHO).
There are four different but closely related serotypes of the Flaviviridae family virus
that cause dengue, which is the disease's primary cause DENV-1, DENV-2, DENV-3 and
DENV-4. The four different serotypes have their own specific epidemiological patterns. All
four serotypes are hyperendemic in many countries, and they can co-circulate within a given
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area. Immunity against that serotype is thought to last a lifetime following infection recovery.
Cross-immunity to the other serotypes is only transitory and partial following recovery. The
risk of acquiring severe dengue is increased by subsequent infections (secondary infection)
by various serotypes. Both human health and the world and national economy are adversely
affected by dengue (WHO).
Dengue fever has increased in Southeast Asian countries this year, including
Indonesia, Singapore, Vietnam, Laos, and Malaysia, to mention a few. From January 1 to
July 30, this year, 102,619 dengue cases were reported in the Philippines, a 131 percent
increase over the same period in 2021 (Robert, 2022).
(b) Malaria
Malaria is an acute fever sickness caused by Plasmodium parasites, which are
transmitted to humans by the bites of infected female Anopheles mosquitoes. Malaria is
caused by five parasite types, the most dangerous of which are P. falciparum and P. vivax. P.
falciparum is the deadliest malaria parasite and the most common on the African continent. P.
vivax is the most common malaria parasite in most areas outside of Sub-Saharan Africa. The
first symptoms, fever, headache, and chills, generally come 10–15 days after the infective
mosquito bite and might be mild and difficult to identify as malaria. Without treatment, P.
falciparum malaria can cause severe sickness and death within 24 hours(WHO).
Malaria symptoms generally occur 10 days to one month after infection. Symptoms
vary depending on the parasite. Some people do not become ill for up to a year after being
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bitten by a mosquito. Parasites can potentially remain in the body for years without creating
symptoms. Some varieties of malaria might reoccur depending on the parasite. The parasites
lie dormant in your liver for years before being discharged into your circulation. When the
parasites resurface, the symptoms return (Cleveland Clinic).
In contrast to other infectious illnesses, malaria infection causes the human body to
acquire immunity slowly. Unprotected youngsters in tropical regions develop enough
immunity to suppress symptomatic assaults only after months or years of persistent exposure
to Plasmodium parasites by hungry mosquitos. Even so, the immunity is only effective
against the parasite to which the infant has been exposed, and the immunity fades after many
months if the child is not constantly exposed. Carriers of a sickle-cell trait gene are one
noteworthy population with remarkable malaria resistance (see sickle cell anemia). The
sickling effect is caused by parasites infecting red blood cells, and the cells are killed along
with the parasites (Kara, 2022).
There would be an estimated 241 million malaria infections and 627 000 malaria
deaths worldwide in 2020. This equates to about 14 million extra cases in 2020 compared to
2019, and 69, 000 more fatalities. Approximately two-thirds of these extra fatalities (47, 000)
were attributed to interruptions in malaria prevention, diagnosis, and treatment during the
pandemic. (World Malaria Report). Malaria incidence in the Philippines has decreased by
87%, from 48,569 cases in 2003 to 6,120 cases in 2020. The nation also recorded a 98%
decrease in malaria mortality, from 162 fatalities in 2003 to 3 deaths in 2020 (DOH).
(c) Chikungunya
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Chikungunya is a mosquito-borne viral disease first described during an outbreak in
southern Tanzania in 1952. It is an RNA virus that belongs to the alphavirus genus of the
family Togaviridae. The name "chikungunya" derives from a word in the Kimakonde
language, meaning "to become contorted", and describes the stooped appearance of sufferers
with joint pain arthralgia (WHO). The Chikungunya virus is transmitted to humans by the
bite of an infected mosquito. Fever and joint discomfort are the most typical signs of
infection. Other signs and symptoms may include a headache, muscular soreness, joint
swelling, or a rash. There have been outbreaks in Africa, the Americas, Asia, Europe, and the
Caribbean, Indian, and Pacific Oceans. Infected tourists pose a danger of spreading the illness
to uninfected places. There is presently no vaccination or treatment for chikungunya virus
infection (NCEZID).
The beginning of sickness generally comes 4–8 days after being bitten by an infected
mosquito (but can range from 2–12 days). Chikungunya is distinguished by a sudden onset of
fever, which is commonly accompanied by joint discomfort. The joint discomfort is
frequently incapacitating; it normally lasts a few days but can last for weeks, months, or even
years. As a result, the virus can cause acute, subacute, or chronic illness. Muscle soreness,
joint swelling, headache, nausea, exhaustion, and rash are all frequent indications and
symptoms (WHO).
Chikungunya, a mosquito-borne viral virus carried by the same insect that transmits
dengue (Aedes spp.), is expected to rise 389% by 2022. The Philippines had 318 cases as of
July 23, up from 65 cases during the same period in 2021. Calabarzon has had the greatest
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growth, increasing by more than 10,000% from one case in 2021 to 102 cases this year.
Western Visayas witnessed a 4900% rise year on year, from one case in 2021 to 50 cases in
2022. Calabarzon had one death recorded nationwide. (News Desk).
Atis
Atis is the Filipino name for Sweet Sop and Sugar Apple. Atis is an Annona family
member and a cousin of Custard Apple. Atis is indigenous to Central and South America.
During the Spanish era, Atis was brought to the Philippines. When completely formed, Atis is
a tiny tree that grows 10 to 20 feet tall with oblong leaves and green heart-shaped fruits with
polygonal tubercles. The flesh of the atis fruit is white and delicious, with black seeds. The
Atis tree grows quickly. Atis can be grown by simply planting a seed in almost any soil.
However, tropical or near-tropical weather is required. Atis will bear fruit in about a year
after it is planted. It bears fruit three times a year, with the tastiest fruits grown during the
summer months (Philippine Herbal Medicine, 2022).
The atis tree has therapeutic properties in all of its components. The seeds, on the
other hand, are toxic. The seeds are ground into a paste. A decoction of the leaves (boiled in
water) promotes or hastens menstrual flow and is used to treat diarrhea, colds, and fever. The
decoction is often bathed in to relieve rheumatic discomfort. To treat dizziness and fainting,
crushed leaves are inhaled. The bark of the atis tree is used to make a diarrhoeal decoction.
The root is a powerful purgative that has been used to treat dysentery. The juice of an unripe
atis fruit can be used to treat infected insect bites (Philippine Herbal Medicine, 2022).
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Sugar apple is high in energy and has various nutrients such as manganese, vitamin C,
and potassium. Sugar apple pulp can be eaten raw, has a sweet, fragrant, custard-like taste; It
is also used to prepare juices, jellies and compotes. Sugar apples are eaten as a fresh fruit
dessert or used to make juices and ice cream. Sugar apple leaves contain an oil that includes
terpenes and sesquiterpenes such as B-carophyllene (Wikipedia).
Over 500 hectares of farmland in Lobo, Batangas area planted with sweet sugar apple
trees. Over a thousand farmers tend to the tree's fruit, known as "atis." It's no surprise that
Lobo was designated the "Atis Capital of the Philippines'' in September 2011 by Resolution
2011-61 (Philstar, 2015).
Methanol
Methanol is a colorless watery liquid and poisonous alcohol that is utilized in industry
as a solvent, insecticide, and alternative fuel source. It also occurs naturally in people,
animals, and plants. Fresh fruits and vegetables, fruit juices, fermented beverages, and diet
soft drinks containing aspartame are the principal sources of methanol in the human body. In
the industrial context, inhaling large amounts of methanol vapor and absorbing methanol via
the skin are both as effective as the oral route in creating hazardous consequences (NIOSH).
The typical pungent (alcohol) odor of methanol does not give adequate warning of
low levels of exposure. Methanol can be sprayed into the air as a liquid (aerosol). Methanol
can enter the body by inhalation, ingestion, skin contact, or ocular contact. Ingestion is a
significant mode of exposure (NIOSH).
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Spathulenol
Spathulenol is tricyclic sesquiterpene alcohol with an azulene-like basic structure. It
may be found in oregano and other plants (Wikipedia, 2021). Spathulenol is an antioxidant,
anti-inflammatory, antiproliferative, and antimycobacterial compound isolated from Psidium
guineense Sw. Spathulenol has significant antioxidant activity in the DPPH system, with an
IC50 of 85.60 g/mL (MedChemExpress).
Incense Powder
Several substances, including herbs, spices, and other plant materials, are used to
make powder incense. There are other powder incense formulas that use essential oils or
other natural smells, but the most popular kind is prepared with powdered charcoal and
aromatic woods or resins (Natural Scents, 2022).
It has a lengthy history and has been utilized by numerous cultures all over the world.
It was used in China to purify the air and support health in homes and during religious rituals.
Powder incense was used in tea ceremonies and to calm the atmosphere in Japan.
Additionally, powder incense was burned in India on auspicious occasions like marriages
(Natural Scents, 2022).
Today, powder incense is still used because it may produce a calm and pleasant
ambiance. It is considered to have a lot of advantages and is utilized in many religious and
spiritual events. The powder is said to clean the air and aid in mental focus while engaging in
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meditation or prayer. The benefits of its peaceful and soothing smell can be enjoyed in the
home, office, or any other setting (Natural Scents, 2022).
Powder incense has a wide range of advantages. One application is for cleaning the
air in your house. Additionally, it can be used to treat tension headaches and reduce stress.
Additionally, it may aid in your ability to sleep soundly. Additionally, using incense powder
can help you focus and remember things better (Natural Scents, 2022).
Reference
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C. “What Is a Mosquito? |CDC.” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, March
5, 2020. https://www.cdc.gov/mosquitoes/about/what-is-a-mosquito.html.
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Britannica. “Melioidosis | Description, Cause, Symptoms, & Treatment.”
Encyclopedia Britannica. Accessed September 23, 2022.
https://www.britannica.com/science/melioidosis.
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Spathulenol - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics. “Spathulenol - an Overview |
ScienceDirect Topics,” 2010. https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/chemistry/spathulenol.
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MedChem Express. “Spathulenol | Antioxidant Agent | MedChemExpress.”
MedchemExpress.com. Accessed August 23, 2022.
https://www.medchemexpress.com/spathulenol.html?
utm_source=google&utm_medium=CPC&utm_campaign=US&utm_term.
Philstar. “Government Boosts Atis Production in Lobo | Philstar.Com.” Philstar.com,
November 2015.
https://www.philstar.com/business/agriculture/2015/11/28/1526944/government-boosts-atis-
production-lobo.
CDC. “Methanol: Systemic Agent | NIOSH | CDC.” Methanol: Systemic Agent |
NIOSH | CDC, May 12, 2011.
https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/ershdb/emergencyresponsecard_29750029.html?
fbclid=IwAR1HzSmITw-
M3pWmL6O0yWrcyaOf3Kk29AB8DYRyUpB_R3toAGBISBTQ3uc.
Philippine Herbal Medicine. “Atis Fruit.” Atis Fruit, March 2015.
https://www.philippineherbalmedicine.org/atis.htm.
H. “What Is Incense Powder? Origin, Ingredients, Uses, and More.” What Is Incense
Powder? Origin, Ingredients, Uses, and More, April 22, 2022.
https://naturalscents.net/incense/what-is-incense-powder-112.
Chapter III
Research Methodology
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I. Research Design
The study used a descriptive experimental methodology to assess the mosquito-
repelling abilities of atis leaves. It demonstrated the steps and process for how possible it
is to make atis leaf incense. This will establish the appropriate mass percent composition
to use in order to provide the desired output that will highlight the mosquito fatality rate.
II. Materials and Equipment
Dried Atis Leaf- 12 grams
Incense Powder- 15 grams
Atis Leaf Incense Molder
Triple beam Balance
Beaker
Stirring Rod
Mortar and Pestle
Spoon
Petri Dish
III. Research Procedure
A. Measurement of the Materials Needed
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With the use of the triple beam balance, the researchers will measure the the
following:
•2 grams of dried atis leaf
•5 grams of incense powder
B. Preparation of the set up
The researchers will prepare three (3) set ups; set-up one (1) will be made from 2
grams dried atis leaf and 5 grams of incense powder; set-up two (2) will be made from 4
grams dried atis leaf and 5 grams of incense powder; set-up three (3) will be made from 6
grams atis leaf and 5 grams of incense powder.
The researchers will use 10 mosquitoes for each of the set-up. 5 minutes will be
allotted in each trials in terminating the mosquitoes using the Atis Leaf Incense.
C. Preparation of the Atis Leaves
The researchers will collect leaves from the Atis tree.
D. Drying Process
The researchers will air dry the collected atis leaves.
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General Procedure
a. The researchers will air dry the collected atis leaves.
b. The researchers will use mortar and pestle to crush them into powder.
c. The researchers will use a breaker and stirring rod to mix the incense powder
and the atis leaf powder.
d. The powder mixture will then be slowly added by water to make its texture
like clay.
e. The researchers will use improvised incense cone molder to mold the atis leaf
incense.
f. The researchers will gather data by accomplishing the three (3) trials that
being prepared.
g. The researchers will evaluate the result of the three (3) trials.
IV. Statistical Analysis
Arithmetic mean and Analysis of Variance: Single Factor (ANOVA) will the
statistical tools that were used in analyzing and interpreting the data.
The researcher used the mean in determining the mortality rate of mosquitoes through
the use of atis leaf incense. The formula was.
x=
∑x
N
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Where x represents the arithmetic mean and ∑ x denotes the summation of the scores
of the observation and N is the total number of cases.
ANOVA: Single factor was used to determine the significant difference of the
effectiveness of atis leaf incense as mosquito killer. The test was made with the aid of PhStat.
With that, the researcher chose a 5 percent level of probability to determine the degree
of significance of findings.
V. Research Flowchart
Preparation of the materials

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Set-up preparation
Preparation of the Atis Leaves
Drying Process
Preparation of the Incense Powder and Atis Leaf Powder
Mixing of the Incense Powder and Atis Leaf Powder
Molding of the Atis Leaf incense
Data gathering through experimentation
Evaluation of the Data
Figure 2. Research Flowchart of the Atis Leaf Incense as Mosquito Killer
Chapter IV
Presentation, Analysis, and Presentation of Data
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Table 1. Average Mortality Rate of the Mosquitoes in the Different Percent
Composition by Mass
Percent Composition by Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3

Mass Average
(Atis leaf Powder and Mortality Rate

Alive
Alive
Alive
Died
Died
Died
Incense Powder)
2 grams and 5 grams 3 7 3 7 4 6 3.333333
4 grams and 5 grams 5 5 5 5 6 4 5.333333
6 grams and 5 grams 7 3 9 1 8 2 8
Table 1 shows the different quantity of mosquitoes died in the different percent
composition by mass of the incense and dried atis leaf powder. It presents that there is no
constant number of mosquitoes died in each percent composition by mass. In 2 grams of atis
leaf powder and 5 grams of incense powder, it has an average mortality rate of 3.333333. On
the other side, 4 grams of atis leaf powder in 5 grams of incense powder records 5.333333
average mortality rate, while on the 6 grams of atis leaf powder in 5 grams of incense
powder, it has 8 average mortality rate. It can be inferred that the highest composition by
mass of the atis leaf powder gained the greatest average of the mosquitoes’ mortality rate.
Table 2. Summary on the significant differences on the mortality rate of the mosquitoes
in the different percent composition by mass
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ANOVA
Source of
SS df MS F P-value F crit
Variation
Between Groups 1.555556 3 0.518519 0.090909 0.962995 4.066181
Within Groups 45.62963 8 5.03704
Total 47.18519 11
The table shows that the p-value (0.962995) is greater than the significant value a =
0.05. It shows that the researchers fail to reject the null hypothesis.
Chapter V
Summary of Findings, Conclusion, and Recommendation
A. Summary of Findings
Quezon District
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QUEZON DISTRICT
The main objective of this was to determine the effectiveness of atis leaf incense
in killing mosquitoes. Specifically, the purpose of the study was to investigate. (1)
What is the average mortality rate of mosquitoes in terms of percent composition by
mass: a. 2 grams of dried atis leaf? b. 4 grams of dried atis leaf? c. 6 grams of dried
atis leaf? (2) Is there a significant difference in the effectiveness of atis leaf incense in
terminating mosquitos in terms of percent composition by mass? (3) Which among
the percent composition by mass is the most effective mosquito killer?
The statistical techniques used to analyze the data were the arithmetic mean and
ANOVA: Single Factor (Analysis of Variance). the Arithmetic mean was used to
determine the mortality rate and ANOVA: Single Factor was used to determine
whether there is or there is no significant difference on the effectiveness of atis leaf
incense in the different percent composition by mass.
The following are the findings of the study:
1. The average mortality rate if the percent composition by mass is 2 grams of
dried atis leaf and 5 grams of incense powder is 3.333333. If the percent
composition by mass is 4 grams of dried atis leaf and 5 grams of incense
powder, the average mortality rate is 5.333333. And it has an average
mortality rate of 8 if the percent composition by mass is 6 grams of dried atis
leaf and 5 grams of incense powder.
2. Since the p-value, which is 0.962995, is greater than the significant value
which is 0.05, the researchers fail to reject the null hypothesis.

Quezon District
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3. The most effective percent composition by mass is 6 grams of dried atis leaf
and 5 grams of incense powder.
B. Conclusion
Based on this study's results, the following conclusions may be drawn:
1. The greater the quantity of atis leaf (in grams) in the incense, the greater the
number of mosquitoes it will kill.
2. There is no significant variation in the efficacy of atis leaves incense at killing
mosquitoes based on the mass percent composition.
3. 5 grams of atis leaf and 6 grams of incense powder are the most effective
percent ratio by mass. It suggests that the incense will kill more mosquitoes
the more atis leaves it contains.
C. Recommendation
As a result of this inquiry, the following individuals are given the following
recommendations:
Community. It is recommended to use atis leaf incense since it is effective at
killing insects. Consequently, the incidence of dengue in the population may be
reduced.
Commercial Industries. Upon demonstrating the efficacy of atis leaf incense
against mosquitoes, it is advised that the product-processing sectors include atis
leaf incense manufacturing.
Quezon District
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QUEZON DISTRICT
Future Researchers. Future researchers are encouraged to do more research on
the efficacy of atis leaf incense as a mosquito repellent in various areas.
a. greater quantity of atis leaf but less incense powder
b. open space for the study's location
Quezon District
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QUEZON DISTRICT

QUEZON NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

ATIS (Annona Squamosa Linn) LEAF INCENSE AS MOSQUITO KILLER

Presented to the Teachers of

The Problem and Its Background

chikungunya, dengue, and the deadliest of them all, the malaria.

Certain species of mosquitoes carry specific pathogens. Malaria, which is caused by

Plasmodium parasites that is being carried by infected female Anopheles mosquitoes.

year. Malaria is common on sub-Saharan Africa, Eastern Mediterranean, Western Pacific,

common on sub-tropical and tropical countries.

which was at 44,361, the DOH said.

The researchers are residents of Quezon, a fourth-class municipality of the Province of

municipalities are neighbors of Quezon.

government is taking certain preventative measures to slow down the proliferation of

because breathing small amounts of it can be fatal.

help the community in batting mosquito problem which is an environment-friendly, health-

friendly, and cost-efficient product.

(Lavandula angustifolia), Marigold (Tagetes erecta), Nastursium (Tropaeolum majus),

material to repel and kill mosquito after researching.

mosquitoes but also in promoting a cutting-edge, environmentally friendly, health-friendly,

and cost-efficient product.

II. Conceptual/Theoretical Framework

Mosquitoes are highly dangerous to living organisms, particularly humans. They

lives in recent years.

Atis is a tropical plant that usually grows spontaneously in the Philippines. It is

be beneficial to human use and needs. According to research conducted by major

vermicidal and insecticidal properties that are effective at repelling mosquitoes.

Percent composition by mass of

 2 grams of dried atis leaf Average mortality Rate of

 4 grams of dried atis leaf mosquitoes

 6 grams of dried leaf

Figure 1. Research Paradigm

III. Research Questions

Specifically, it aims to provide answers to the following questions:

1. What is the average death rate of mosquitos in terms of mass composition?

a. 2 grams of dried atis leaf

b. 4 grams of dried atis leaf

c. 6 grams of dried atis leaf

There is no significant difference on the effectiveness of atis leaf incense in killing

mosquitoes in terms of percent composition by mass?

IV. Scope and Delimitation of the Study

2023 academic year.

per trial and per percent by mass.

V. Significance of the Study

required for the expected importance to the individual as follows:

dengue virus, chikungunya virus, and Zika virus.

and knowledge on the studies or theses they will be conducting.

VI. Definition of Terms

a plant belonging to the family of annonaceaeis.

the incense powder and atis leaf extract.

Petri Dish. A container used to place the measured powder.

Borne-Diseases, March 2, 2020. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/vector-

World Health Organization. “Chikungunya Worldwide Overview.” European Centre

for Disease Prevention and Control, January 10, 2021.

Year | Inquirer News.” INQUIRER.net, August 16, 2022.

Casas, W. “Dengue Cases in Region 2 up 897% - Manila Standard.” Manila Standard,

June 9, 2022. https://manilastandard.net/news/314235048/dengue-cases-in-region-2-up-

and Mosquitos, February 2022. https://www.eatingwell.com/article/7947914/plants-that-

Flores, G. O. “Mosquito Repellent Lotion Developed from Atis Leaves |

Philstar.Com.” Philstar.com, February 2010. https://www.philstar.com/business/science-and-

Spathulenol - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics. “Spathulenol - an Overview |

ScienceDirect Topics,” 2010. https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/chemistry/spathulenol.