Flowchart: Soil Mechanics

Course
Course for next

SOIL MECHANICS (PS-1335) semester
Prof. Ir.Noor Endah Msc. Ph.D.
FLOWCHART
UPLIFT PRESSURE STRESS

UNDER DISTRIBUTION
HYDRAULIC (8)
STRUCTURE
(6) FOUNDATION
DESIGN
EFFECTIVE SOIL
STRESS CONSOLIDATION
(7) (9)
SEEPAGE SOIL
(5) STRENGTH BEARING
AND CAPACITY
STABILITY
SOIL
CLASSIFICATION
(3)
SOIL COMPACTION
(1) (4) DESIGN OF
SOIL GEOTECHNICAL
COMPOSITION STRUCTURE
(2)
Course CHAPTER II
SOIL MECHANICS (PS-1335) SOIL
Prof. Ir.Noor Endah Msc. Ph.D. COMPOSITION
FLOWCHART
OUTLINE
UPLIFT PRESSURE STRESS
UNDER DISTRIBUTION
HYDRAULIC A. SOIL
(8)
STRUCTURE COMPOSITION
(6) B. Physical
SOIL
parameters of
EFFECTIVE
STRESS CONSOLIDATION soil
(7) (9) 1. Volume
relationship
2. Weight-Volume
SEEPAGE relationships
(5) 3. Relationship of
, E, Wc, Gs
4. Relative density
SOIL 5. Consistency of
CLASSIFICATION soil
(3) 6. Activity (A)
SOIL COMPACTION C. Soil structure
(1) SOIL
(4)
COMPOSITION
(2)
Course CHAPTER II
A. Soil compositions
OUTLINE
Soil (Figure 2.1) Consist of :
• Solid A. SOIL
COMPOSITION
• Water B. Physical
• Air parameters of soil
1. Volume
relationship
CALCULATE VOLUME OF SOIL 2. Weight-Volume
relationships
3. Relationship of
IF VOLUME OF SOIL = V , E, Wc, Gs
4. Relative density
→ Vs = Volume of soil solids 5. Consistency of
soil
V = Vs + Vw + Va → Vw = Volume of Water 6. Activity (A)
→ Va = Volume of Air C. Soil structure
Vv = Vw + Va → Vv = Volume of voids
Course CHAPTER II
Air VA
Vw OUTLINE
Ww Water VV
Total Total A. SOIL
weight volume W V COMPOSITION
(= W) (= V) B. Physical
Ws solid Vs
parameters of soil
1. Volume
relationship
2. Weight-Volume
(a) (b) relationships
3. Relationship of
Figure 2.1a Soil element in Figure 2.1b Three phases of , E, Wc, Gs
natural state. the soil element 4. Relative density
5. Consistency of
soil
6. Activity (A)
Figure 2.1c C. Soil structure
Illustration of soil solid and void
within the soil
Course CHAPTER II
B. PARAMETER FISIK TANAH

OUTLINE
1. General relationship of volume
A. SOIL
COMPOSITION
Vv
• Void ratio = e e= B. Physical
Vs parameters of soil
1. Volume
relationship
n Vv 2. Weight-Volume
• Porosity = n= 100% relationships
V 3. Relationship of
, E, Wc, Gs
4. Relative density
• Degree of saturation = SR Vw
SR =  100% 5. Consistency of
soil
Vv 6. Activity (A)
C. Soil structure
• Relationship of e and n
n e
e= n=
1− n 1+ e
Course CHAPTER II
2. Weight-Volume relationship
OUTLINE
Ww
a. Water content = wc wc =  100%
Ws A. SOIL
COMPOSITION
B. Physical
W
b. Unit weight=   = parameters of soil
1. Volume
V relationship
2. Weight-Volume
 W  relationships
Ws 1 + w 
 Ws  = Ws (1 + wc )
3. Relationship of
W Ws + Ww , E, Wc, Gs
 = = = 4. Relative density
V V V V 5. Consistency of
soil
Ws 6. Activity (A)
If : = d → d = DRY UNIT WEIGHT C. Soil structure
V

Then :  =  d (1 + wc )→  d =
(1 + wc )
Course CHAPTER II
OUTLINE
air
Vv = e
A. SOIL
COMPOSITION
Ww= water Vw= w.Gs B. Physical
w.Gs.w parameters of soil
W
1. Volume
relationship
V=1+e
Ws = solid Vs= 1
2. Weight-Volume
relationships
Gs.w 3. Relationship of
, E, Wc, Gs
4. Relative density
5. Consistency of
soil
Figure 2.2. 6. Activity (A)

C. Soil structure
Three separate phases of a soil element, if
volume of soil solids equal to one
Course CHAPTER II
OUTLINE
Weight Volume
A. SOIL
Vv = V w = e
Ww = e.w
COMPOSITION
water B. Physical
parameters of soil
V=1+e
1. Volume
relationship
2. Weight-Volume
Ws = Gs.w
relationships
Vs = 1
3. Relationship of
solid , E, Wc, Gs
4. Relative density
5. Consistency of
soil
6. Activity (A)
C. Soil structure
Figure 2.3.
Saturated soil element with volume of
soil solids equal to one
Course CHAPTER II
3. Relationship of , e, wc, Gs
OUTLINE
A. SOIL
COMPOSITION
a. SPESIFIC GRAVITY = GS B. Physical
parameters of soil
s 1. Volume
Gs = relationship
w 2. Weight-Volume
relationships
3. Relationship of
Ww W , E, Wc, Gs
w = → Vw = w ........(1) 4. Relative density
Vw w 5. Consistency of
soil
Ws 6. Activity (A)
s = C. Soil structure
Vs
For Vs = 1 → s = Ws ,
Course CHAPTER II
Then :
OUTLINE
Ws
Gs = → Ws = Gs   W
w A. SOIL
COMPOSITION
Ww B. Physical
wc = → Ww = wc  Ws = wc  Gs   W parameters of soil
Ws
1. Volume
relationship
2. Weight-Volume
If : relationships
3. Relationship of
, E, Wc, Gs
Ww 4. Relative density
Ww = wcGs w → = wcGs ....................(2) 5. Consistency of
V soil
6. Activity (A)
1 dan 2 → Vw = wcGs C. Soil structure
BILA : Vs = 1 → e = VV
V = Vs + Vv → V = 1+e
Course CHAPTER II
b. UNIT WEIGHT=  c. DRY UNIT WEIGHT= d

OUTLINE
W Ww + Ws
 = =
A. SOIL
Ws Gs w
COMPOSITION
V V
d = =
B. Physical
w G  + Gs  w
 = c s w V 1+ e
parameters of soil
1+ e 1. Volume
G  (wc + 1)
relationship
 = s w 2. Weight-Volume
1+ e
relationships
3. Relationship of
, E, Wc, Gs
4. Relative density
5. Consistency of
d. DEGREE OF SATURATION= SR soil
6. Activity (A)
C. Soil structure
Vw wc Gs
SR = = → S R  e = wc  Gs
Vv e
Course CHAPTER II
e. SATURATED UNIT WEIGHT= SAT

OUTLINE
A. SOIL
W wc Gs w + Gs w Gs w (wc + 1) COMPOSITION
 SAT = = = B. Physical
V 1+ e 1+ e parameters of soil
=  d (wc + 1)
1. Volume
 SAT relationship
2. Weight-Volume
relationships
3. Relationship of
, E, Wc, Gs
OR 4. Relative density
It can be written as followed: 5. Consistency of
soil
→ SR = 1 → e = Wc Gs 6. Activity (A)
C. Soil structure
e. w + Gs w (e + Gs )
 SAT = = w
1+ e 1+ e
Course CHAPTER II
4. Relative Density
OUTLINE
a. Relative density ( DR) is used to indicate the in situ
A. SOIL
denseness or looseness of granular soil. COMPOSITION
B. Physical
parameters of soil
1. Volume
emax − e relationship
DR =  100% 2. Weight-Volume
emax − emin relationships
3. Relationship of ,
E, Wc, Gs
4. Relative density
5. Consistency of
i---------------i---------------------------------i soil
e max e e min 6. Activity (A)
C. Soil structure
e = in situ void ratio of the soil

e max = void ratio of the soil in the loosest state
e min = void ratio of the soil in the densest state
Course CHAPTER II
OUTLINE
b. Relationship between DR
A. SOIL
with the in situ soil deposits COMPOSITION
B. Physical
parameters of soil
D R (%) Description of in situ soil deposits 1. Volume
relationship
2. Weight-Volume
0 - 15 Very Loose relationships
15 - 50 Loose E, Wc, Gs
4. Relative density
5. Consistency of
50 - 70 Medium soil
6. Activity (A)
70 - 85 Dense C. Soil structure
85 - 100 Very dense

Course CHAPTER II
5. Consistency of soil
OUTLINE
a. Consistency of soil can be divided into four basic A. SOIL

states : COMPOSITION
B. Physical
- Solid parameters of soil
- Semi solid 1. Volume
- Plastic relationship
2. Weight-Volume
- Liquid relationships
those states are influenced by the changes of water content ( wc) E, Wc, Gs
4. Relative density
5. Consistency of
SOLID SEMI SOLID PLASTIC LIQUID soil
6. Activity (A)
wc C. Soil structure
SHRINKAGE PLASTIC LIQUID

LIMIT(SL) LIMIT (PL) LIMIT (LL)
Course CHAPTER II
b. LIQUID LIMIT = LL OUTLINE

LL = The water content required to close a distance of
A. SOIL
12.7 mm (0.5 in) along the bottom of the groove after 25 COMPOSITION
blows. B. Physical
parameters of soil
1. Volume
relationship
2. Weight-Volume
relationships
E, Wc, Gs
4. Relative density
5. Consistency of
soil
6. Activity (A)
C. Soil structure
Groove closed over 12.5
Apparatus and grooving Groove cut in sample mm – soil at wL if this
tool prior to the test requires 25 “blows”
Course CHAPTER II
c. PLASTIC LIMIT = PL
PL = water content at which the soil crumbles OUTLINE
when rolled into threads of 3.2 mm in
diameter. A. SOIL
COMPOSITION
B. Physical
parameters of soil
1. Volume
relationship
2. Weight-Volume
relationships
E, Wc, Gs
4. Relative density
5. Consistency of
soil
6. Activity (A)
C. Soil structure
Course CHAPTER II
d. PLASTICITY INDEX = IP
PI = IP = LL - PL
OUTLINE
e. LIQUIDITY INDEX= LI A. SOIL
COMPOSITION
wC − PL B. Physical
LI = parameters of soil
IP 1. Volume
relationship
0 < LI < 1 → Soil is in plastic state 2. Weight-Volume
relationships
LI > 1 → Soil is in liquid/close to liquid state 3. Relationship of ,
E, Wc, Gs
4. Relative density
0 SL PL LL 5. Consistency of
SOLID SEMI SOLID PLASTIC LIQUID soil
6. Activity (A)
C. Soil structure
LI = − 0 1
6. SHRINKAGE LIMIT = SL
SL = THE WATER CONTENT AT WHICH THE VOLUME OF SOIL MASS
CEASES TO CHANGE.
Course CHAPTER II
C. SOIL STRUCTURE
OUTLINE
1. SOIL STRUCTURE: A. SOIL
- the geometric arrangement of soil particles COMPOSITION
B. Physical
- the force that act between the particles parameters of soil
1. Volume
2. GRANULAR SOIL relationship
2. Weight-Volume
→ the force that act between the particles is very low→ relationships
neglected, Thus : E, Wc, Gs
Soil structure = the geometric arrangement of soil particles 4. Relative density
5. Consistency of
soil
3. FINE-GRAINED COHESSIVE SOIL 6. Activity (A)
(COHESIVE SOIL; EX. CLAY) C. Soil structure
→ Force between the clay particles → very dominant

So : the structure of cohesive soil = the geometric
arrangement of soil particle + force between the clay
particles
❑THE GEOMETRIC ARRANGEMENT OF GRANULAR
SOIL
• SINGLE GRAINED
• HONEYCOMB GRAINED
❑ THE GEOMETRIC ARRANGEMENT OF COHESIVE

SOIL CONSISTS OF:
• SMALL UNIT → DOMAINS.
• CLUSTER → GROUP OF DOMAINS.
• PED → GROUP OF CLUSTER.
THE GEOMETRIC ARRANGEMENT OF GRANULAR SOIL:
SINGLE GRAINED HONEY COMBED

THE GEOMETRIC ARRANGEMENT OF COHESIVE SOIL :
Ped
Course CHAPTER II
6. Activity (A)
OUTLINE
A. SOIL
IP
A=
COMPOSITION
B. Physical
% soil particles smaller than 2  parameters of soil
1. Volume
relationship
2. Weight-Volume
CLAY MINERALS ACTIVITY (A) relationships
MONTMORILLONITE ( BENTONITE) 1–7 E, Wc, Gs
4. Relative density
ILLITE 0.5 – 1 5. Consistency of
soil
KAOLINITE 0.5 6. Activity (A)
C. Soil structure
HALLOYSTE 0.5
ATTAPULGITE 0.5 – 1.2

ALLPHANE 0.5 – 1.2
IDENTIFY SOME CHARACTERISTICS OF SWELLING
SOIL
There are some methods to identify the swelling and shrinkage

potential of soils. One of the methods is by identifying activity
index of the soils. Where :
Plasticity Index
Activity, A =
(% soil particles < 2) - 5
PI Obtained from
Or A = Hidrometer test.
% clay sizes – 5
As an example, soil from Bojonegoro LL = 85% PL = 30% PI = 55%

% clay sizes = 95 %
55
A= = 0,61 %
95 – 5
Swelling
potential very
high
Percent clay sizes (finer than 0.002 mm)
Classification chart for swelling potential (after Seed, et al., 1962)

Course CHAPTER II
OUTLINE
A. SOIL
COMPOSITION
B. Physical
parameters of soil
1. Volume
relationship
2. Weight-Volume
relationships
3. Relationship of
, E, Wc, Gs
4. Relative density
5. Consistency of
soil
6. Activity (A)
C. Soil structure

Flowchart: Soil Mechanics

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Course

Course for next

UPLIFT PRESSURE STRESS

B. PARAMETER FISIK TANAH

Figure 2.2. 6. Activity (A)

b. UNIT WEIGHT=  c. DRY UNIT WEIGHT= d

e. SATURATED UNIT WEIGHT= SAT

e = in situ void ratio of the soil

85 - 100 Very dense

a. Consistency of soil can be divided into four basic A. SOIL

SHRINKAGE PLASTIC LIQUID

b. LIQUID LIMIT = LL OUTLINE

→ Force between the clay particles → very dominant

❑ THE GEOMETRIC ARRANGEMENT OF COHESIVE

SINGLE GRAINED HONEY COMBED

ATTAPULGITE 0.5 – 1.2

There are some methods to identify the swelling and shrinkage

As an example, soil from Bojonegoro LL = 85% PL = 30% PI = 55%

Percent clay sizes (finer than 0.002 mm)

Classification chart for swelling potential (after Seed, et al., 1962)

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