Flowchart Flowchart: Soil Mechanics Soil Mechanics

Course
Course for next

SOIL MECHANICS (PS-1335) semester
Prof. Ir.Noor Endah Msc. Ph.D.
FLOWCHART
UPLIFT PRESSURE STRESS

UNDER DISTRIBUTION
HYDRAULIC (8)
STRUCTURE
(6) FOUNDATION
DESIGN
EFFECTIVE SOIL
STRESS CONSOLIDATION
(7) (9)
SEEPAGE SOIL
(5) STRENGTH BEARING
AND CAPACITY
STABILITY
SOIL
CLASSIFICATION
(3)
SOIL COMPACTION
(1) (4) DESIGN OF
SOIL
GEOTECHNICAL
COMPOSITION
STRUCTURE
(2)
Course CHAPTER III
SOIL MECHANICS (PS-1335) SOIL
Prof. Ir.Noor Endah Msc. Ph.D. CLASSIFICATION
FLOWCHART
OUTLINE
UPLIFT PRESSURE STRESS
UNDER DISTRIBUTION
HYDRAULIC (8)
STRUCTURE A. General
(6) B. The objective
SOIL of soil
EFFECTIVE
STRESS CONSOLIDATION classification
(7) (9) C. Methods
1. Sieve
SEEPAGE analysis
(5) 2.Hydrometer
analysis
3. distribution
SOIL curve
CLASSIFICATION
(3) D. Soil
SOIL COMPACTION classification
(1) (4) system.
SOIL
COMPOSITION
(2)
Course CHAPTER III
A. General (Soil classification)

OUTLINE
1. WHY DO WE NEED TO CLASSIFY SOILS ??????? A. General

To describe various soil types encountered in B. The objective
the nature in a systematic way and gathering of soil
soils that have distinct physical properties in classification
groups and units. C. Methods
1. Sieve
2. GENERAL REQUIREMENTS OF A SOIL analysis
CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM: 2.Hydrometer
analysis
a- Based on a scientific method
3. distribution
b- Simple curve
c- Permit classification by visual and manual
D. Soil
tests. classification
d- Describe certain engineering properties system.
e- Should be accepted to all engineers.
Course CHAPTER III
A. General (continue)
OUTLINE
A. General
B. The objective
3. VARIOUS SOIL CLASSIFICATION SYSTEMS: of soil
classification
a- Geologic Soil Classification System C. Methods
b- Agronomic Soil Classification System 1. Sieve
c- Textural Soil Classification System analysis
(USDA) 2.Hydrometer
d- American Association of State Highway analysis
Transportation Officials System (AASHTO) 3. distribution
curve
e- Unified Soil Classification System (USCS)
f- American Society for Testing and D. Soil
Materials System (ASTM) classification
system.
g- Federal Aviation Agency System (FAA)
Course CHAPTER III
B. The objective of soil classification OUTLINE
A. General
B. The purpose
Soil classification : of soil
classify different soils with similar classification
properties into groups and sub-groups. C. Methods
1. Sieve
The objective : analysis
To obtain a common language to concisely 2.Hydrometer
analysis
express the general characteristics of soils.
3. distribution
curve
The classification system is based on the
D. Soil
following criteria: classification
1. Plasticity system.
2. Grain size.
Course CHAPTER III
C. Methods
OUTLINE
A. General
Methods to find the particle-size distribution of
B. The objective
soil: of soil
1. Sieve analysis (Figure 3.1). classification
2. Hydrometer analysis (Figure 3.2) C. Methods
1. Sieve
analysis
Sieve analysis: 2.Hydrometer
analysis
1. Sieve : US-Standard sieve.
3. distribution
2. Principle : the size of opening. curve
D. Soil
classification
Hydrometer analysis: system.
1. By using hydrometer test
2. Principle : principle of sedimentation of soil
grains in water
Course CHAPTER III
Sieve no. Opening (mm)

1. Sieve analysis
OUTLINE
4 4 4.75
6 3.35
A. General
8 2.36
B. The objective
10 2.00 of soil
classification
16 1.18
C. Methods
20 0.85
1. Sieve
Note : Sieve no. 4 30 0.60 analysis
means there are 4 x 4 2.Hydrometer
40 0.425
analysis
holes for 1 inch square
50 0.30 3. distribution
curve
60 0.25
Suggested sieve D. Soil
arrangement (well- 80 0.18 classification
plotted in log-scale) system.
100 0.15
140 0.106
200
0.075
200
Course CHAPTER III
OUTLINE
A. General
B. The objective
of soil
classification
C. Methods
1. Sieve
analysis
2.Hydrometer
analysis
3. distribution
Figure 3.1. curve
D. Soil
US-Standard classification
sieve system.
Note* ) This sieve is not allowed to be used
Course CHAPTER III
2. Hydrometer analysis
OUTLINE
The particles settle at different velocities,
depending on: Shape, size, and weight of the
A. General
soil.
B. The objective
of soil
classification
C. Methods
1. Sieve
analysis
2.Hydrometer
analysis
3. distribution
curve
D. Soil
classification
system.
Figure 3.2a Hydrometer Figure 3.2b Glass

test measuring cylinder
Course CHAPTER III
Figure 3.2c
Illustration of OUTLINE
hydrometer test and
hydrometer inside the
A. General
measuring glass with
mixed soil and B. The objective
of soil
standard liquid.
classification
C. Methods
1. Sieve
analysis
2.Hydrometer
Figure 3.2d analysis
Hydrometer 3. distribution
curve
analysis at soil
mechanics D. Soil
classification
laboratory of system.
ITS.
Course CHAPTER III
3. Grain-size distribution curve

OUTLINE
A. General
B. The objective
of soil
classification
a. Result of sieve analysis and hydrometer
C. Methods
analysis plotted on semi-log scale (Figure
1. Sieve
3.3); analysis
b. The curve is given in Figure 3.4 2.Hydrometer
analysis
c. GRAIN-SIZE DISTRIBUTION CURVE AS SHOWN IN
3. distribution
FIGURE 3.4
curve
D. Soil
classification
system.
SAND FINES
GRAVEL
COARSE MEDIUM FINE SILT CLAY
19.05
# 10
# 20
# 40
# 100
# 200
#4
100
90
80
70
PERSEN LOLOS (%)
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
19.05
0.425
0.149
0.075
0.005
2
4.76
0.85
100 10 1 0.1 0.01 0.001
UKURAN BUTIR, mm
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
-10 Figure 3.3 Result of sieve analysis and hydrometer analysis plotted on
100 10 10 1 1semi-log
0.1 scale
0.1 0.01 0.001
0.01 0.001
Course CHAPTER III
SAND FINES
GRAVEL
2.89%
19.05 77.12% 12.50% 7.50%
# 10
# 20
# 40
# 100
# 200
#4
100
90
80
70
PERSEN LOLOS (%)
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
19.05
0.425
0.149
0.075
0.005
2
4.76
0.85
100 10 1 0.1 0.01 0.001
UKURAN BUTIR, mm
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
Figure 3.4 grain-size distribution curve 0.01
30
20
10
0
100 10 10 1 1 0.1 0.1 0.01 0.001 0.001
Course CHAPTER III
3. Grain-size distribution curve (continue)
OUTLINE
d. Three parameters for a given soil can be
determined from grain-size distribution curve (see
Figure 3.5): A. General
- EFFECTIVE SIZE B. The objective
D10 : the diameter through which 10% of the of soil
classification
soil mass is passing the sieve.
C. Methods
- UNIFORMITY COEFFICIENT = Cu
1. Sieve
- GRADATION COEFFICIENT = Cc analysis
2.Hydrometer
D60 D30
2 analysis
Cu = Cc = 3. distribution
D10 D60 x D10 curve
D. Soil
D30 : The diameter through which 30% of the soil classification
mass is passing the sieve. system.
D60 : the diameter through which 60% of the soil
mass is passing the sieve
Course CHAPTER III
SAND FINES
GRAVEL
2.89%
19.05
77.12% 12.50% 7.50%
# 10
# 20
# 40
# 100
# 200
#4
100
90
80
70
PERSEN LOLOS (%)
60
50
40
30
20
10
D60 D30 D10
0
19.05
0.425
0.149
0.075
0.005
2
4.76
0.85
100 10 1 0.1 0.01 0.001
UKURAN BUTIR, mm
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
100 10 Figure
10 3.5 1 How1 to define
0.1 the0.1D10, , D 30 , D0.01
0.01 0.001
60
0.001
Grain Size Distribution
Curves
D60
D30
D10
0.15 mm
0.8 mm
5.3
0.15 mm
0.4 mm
0.8 mm 0.4
1.33
0.15 0.8
Sieve Analysis (Cont.)
• D60 - the diameter corresponding to
60% finer in the particle-size
distribution curve
• D10 – effective size D60
cu =
D10
(D30 )2
• Cu – coefficient of gradation,
c =
D D
c
60 10
• CNote:
c – coefficient of curvature,
If cu is relatively large, it indicates a well graded soil. Cu = 1 indicates
that the soil grains are of approximately equal sizes.
Hydrometer Analysis
• ASTM D422
• This method is generally used to
determine the particle-size distribution
for soils with small grain sizes < 0.075
mm (No. 200)
• The lower limit of the particle size
determined by this procedure is about
0.001mm
• In the lab we will use ASTM 152-H
Hydrometer (?)
• This method
v=
( s −  w ) is based on Stoke’s law
D 2 ;  : vis cos ity of water
“The larger
18 the grain size, the greater
its settling velocity in a fluid”
Hydrometer Analysis
(Cont.)
L =30
Hydrometer Test
(Cont.)
• A Hydrometer reading of 30
means that there are 30 g of soil
solids in suspension per 1000cc of
soil-water mixture at a
temperature of 200C
• Take reading at 15, 30, 60
seconds then at 2, 5, 15, 30 and
60 minutes
Composite Corrections
• Fm – Meniscus Correction
Fm
• Zero Correction, Fz
Accounts for the effect of using a deflocculating agent
• Temperature Correction, FT
FT = - 4.85 + 0.25T (T between 15 – 280C)
• Composite Correction = Fm + Fz + FT
Hydrometer Test
(Procedure)
1. Prepare a deflocculating
(dispersing) agent
– Use a 4% solution of Sodium
hexametaphophate (Calgon)
– Add the 40g of Calgon in 1000cc of
distilled water and mix thoroughly
2. Use 45±5g of soil passing #10
3. Take 125cc of the mixture
prepared in (1) and add it to the
soil in (2) and let it soak for
Hydrometer Test (Calculation -
pp 30)
• R – Hydrometer reading (col 2)
• Rcp – corrected hydrometer reading for
calculation of percent finer (col 3)
Rcp = R + FT – Fz
a Rcp a = correction for Gs see
• Percent finer (col 4)W = Table 5-3 pp 30
s
Assume Gs = 2.65
• RcL - Corrected reading for determination

of effective length (col 5) & Find L from
Table 5-1 pp 26
RcL = R + Fm A
L(cm)
t (min)
• Determine D =
Course CHAPTER III
3. 3. Grain-size distribution curve (continue)

OUTLINE
e. There are three types of grain-size distribution A. General

curve: (see Figure 3.6): B. The objective
of soil
- GAP GRADED : classification
A type of soil in which there are one of more non- C. Methods
existence grain sizes. 1. Sieve
analysis
- WELL GRADED : 2.Hydrometer
A type of soil in which most of the grain sizes are analysis
distributed over a wide range. 3. distribution
curve
- UNIFORM GRADED : D. Soil
A type of soil in which most of the soil grains are classification
the same size. system.
Course CHAPTER III
Figure 3.6a. Different types of grain-size distribution curves.

Course CHAPTER III
OUTLINE
A. General
B. The objective
of soil
classification
C. Methods
1. Sieve
analysis
2.Hydrometer
analysis
3. distribution
curve
D. Soil
classification
Figure 3.6b. system.
Illustration of a well-graded dan gap-graded type of

soils
Course CHAPTER III
D. Soil classification system

OUTLINE
Soil classification system:

A. General
1. USCS( Unified Soil Classification B. The objective

of soil
System) Figure 3.7 & Table 3.1 classification
2. AASHTO ( American Association of
C. Methods
State Highway and Transportation
1. Sieve
Officials) Figure 3.9 & Table 3.2.
analysis
2.Hydrometer
Similarity of USCS & AASHTO analysis
3. distribution
1. The USCS and AASTHO system of soil curve
classification are based on the same criteria: D. Soil
- Grain size, and classification
- Plasticity system.
2. USCS and AASHTO classify soils into two major
categories:
- Coarse grained
- Fine grained
Course CHAPTER III
D. Soil classification system (continue)

OUTLINE
COMPARISON OF USCS & AASHTO A. General

B. The objective
of soil
DIFFERECES USCS AASHTO
classification
1. Soils are considered coarse Pass sieve Pass sieve C. Methods
grained no. 200 ≤ no. 200 ≤ 1. Sieve
50% 35% analysis
2. Sieve to separate sand and Sieve no. 4 Sieve no. 10 2.Hydrometer
gravel analysis
3. distribution
curve
3. The differences of gravelly, Clearly Unclearly
D. Soil
sandy, silty, and clayey soil separated separated
classification
system.
4. Organic soil classification OL, OH, Pt Un-provided
5. The description of soil See the Un-provided

symbol explanation
Course CHAPTER III
The explanation about 2 symbols of USCS

1. The first letter denotes the major component of the
soil as followed: OUTLINE
a. Coarse-grained soil: G = Gravel

A. General
S = Sand
b. Fine-grained soil: M = Silt B. The objective
of soil
C = Clay
classification
c. Organic soil: O = Organic
C. Methods
Pt = Peat
1. Sieve
analysis
2.Hydrometer
2. The second letter denoted the soil condition: analysis
a. well graded (W) 3. distribution
b. poorly graded (P) curve
c. silty (M) D. Soil
d. clayey (C) classification
e. low plasticity (L) system.
f. high plasticity (H)
Course CHAPTER III
1. USCS
OUTLINE
Run sieve analysis A. General

B. The objective
of soil
classification
< 50% pass #200 > 50% pass #200 C. Methods
1. Sieve
analysis
passing #4 = A% passing # 200 = C Use plasticity 2.Hydrometer
% chart (Fig. 3.8) analysis
Gravel fraction =
Sand fraction =
100 – A = B% 3. distribution
A - C = D% curve
D. Soil
Silt, organic,or classification
B > D ► Gravel B < D ► Sand clay system.
Figure 3.7a. USCS

KETERANGAN TAMBAHAN, untuk G atau S :
Bila : < 50% lolos ay. # 200 Tanah berbutir kasar

G (Gravel) atau S (Sand)
Check : % Gravel / Kerikil = % tertahan pd ay. # 4

= 100% − % lolos ay. # 4 = A %
Check : % Sand / Pasir = % lolos ay. # 200 − % lolos ay. # 4 = B %
Catatan :
passing = lolos
Retained = tertahan
A>B A≤B
G S
Course CHAPTER III
G
OUTLINE
<5% 5-12% > 12 % A. General

pass pass pass B. The objective
#200 #200 #200 of soil
classification
GW GW-GC GC C. Methods
GP GW-GM GM 1. Sieve
GP-GC GC-GM analysis
2.Hydrometer
GP-GM analysis
3. distribution
Use gradation curve
Use Use curve and D. Soil
gradation gradation plasticity chart classification
curve to curve to to designate system.
designate designate (Gb.3.8)
Figure 3.7b. USCS for Gravel
Course CHAPTER III
Table 3.1a. USCS ; Gravel (G)

Gravel
Run sieve analyasis and if less than 50% passed the #200 sieve, then the soil is
coarse. If more than 50% of the coarse material is retained on the #4 sieve, then the
soil is gravel.
% passing
Unified Soil Classification Criteria Group Symbol Group Name
#200 sieve
Less than Cu> 4 and 1 < Cc < 3 GW Well graded gravel
5% Cu< 4 and 1 >Cc > 3 GP Poorly graded gravel
Cu> 4 and 1 < Cc < 3 and fines Well graded gravel
GW - GC
classify as CL or CH with clay
Cu> 4 and 1 < Cc < 3 and fines Well graded gravel
GW - GM
Between classify as ML or MH with silt
5 % & 12% Cu< 4 and 1 >Cc > 3 and fines Poorly graded gravel
GP - GC
Cu< 4 and 1 >Cc > 3 and fines Poorly graded gravel
GP - GM
classify as ML or MH with silt
Fines classify as CL or CH ( LL
GC
and PL above A-line) Clayey gravel
More than Fines classify as ML or MH ( LL
GM
12% and PL below A-line) Silty gravel
Fines classify as CL - ML ( LL
GC - GM
and PL in shaded area) Silty, clayey gravel
Course CHAPTER III
S
OUTLINE
<5% 5-12% > 12 % A. General

pass pass pass
B. The objective
#200 #200 #200
of soil
classification
SW SW-SC SC
C. Methods
SP SW-SM SM
1. Sieve
SP-SC SC-SM analysis
SP-SM 2.Hydrometer
analysis
3. distribution
Use Use Use curve
gradation gradation gradation D. Soil
curve to curve to curve and classification
designate designate plasticity system.
chart to
designate
Figure 3.7c. USCS for Sand

Course CHAPTER III
Table 3.1b. USCS (Sand)

Sand
Run sieve analyasis and if less than 50% passed the #200 sieve, then the soil is
coarse. If less than 50% of the coarse material is retained on the #4 sieve, then the soil
is sand
% passing
Unified Soil Classification Criteria Group Symbol Group Name
#200 sieve
Less than Cu> 6 and 1 < Cc < 3 SW Well graded sand
5% Cu< 6 and 1 >Cc > 3 SP Poorly graded sand
Cu> 6 and 1 < Cc < 3 and fines Well graded sand
SW - SC
Cu> 6 and 1 < Cc < 3 and fines Well graded sand
SW - SM
Between classify as ML or MH with silt
5 % & 12% Cu< 6 and 1 >Cc > 3 and fines Poorly graded sand
SP - SC
Cu< 6 and 1 >Cc > 3 and fines Poorly graded sand
SP - SM
classify as ML or MH with silt
Fines classify as CL or CH ( LL
SC
and PL above A-line) Clayey sand
More than Fines classify as ML or MH ( LL
SM
12% and PL below A-line) Silty sand
Fines classify as CL - ML ( LL
SC - SM
and PL in shaded area) Silty, clayey sand
Course CHAPTER III
Silt,
organic,
or clay OUTLINE
A. General
LL < 50% LL > 50%
B. The objective
of soil
LLR<0.75 LLR>0.75 LLR<0.75 LLR>0.75 classification
C. Methods
1. Sieve
LL and LL and LL and LL and LL and analysis
PI plot PI plot PI plot PI plot PI plot 2.Hydrometer
below in above A- below above analysis
A-line shaded line A-line A-line 3. distribution
area curve
D. Soil
OL ML CL- CL OH MH CH classification
ML system.
Figure 3.7d. USCS for silt, organic, and clay.

Course CHAPTER III
OUTLINE
A. General
B. The objective
of soil
classification
C. Methods
1. Sieve
analysis
2.Hydrometer
analysis
3. distribution
curve
D. Soil
classification
system.
Equation of A-Line : PI = 0.73 (LL – 20)
Figure 3.8. Plasticity Chart
Course CHAPTER III
Table 3.1c. USCS ( Silt or Clay, Peat)
SILT OR CLAY
Run sieve analyasis and if less than 50% passed the #200 sieve, then the soil is fine.Run
liquid limit and plastic limit tests on materials passing #40 sieve. Note that ASTM requires
that the liquid limit be determined using oven dried and undried samples . The ratio of the
dried to the undried value is called the liquid limit ratio LLR.
Liquid Limit Unified Soil Classification Criteria Group Symbol Group Name
LLR < 0.75 OL Organic silt or clay
LLR > 0.75 and PI < 4 or plots
below A-line in Fig. ML Inorganic silt
Less than
LLR > 0.75 and PI > 7 or plots
50% CL
above A-line in Fig. Lean clay
LLR > 0.75 and PI > 7 and LL and
CL-ML
PI in shaded area of Fig. Silty clay
LLR < 0.75 OH Organic silt or clay
LLR > 0.75 and PI plots below A-
More than MH
line in Fig. Elastic silt
50%
LLR > 0.75 and PI plots on or
CH
above A-line in Fig. Fat clay
PEAT
Highly organic soils. Normally more than 20% by weight is organic
Primary organic matter, dark in
Pt Peat
color and organic odor
Course CHAPTER III
2. THE AASHTO <15% pass

#200
SYSTEM OF SOIL <30% pass # A-1-
<50% a
CLASSIFICATION 40
Pass <50% pass OUTLINE
Run LL #40 #10 pass
<25%
and PL on PI is less than
#200 A-1-
<25
material 6
<50% pass # b
%
#200
passing #
>51% 40 A. General
≤ 35% 40
PI is less than
pass
Pass <10%
6
pass A-3 B. The objective
#40 #200
#200 of soil
implies LL<4 A-2-4
granul 0
classification
Run LL PI<10
ar
≤ and PL on LL>4 A-2-5 C. Methods
35% material 1
1. Sieve
Run pass passing # LL<4 A-2-6
#200 40 analysis
sieve PI>11 0
analysi LL>4 A-2-7 2.Hydrometer
s
1 analysis
LL<40 A-4 3. distribution
PI<10
> 36% Run LL curve
pass and PL on LL>41 A-5
#200 material D. Soil
implies passing # LL<40 A-6 classification
silt-clay 40 PI>11
system.
PI ≤ LL-
A-7-5
30 or PL ≥
Figure 3.9. Flow chart LL>41 30
PI > LL-
showing the AASHTO 30 or PL <
A-7-6
classification system 30
Mata kuliah BAB III
MEKANIKA TANAH (PS-1335) KLASIFIKASI
Prof. Ir.Noor Endah Msc. Ph.D. TANAH
2. SISTIM KLASIFIKASI <15% pass #200

<30% pass # 40
TANAH AASHTO <50% pass #10
A-1-a
<50% PI is less than 6
POKOK
Run LL and
Pass
#40
BAHASAN
<25% pass #200
PL on <50% pass # 40 A-1-b
<25%
material
#200 PI is less than 6
passing #
40 >51% A. Umum.
≤ 35%
Pass <10% pass #200 A-3 B. Tujuan
pass
#40
#200 Klasifikasi
implies LL<40 A-2-4
granular Tanah.
Run LL and PI<10
≤ 35% PL on LL>41 A-2-5 C. Jenis Test.
pass material
Run #200 passing #
1. Analisa
LL<40 A-2-6
sieve 40
PI>11
Ayakan
LL>41 A-2-7
analysis 2.Analisa
LL<40 A-4
Hidrometer
> 36% Run LL and PI<10 3.Kurva
LL>41 A-5
pass PL on Distribusi
#200 material
implies passing # LL<40 A-6 D. Sistem
silt-clay 40 PI>11 Klasifikasi
PI ≤ LL-30
or PL ≥ 30
A-7-5 Tanah.
LL>41
Gambar 3.9. Flow chart showing PI > LL-30
or PL < 30
A-7-6
the AASHTO classification system
. NOTE :
• LLR = LIQUID LIMIT RATIO
• PEAT = ORGANIC SOIL WITH ORGANIC

MATTER ≥ 75%.
. CATATAN :
• LLR = LIQUID LIMIT RATIO
HARGA LL TANAH YANG DIKERINGKAN DENGAN CARA DIOVEN

• LLR =
HARGA LL TANAH YANG DIKERINGKAN DENGAN CARA SESUAI STANDAR
• PEAT = TANAH GAMBUT = TANAH ORGANIK DENGAN

KANDUNGAN ORGANIK ≥ 75%.
• BILA HARGA LLR TIDAK DISEBUTKAN (DALAM SOAL ATAU

LAPORAN), BERARTI TANAHNYA BUKAN TANAH ORGANIK
(= TANAH LEMPUNG − LANAU BIASA)
• GROUP OL dan OH :
• LANAU ORGANIK atau

• LEMPUNG ORGANIK
• PLASTISITAS RENDAH UNTUK OL (SEPERTI ML)
• PLASTISITAS TINGGI UNTUK OH (SEPERTI MH)
→ PERILAKUNYA DITENTUKAN OLEH KANDUNGAN

ORGANIK
• Pt = Peat = TANAH DENGAN KANDUNGAN ORGANIK TINGGI

:
• PEAT.= Tanah GAMBUT
• HUMUS dan Bahan Organik yang telah membusuk/terurai
• TANAH RAWA
→ DAYA DUKUNG RENDAH

KEMAMPUMAMPATAN TINGGI
• OL and OH :
• ORGANIC SILT or
• ORGANIC CLAY
• LOW PLASTICITY FOR OL (EX. ML)
• HIGH PLASTICITY FOR OH (EX. MH)
→ THE BEHAVIOUR DEPENDS ON THE ORGANIC

CONTENT
• Pt = Peat = SOIL WITH A RELATIVEY HIGH

PERSENTAGE OF ORGANIC CONTENT:
• PEAT
• Partially decomposed plant (humus) that has
accumulated
• MARSHLAND
→ LOW BEARING CAPASITY

→ HIGH COMPRESSIBILITY
Example Passing No.200 sieve 30 %
Passing No.4 sieve 70 %
LL= 33
PI= 12
LL= 33
PI= 12
PI= 0.73(LL-20), A-line
PI=0.73(33-20)=9.49
SC
(15%
gravel) Highly
Clayey sand
with gravel (Santamarina et al., 2001)
Course CHAPTER III
Table 3.2a. AASHTO
General classification Granular materials (35% or less of total sample passing No.200)
A-1 A-2
Group classification A-3
A-1-a A-1-b A-2-4 A-2-5 A-2-6 A-2-7
Sieve analysis (percent
passing)
No.10 50 max
No.40 30 max 50 max 51 min
No.200 15 max 25 max 10 max 35 max 35 max 35 max 35 max
Characteristic of fraction
passing No.40
Liquid Limit 40 max 41 min 40 max 41 min
Plasticity Index 6 max NP 10 max 10 max 11 min 11 min
Usual types of significant Stone fragment,
Fine sand Silty or clayey gravel and sand
constituent materials gravel and sand
General subgrade rating Excellent to good
Course CHAPTER III
TABLE 3.2b. AASHTO (continue)

Silt-clay materials
General classification (More than 35% of total sample passing No.200)
A-7
Group classification A-4 A-5 A-6 A-7-5*
A-7-6^
Sieve analysis (percent
passing)
No.10
No.40
No.200 36 min 36 min 36 min 36 min
Characteristic of fraction
passing No.40
Liquid Limit 40 max 41 min 40 max 41 min
Plasticity Index 10 max 10 max 11 min 11 min
Usual types of significant
Silty soils Clayey soils
constituent materials
General subgrade rating Fair to poor
* For A-7-5, PI  LL - 30
^ For A-7-6, PI > LL - 30

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Course

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UPLIFT PRESSURE STRESS

A. General (Soil classification)

1. WHY DO WE NEED TO CLASSIFY SOILS ??????? A. General

B. The objective of soil classification OUTLINE

Sieve no. Opening (mm)

Figure 3.2a Hydrometer Figure 3.2b Glass

3. Grain-size distribution curve

100 10 1 0.1 0.01 0.001

100 10 1 0.1 0.01 0.001

3. Grain-size distribution curve (continue)

100 10 1 0.1 0.01 0.001

• RcL - Corrected reading for determination

3. 3. Grain-size distribution curve (continue)

e. There are three types of grain-size distribution A. General

Figure 3.6a. Different types of grain-size distribution curves.

Illustration of a well-graded dan gap-graded type of

D. Soil classification system

Soil classification system:

1. USCS( Unified Soil Classification B. The objective

D. Soil classification system (continue)

COMPARISON OF USCS & AASHTO A. General

5. The description of soil See the Un-provided

The explanation about 2 symbols of USCS

a. Coarse-grained soil: G = Gravel

Run sieve analysis A. General

Figure 3.7a. USCS

Bila : < 50% lolos ay. # 200 Tanah berbutir kasar

Check : % Gravel / Kerikil = % tertahan pd ay. # 4

Check : % Sand / Pasir = % lolos ay. # 200 − % lolos ay. # 4 = B %

<5% 5-12% > 12 % A. General

Table 3.1a. USCS ; Gravel (G)

<5% 5-12% > 12 % A. General

Figure 3.7c. USCS for Sand

Table 3.1b. USCS (Sand)

Figure 3.7d. USCS for silt, organic, and clay.

Table 3.1c. USCS ( Silt or Clay, Peat)

2. THE AASHTO <15% pass

2. SISTIM KLASIFIKASI <15% pass #200

• LLR = LIQUID LIMIT RATIO

• PEAT = ORGANIC SOIL WITH ORGANIC

• LLR = LIQUID LIMIT RATIO

HARGA LL TANAH YANG DIKERINGKAN DENGAN CARA DIOVEN

• PEAT = TANAH GAMBUT = TANAH ORGANIK DENGAN

• BILA HARGA LLR TIDAK DISEBUTKAN (DALAM SOAL ATAU

• LANAU ORGANIK atau

→ PERILAKUNYA DITENTUKAN OLEH KANDUNGAN

• Pt = Peat = TANAH DENGAN KANDUNGAN ORGANIK TINGGI

→ DAYA DUKUNG RENDAH

→ THE BEHAVIOUR DEPENDS ON THE ORGANIC

• Pt = Peat = SOIL WITH A RELATIVEY HIGH

→ LOW BEARING CAPASITY

Table 3.2a. AASHTO

TABLE 3.2b. AASHTO (continue)

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