MODAL VERBS

 Modals, Türkçede “Kipler” anlamına gelir.

 Kipler tek başlarına kullanılamazlar, mutlaka bir fiil ile kullanılmaları gerekir.
 Modalların -ing formları yoktur.
 Modal fiillerin ardından mastar halinde fiiller gelir.
 Anlamları bulundukları bağlama göre değişir. Anlamlarını içinde bulundukları bağlam
belirler.

PERMISSION & REQUEST

? + -
Can I…? Yes, sure. I am sorry, you can’t.

May I…? Certainly. Don’t.

Might I…? Of course. Of course not.

Could I...? Yes, you can.

for example:
-Could I leave early today, please?
-I am sorry, you can’t. The inspector will come.

? + -

Dou you mind if I/we…+ No, of course. Please do. Well, I would rather you…
simple present tense?

Would you mind if I/we…+ No, go ahead. Well, actually…

simple past tense?

Dou you mind my/our… Of course not. (yapı olumlu anlam

+Ving? olumsuzdur. Bahane ya da
sebep sunulur.)
 No, that would be fine.

(yapı olumsuz olsa da anlam

olumludur.)

for example:
-Do you mind if I close the door?
- No, go ahead. I am also disturbed by the noise outside.

? + -

Can you…? Yes, I’d be happy to. I’d love to but…

Could you…? Yes, certainly.

Will you…?

Will you…?

for example:
-Can you swim in the pool?
- I’d love to, but I feel sick.

ABILITY
PRESENT PAST

can = be able to could = was/were able to

Could have V3 (yapabilirdim ama

yapmadım)

Couldn’t have V3 (geçmişte bir şeyin

olasılık dışı olması)
for example:
She can speak six languages.
My grandfather could play golf very well.
I could have helped my mother.

ADVICE
should = ought to

had better + V1

for example:
I think you ought to visit your grandparents more often.
You had better go to the hospital. Your voice is really bad.

OBLIGATION
STRONG OBLIGATION LACK OF OBLIGATION

must don’t have to

have to (zorunluluk dışarıdan gelir) haven’t got to

have got to (bir kereye mahsus olaylar) don’t need to

need to (zorunluluk kişinin kendinden gelir) needn’t

had to + V1 (kişinin kendinden gelen needn’t have V3 (gerek yoktu ama yaptım)
zorunluluk)

was/were to + V1 (otoriteden gelen

zorunluluk)

*” must”ın past hali “had to”dur. “musn’t” değil.

for example:
Children must do their homework.
We have to wear a uniform at work.
You don’t have to call to say you’re going; they are expecting you.

CERTAINITY & DEDUCTION

PRESENT PAST

must (yapıyor olmalı,tahmin yürütme) must have V3 (-mış olmalı)

should/ought to (güçlü olasılık) may/might/could have V3 (olabilirdi ama

olmadı)

may/might/could (düşük olasılık) can’t/couldn’t have V3 (-mış olamaz)

can’t (olamaz)

for example:
This must be my sister; I think I hear her voice.
My father couldn't have eaten the cake, he's allergic to apples.
She may come to us today.

PROHIBITION
(otoriteden gelen yasaklar)

mustn’t

not be allowed to

can’t

for example:
You mustn’t park here. It is not allowed to park here.

CRITICIZING
PRESENT PAST
 am/is/are +always + Ving should have V3 (yapmalıydın yapmadın)

could at least + V1 was/were supposed to + V1

for example:
Why are you always laughing at everything?
You should have reported the theft to the police.

HABITS
used to + V1 (eskiden olan şimdi olmayan durum)

am/is/are used to + Ving/noun = accustomed to + Ving/noun

get used to (alışmak)

would (alışkanlık belirtir ancak -ing almayan fiillerle kullanılmaz)

for example:
I used to dance when I was little.
When I lived in Italy, we would often eat in the restaurant next to my flat.
She's used to getting up early.