Test is part of Rau’s IAS Test series for Preliminary Exam 202 3

Test ID
GENERAL STUDIES (PAPER–I)
1009

MODERN INDIA-1
Time Allowed: 1 Hour Maximum Marks: 100

INSTRUCTIONS

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2. This Test Booklet contains 50 items (questions). Each item is printed in English Only. Each item
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which you consider the best. In any case, choose ONLY ONE response for each item.

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This test is part of Rau’s IAS Test series for Preliminary Exam 202 3
1. The Governor-General introduced a new 4. Consider the following statements:
system, known as the farming system. In 1. The Ryotwari experiment was started by
this system, the European District
Thomas Munro.
Collectors were to be in charge of revenue
collection, while the revenue collecting 2. It created individual proprietary right in
right was farmed out to the highest the land, but it was vested in the
bidders. The Governor-General was peasants.
(a) Warren Hastings 3. The Ryotwari system eliminated the
(b) Lord Cornwallis village elites as the intermediaries
(c) Sir John Shore between the government and the
(d) Lord Hardinge peasantry.
Which of the statements given above is/are
2. Consider the following pairs:
correct?
S.N. Term Meaning
(a) 1 only
1. Sajjad Custodians of the
(b) 2 only
Nisbins Sufi shrines
(c) 1 and 3 only
2. Sanad Mughal imperial
order (d) 1, 2 and 3
3. Saranjam Revenue free land
4. Nankar Transferable land 5. With reference to the consolidation and
rights expansion of the British in India, who
among the following adopted the ‘Policy of
How many pairs given above is/are
correctly matched? Masterly Inactivity’?

(a) Only one pair (a) John Lawrence

(b) Only two pairs (b) Lord Dalhousie
(c) Only three pairs (c) Lord Ellenborough
(d) All four pairs (d) Warren Hastings

3. Consider the following statements about

6. Which of the following is/are the impacts of
the Permanent Settlement:
Battle of Plassey?
1. Absolute ownership was given to the
1. The English power in Northern India
Zamindars.
became unchallengeable.
2. In this system, the peasants’ customary
2. The Nawab of Oudh became a grateful
occupancy right was ignored and they
subordinate ally of the English.
were reduced to the status of tenants.
3. Never after Buxar did the nawabs of
3. The Company officials and the
Bengal or Oudh ever challenge the
European observers, like Philip Francis
superior position of the Company.
and Thomas Law, advocated for the
land tax being permanently fixed. Select the correct answer using the code
given below:
Which of the statements given above is/are
correct? (a) 1 only
(a) 1 only (b) 2 and 3 only

(b) 2 and 3 only (c) 1 and 2 only

(c) 1 and 2 only (d) 1, 2 and 3

(d) 1, 2 and 3

RAUSIAS-1009 1
7. Consider the following statements the Which of the statements given above is/are
Supreme Court established by the correct?
Regulating Act of 1773: (a) 1 and 2 only
1. The Supreme Court at Calcutta (b) 2 and 3 only
competent to try all 'British subjects’. (c) 1, 3 and 4 only
2. Outside Calcutta complaints or suits (d) 1, 2, 3 and 4
against or between Indians could be
heard by the Court only with the 10. Who was the Governor-General during the
consent of the parties. Fourth Anglo-Mysore War?
Which of the statements given above is/are (a) Warren Hastings
correct? (b) Lord Wellesley
(a) 1 only (c) Lord Cornwallis
(b) 2 only (d) Lord Dalhousie

(c) Both 1 and 2

11. Consider the following statements about
(d) Neither 1 nor 2
Tipu Sultan:
1. He supported the proposal of the
8. Consider the following statements about French soldiers at Seringapatam to set
the Regulating Act of 1773: up a Jacobin Club.
1. The Regulating Act of 1773 vested the 2. Tipu Sultan's infantry was disciplined
administration of British territories in after the European model with Persian
India in the hands of a Governor- words of command.
General assisted by a Council of six 3. He declared government monopoly of
members. trade in sandalwood, betelnut, pepper,
cardamos and foreign export of
2. The Governor-General and the
elephants.
Councillors were named in the Act.
Which of the statements given above is/are
Which of the statements given above is/are
correct?
correct?
(a) 1 only
(a) 1 only (b) 2 only
(b) 2 only (c) 1 and 3 only
(c) Both 1 and 2 (d) 1, 2 and 3
(d) Neither 1 nor 2
12. With reference to the ‘Treaty of Gandamak’,
9. Consider the following statements about consider the following statements:
Cornwallis' judicial reforms: 1. It was concluded after the invasion of
1. Cornwallis' judicial reforms were based Afghanistan by Lord Rippon.
on the principle of separation of powers. 2. The Treaty provided for a permanent
2. The Cornwallis Code divested the British resident to be stationed at
Kabul.
Collector of all judicial and magisterial
powers and left him with the duty of Which of the statements given above is/are
correct?
administration of revenue.
(a) 1 only
3. The District Judge was given
magisterial and police functions. (b) 2 only

4. A gradation of civil courts was set up. (c) Both 1 and 2

(d) Neither 1 nor 2

RAUSIAS-1009 2
13. With reference to the ‘Sanyasi Revolt’, Which of the statements given above is/are
consider the following statements: correct?
1. The famine of 1770 and the economic (a) 1 only
order of the British were the root cause (b) 2 only
of the Revolt. (c) Both 1 and 2
2. Warren Hastings was the Governor- (d) Neither 1 nor 2
General at the time of the occurrence of
the Revolt. 16. Consider the following statements about
the Santhal Rebellion:
3. Anandamath, a novel by Bankim
1. The area of concentration of the
Chandra Chattopadhyay, is based on
Santhals was called Daman-i-Koh.
this Revolt.
2. Sidhu and Kanu were the leading
Which of the statements given above are Santhal rebel leaders.
correct? Which of the statements given above is/are
(a) 1 and 2 only correct?
(b) 2 and 3 only (a) 1 only
(c) 1 and 3 only (b) 2 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3 (c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2

14. With reference to the Kuka Movement,

17. With reference to “Alfonso de
consider the following statements:
Albuquerque”, consider the following
1. The Movement was founded by Baba statements:
Ram Singh. 1. He is known as the founder of the
2. Its basic tenets were the abolition of French colonial empire in India.
caste and similar discriminations 2. He abolished the practice of Sati in Goa.
among the Sikhs. Which of the statements given above is/are
3. The concepts of ‘Swadeshi’ and ‘Non- correct?
Cooperation’ were propagated by the (a) 1 only
Kukas. (b) 2 only
Which of the statements given above are (c) Both 1 and 2
correct? (d) Neither 1 nor 2
(a) 1 and 2 only
18. With respect to the “Treaty of Aix-La
(b) 2 and 3 only
Chapelle”, consider the following
(c) 1 and 3 only statements:
(d) 1, 2 and 3 1. It ended the Second Carnatic War.
2. This Treaty was negotiated largely
15. Consider the following statements about by Britain and France.
the Farazi Movement: 3. It brought the Austrian War of
Succession to an end.
1. The Farazi Movement was a no-tax
campaign against the British Which of the statements given above are
correct?
government, led by Syed Ahmed Barelvi.
(a) 1 and 2 only
2. It brought together all the cultivators of
(b) 2 and 3 only
Bengal against the tyranny and illegal
(c) 1 and 3 only
extractions by the landlords.
(d) 1, 2 and 3

RAUSIAS-1009 3
19. With respect to the “Battle of Wandiwash”, 23. With respect to “Subsidiary Alliance”,
consider the following statements: consider the following statements:
1. It was the Third Carnatic War between 1. It was used by Lord Wellesley.
the English and the Dutch. 2. Under the system, the Indian ruler
2. It left the English East India Company could not negotiate with any other
with no European rival in India. Indian ruler, without consulting the
Which of the statements given above is/are Governor-General.
correct?
3. Mysore became the first Indian state to
(a) 1 only
accept Subsidiary Alliance.
(b) 2 only
Which of the statements given above is/are
(c) Both 1 and 2
correct?
(d) Neither 1 nor 2
(a) 2 only
(b) 1 and 2 only
20. With respect to “Dual Government in
Bengal”, consider the following statements: (c) 2 and 3 only
1. It came after the Battle of Plassey. (d) 1 and 3 only
2. In this system, the Company acquired
the Nizamat functions from the 24. With respect to the “Doctrine of Lapse”,
Subahdar of Bengal. consider the following statements:
3. Lord Hastings did away with the Dual 1. This policy was developed by Lord
Government in Bengal. Dalhousie.
Which of the statements given above is/are 2. According to this, the adopted son could
correct?
be the heir to his foster father’s private
(a) 1 only property, but not the state.
(b) 2 only
3. Satara, Jhansi and Jaitpur became the
(c) 1 and 3 only annexed Lapsed States under this
(d) 2 and 3 only policy.
Which of the statements given above are
21. The ‘Treaty of Salbai’ was the outcome of correct?
which of the following Wars?
(a) 1 and 2 only
(a) The First Anglo-Carnatic War
(b) 2 and 3 only
(b) The First Anglo-Maratha War
(c) 1 and 3 only
(c) The First Anglo-Mysore War
(d) 1, 2 and 3
(d) The First Anglo-French War

22. With respect to “The Policy of Ring-Fence”, 25. With respect to the “Cartaz System”,
consider the following statements: consider the following statements:
1. This Policy was followed by Lord William 1. It was a sea-pass in the Indian Ocean
Bentinck. region.
2. It aimed at creating buffer zones to 2. It was introduced by the English East
defend the Company’s frontiers. India Company.
Which of the statements given above is/are Which of the statements given above is/are
correct? correct?
(a) 1 only (a) 1 only
(b) 2 only (b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2 (c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2

RAUSIAS-1009 4
26. With respect to “Dastak”, consider the Indian languages and instil scientific
following statements: temperament in the Muslims.
1. It was a permit exempting the British 3. He condemned the customs of polygamy
East India Company from paying and easy divorce.
customs or transit duties on its private Which of the statements given above is/are
trade. correct?
2. It was introduced by Warren Hastings. (a) 1 only
Which of the statements given above is/are (b) 2 and 3 only
correct?
(c) 1 and 2 only
(a) 1 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
30. Consider the following statements:
(d) Neither 1 nor 2
1. The Rahnumai Madayasnan Sabha was
created by the English-educated Parsis
27. Who among the following defined the to "restore the Zoroastrian faith to its
nature of the Revolt of 1857 as, “A conflict
original purity."
between civilisation and barbarism”?
2. The most influential publication
(a) Eric Stokes
associated with the movement was the
(b) T.R. Holmes Sabha's periodical, Rast Goftar.
(c) Lawrence and Seeley Which of the statements given above is/are
(d) James Outram correct?
(a) 1 only
28. With reference to the Revolt of 1857, (b) 2 only
consider the following pairs:
(c) Both 1 and 2
S.N. Centre of Leader (d) Neither 1 nor 2
Revolt
1. Delhi Khan Bahadur 31. Which of the following statements are
2. Bareilly General Bakht Khan correct regarding the Theosophical Society?
3. Faizabad Maulvi Ahmadullah 1. The Theosophical Society was formed in
Mumbai by Madame H.P. Blavatsky and
Which of the pairs given above is/are Colonel M.S. Olcott.
correctly matched?
2. Its goal was to promote a sense of
(a) 1 only brotherhood among all people,
(b) 1 and 2 only regardless of race, creed, gender, class
(c) 3 only or ethnicity.
(d) 1, 2 and 3 3. It embraced the Hindu notions of
rebirth and Karma, and took its cues
29. Consider the following statements about from the Upanishad, and the Samkhya,
Sir Syed Ahmad Khan: Yoga and Vedanta Schools of
1. The Aligarh Movement, organized by Philosophy.
Syed Ahmad Khan, modernised Muslim Select the correct answer using the code
education by adopting English as a given below:
learning medium and Western (a) 1 and 2 only
education, rather than traditional (b) 2 and 3 only
teachings.
(c) 1 and 3 only
2. Sir Syed founded the Scientific Society
(d) 1, 2 and 3
to translate Western publications into

RAUSIAS-1009 5
32. Which of the following statements are 2. The Age of Consent Act (1891) was a
correct about the Ilbert Bill? result of the efforts of B.M. Malabari.
1. Viceroy Ripon introduced the Bill in 3. The Sarda Act (1930) pushed up the
1883, in an effort to end racial marriage age to 18 years for both boys
discrimination in the Indian legal and girls.
system. Which of the statements given above are
2. The Ilbert Bill was a law that gave correct?
senior Indian judges the authority to
(a) 1 and 2 only
hear over the matters involving the
(b) 2 and 3 only
British citizens residing in India,
including those involving the European (c) 1 and 3 only
residents. (d) 1, 2 and 3
3. The majority of the European
population, which included the 35. Consider the following statements:
proprietors of tea and indigo 1. The Calcutta Female Juvenile Society
plantations, opposed the Ilbert Bill. was founded by Ishwar Chandra
Select the correct answer using the code Vidyasagar.
given below:
2. The Indian Women’s University was set
(a) 1 and 2 only up by Professor D.K. Karve.
(b) 2 and 3 only
Which of the statements given above is/are
(c) 1 and 3 only correct?
(d) 1, 2 and 3 (a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
33. Consider the following statements:
(c) Both 1 and 2
1. Karsondas Mulji founded the Widow
(d) Neither 1 nor 2
Remarriage Association in Maharashtra.
2. Vishnu Shastri Pandit started the Satya
36. Consider the following statements:
Prakash to advocate widow remarriage.
3. D.K. Karve opened a widows’ home in 1. Raja Rammohan Roy founded the
Poona to provide them with the facilities Brahmo Samaj in 1828.
for vocational training. 2. Prayers, meditation and readings of the
Which of the statements given above are Upanishads were to be the forms of
incorrect? worship in the Brahmo Samaj.
(a) 1 and 2 only 3. The Brahmo Samaj tried to incorporate
(b) 2 and 3 only the teachings of other religions and kept
(c) 1 and 3 only its emphasis on human dignity.

(d) 1, 2 and 3 Which of the statements given above are

correct?

34. Consider the following statements: (a) 1 and 2 only

1. The Native Marriage Act (or The Civil (b) 2 and 3 only
Marriage Act), 1872, was not applicable (c) 1 and 3 only
to the Hindus, the Muslims and other (d) 1, 2 and 3
recognised faiths.

RAUSIAS-1009 6
37. Consider the following statements: 40. With respect to the ‘Young Bengal
1. Debendranath Tagore headed the Movement’, consider the following
statements:
Tattvabodhini Sabha before joining the
1. Henry Vivian Derozio led the Young
Brahmo Samaj.
Bengal Movement.
2. Under Tagore, Brahmo Samaj resolutely
2. It successfully took up the farmers’
opposed the Christian missionaries for causes.
their criticism of Hinduism and their 3. It demanded revision of the Company’s
attempts at conversions. Charter, freedom of the press and trial
Which of the statements given above is/are by jury.
correct? Which of the statements given above is/are
(a) 1 only correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(b) 1 and 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(c) 2 and 3 only
(d) Neither 1 nor 2
(d) 1 and 3 only

38. Consider the following statements: 41. With respect to “Ishwar Chandra
1. Keshab Chandra Sen and his followers Vidyasagar”, consider the following
founded the Adi Brahmo Samaj in statements:
1866. 1. He opened the Sanskrit College to the
non-Brahmins.
2. The disgusted followers of Keshab set
2. He was a crusader against child
up a new organisation, the Sadharan
marriage and polygamy.
Brahmo Samaj.
3. He founded the Widow Remarriage
Which of the statements given above is/are Association.
correct? Which of the statements given above are
(a) 1 only correct?
(b) 2 only (a) 1 and 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2 (b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) Neither 1 nor 2
(d) 1, 2 and 3

39. With reference to the Prarthana Samaj,

42. With respect to the “Paramahansa
consider the following statements: Mandali”, consider the following
1. It was founded by Mahadeo Govind statements:
Ranade in Bombay. 1. Paramahansa Mandali was founded by
2. The Samaj relied on education and Gopal Ganesh Agarkar.
persuasion, and not on confrontation 2. It believed in worshipping one God.
with the Hindu orthodoxy. 3. It advocated widow remarriage and
women’s education.
Which of the statements given above is/are
Which of the statements given above is/are
correct?
correct?
(a) 1 only
(a) 2 only
(b) 2 only (b) 1 and 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2 (c) 2 and 3 only
(d) Neither 1 nor 2 (d) 1 and 3 only

RAUSIAS-1009 7
43. With respect to “Jyotiba Phule”, consider 46. Consider the following statements:
the following statements:
1. The grant of Diwani in 1765 gave the
1. He founded the Satyashodhak Samaj. East India Company the right to collect
2. His works, Sandhya and Gulamgiri, revenue in Bengal, Bihar and Orissa.
became the sources of inspiration for
2. Under the new system of 1772, each
the common masses.
district was to have two courts, a civil
3. He was awarded the title ‘Mahatma’ for
court or Diwani Adalat and a criminal
his social reform work.
court or Faujdari Adalat.
Which of the statements given above are
correct? Which of the statements given above is/are
correct?
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2 and 3 only (a) 1 only
(c) 1 and 3 only (b) 2 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3
(c) Both 1 and 2

(d) Neither 1 nor 2

44. Which of the following newspapers are
associated with Gopalhari Deshmukh?
1. Prabhakar 47. Consider the following statements about
2. Hitavada the Charter Act of 1793:
3. Indu Prakash
1. The Act put the municipal institutions
4. Hitechhu on a statutory basis.
Select the correct answer using the code
2. The Governor-General was empowered
given below:
to appoint Justices of Peace in the
(a) 1, 2 and 3 only
presidency towns.
(b) 2, 3 and 4 only
Which of the statements given above is/are
(c) 1, 3 and 4 only
correct?
(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4
(a) 1 only
45. With reference to “Behramji M. Malabari”, (b) 2 only
consider the following statements:
(c) Both 1 and 2
1. Behramji M. Malabari founded the Seva
Sadan, along with Diwan Dayaram (d) Neither 1 nor 2
Gidumal.
2. His efforts led to the Age of Consent Act,
48. Calcutta Corporation Act, 1899 was passed
1891 regulating the age of consent for
during the reign of which of the following
females.
Governor-Generals/ Viceroy?
Which of the statements given above is/are
correct? (a) Lord Auckland

(a) 1 only (b) Lord Dalhousie

(b) 2 only (c) Lord Ripon
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Lord Curzon
(d) Neither 1 nor 2

RAUSIAS-1009 8
49. Consider the following statements: 50. Consider the following statements about
the Indian Councils Act, 1861:
1. Ripon’s Resolution of 1882 stands out
as a landmark in the development of 1. The Act empowered the Governor-
local self-government. General to make rules for the more
convenient transaction of business in
2. The government of Ripon desired the
the Council.
provincial government to apply in case
of local bodies the same principle of 2. The Act added to the Viceroy's
financial decentralization which Lord Executive Councils a fifth member who
Mayo's Government had begun towards was to be 'a gentleman of legal
them. profession’.

Which of the statements given above is/are Which of the statements given above is/are
correct? correct?

(a) 1 only (a) 1 only

(b) 2 only (b) 2 only

(c) Both 1 and 2 (c) Both 1 and 2

(d) Neither 1 nor 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2

RAUSIAS-1009 9
Answers &
Explanations
of

TEST ID: 1009

GENERAL STUDIES (PAPER – I)

Modern India-1
 ANSWERS & EXPLANATIONS OF
Modern India-1
GS Paper-I: (1009)

1. Answer: (a) 2. Answer: (b)

Explanation: Explanation:
The devastating famine of 1769–70, in S.N. Term Meaning
which about one-third of the Bengal
1. Sajjad Custodians of the Sufi
population was wiped off, was but only one
Nisbins shrines
indication of the prevailing chaos.
2. Sanad Mughal imperial order
The Company directors, unable to pay their
shareholders the expected amounts of 3. Saranjam Transferable land
dividend, began to look for reasons for rights
falling revenues and the devastations of 4. Nankar Revenue free land
famine. They found an easy “scapegoat” in
Reza Khan, who was arrested on false
charges of corruption and embezzlement. 3. Answer: (b)
But the real reason for his removal was Explanation:
the desire of Warren Hastings, the newly Even before Cornwallis arrived, that a
appointed Governor of Bengal, to get rid number of Company officials and European
of the Indians altogether from the observers, like Alexander Dow, Henri
administration of revenue and make the Patullo, Philip Francis and Thomas Law
British the sole controller of the were advocating for the land tax being
resources of the province. permanently fixed. Despite their various
In 1772, he introduced a new system, ideological orientations, they shared a
known as the farming system. The common faith in the Physiocratic School of
European District Collectors, as the Thinking that assigned primacy to
nomenclature suggested, were to be in agriculture in a country’s economy.
charge of revenue collection, while the These ideas went into the making of the
revenue collecting right was farmed out to Permanent Settlement of 1793, which
the highest bidders. introduced in Bengal the policy of
About the periodicity of the settlements, a “assessment for ever”.
number of experiments were made, but the The Permanent Settlement vested the
farming system ultimately failed to improve land ownership right in the Zamindars,
the situation, as the farmers tried to extract who previously enjoyed only revenue
as much as possible without any concern collecting right. Therefore, those who lost
for the production process. The burden of out in this Settlement were the peasants,
revenue demand on the peasants increased who were left at the mercy of the
as a result and often it was so onerous that Zamindars. Their customary occupancy
it could not be collected at all. The net right was ignored and they were reduced to
outcome of this whole period of rash the status of tenants. The provision of
experimentation was the ruination of the Patta, or written agreement between the
agricultural population. In 1784, Lord peasant and the Zamindar, providing a
Cornwallis was, therefore, sent to India record of the amount of rent to be paid,
with a specific mandate to streamline the was rarely followed by the Zamindars. Nor
revenue administration. was it liked by the peasants, who always

RAUSIAS-1009 1
 feared to lose in any formal record of rights
and obligations. The burden of high
revenue assessment was thus shifted to the
peasants, who were often also called upon
to pay illegal cesses. The subsequent
regulations of 1799 and 1812 gave the
Zamindars the right to seize property of the
tenants, in case of non-payment of rent,
without any permission of a court of law.
It is no wonder, therefore, that as a
cumulative effect of this support to the
coercive power of the Zamindars, the
condition of the actual cultivators declined
under the Permanent Settlement.
Though the Settlement was pro-Zamindar,
they too had to face a number of
difficulties. As Daniel Thorner has argued,
creation of private property in land was
a misnomer, as the absolute ownership
was retained by the imperial authority.
The Zamindars had to pay a fixed amount
of revenue by a particular date (the so-
called ‘Sun-Set’ Law), failure leading to the
sale of the Zamindari.
4. Answer: (b)
Explanation:
The Ryotwari experiment was started by
Alexander Reed in Baramahal in 1792,
and was continued by Thomas Munro
from 1801, when he was asked to take
charge of the revenue administration of the
ceded districts. Instead of the Zamindars,
they began to collect revenue directly from
the villages, fixing the amount each village
had to pay.
After this they proceeded to assess each
cultivator or Ryot separately and thus,
evolved the Ryotwari system. It created
individual proprietary right in land, but it
was vested in the peasants, rather than in
the Zamindars, for Munro preferred it to be
“in the hands of forty to fifty thousand
small proprietors, than four or five hundred
great ones”.
The Ryotwari system did not also
eliminate the village elites as the
intermediaries between the government
RAUSIAS-1009
and the peasantry. As privileged rents and
special rights of the Mirasidars were
recognised and caste privileges of the
Brahmans respected, the existing village
power structure was hardly altered, and
indeed even more strengthened by the new
system.
This whole process was actually supported
by a colonial knowledge, collaboratively
produced by the officials and the Tamil
writers, that the Mirasidars of good
agricultural castes, like the Vellalas, were
the original colonists and good
agriculturists. Such stereotypes made
such traditional village elites as the
Mirasidars pivotal to the British ideal of
a sedentary agricultural community.
5. Answer: (a)
Explanation:
 Governor General Lord John Lawrence
(1864-1869) started the ‘Policy of
Masterly Inactivity’, which was a
reaction to the disasters of the First
Afghan War, and an outcome of
practical common sense and an
intimate knowledge of the frontier
problem and of Afghan passion for
independence. Even when Dost
Mohammed died in 1863, there was no
interference in the war of succession.
Lawrence’s policy rested on the
fulfilment of two conditions: (i) That the
peace at the frontier was not disturbed;
and (ii) That no candidate in civil war
sought foreign help. And as Sher Ali
established himself on the throne,
Lawrence tried to cultivate friendship
with him.
6. Answer: (d)
Explanation:
The Battle of Buxar (1764) confirmed the
decisions of Plassey. Now English power in
Northern India became unchallengeable.
The new Nawab of Bengal was their stooge,
the Nawab of Oudh a grateful subordinate
2
 ally, the Emperor their pensioner. The
whole territory up to Allahabad lay at their
feet and the road to Delhi open.
Never after Buxar did the Nawabs of Bengal
or Oudh ever challenge the superior
position of the Company; rather the years
following witnessed the tightening of
English grip over these regions.
7. Answer: (c)
Explanation:
The Regulating Act of 1773 provided for the
setting up of a Supreme Court at Calcutta
competent to try all 'British subjects'.
However, in Calcutta and its subordinate
factories the Court exercised jurisdiction
over all persons, Indian or European.
Outside Calcutta complaints or suits
against or between Indians could be heard
by the said Court only with the consent of
the parties.
In the Supreme Court the English law was
administered while the Sadr Diwani Adalat,
Sadr Nizamat Adalat and other courts at
the district level decided cases according to
Muslim and Hindu laws supplemented by
regulations framed by the President and
the Supreme Council in their legislative
capacity.
8. Answer: (b)
Explanation:
The Regulating Act of 1773 vested the
administration of British territories in India
in the hands of a Governor-General
assisted by a Council of four members.
The Governor-General was to preside over
meetings of the Council, but the decision of
the majority was to bind the whole, the
Governor-General having merely a casting
vote in case of an equal division. Three
members formed the quorum.
The Governor-General and the Councillors
were named in the Act. Warren Hastings
was named as the first Governor-General
and Clavering, Francis, Monson and
barwell as the four Councillors.
RAUSIAS-1009
At the time of his appointment barwell was
in India, already in the service of the
Company. The other three Councillors
reached India in 1774.
9. Answer: (d)
Explanation:
Cornwallis' judicial reforms took the final
shape by 1793 and were embodied in the
famous Cornwallis Code.
The new reforms were based on the
principle of separation of powers. Under the
influence of the eighteenth century French
philosophers, Cornwallis sought to
separate the revenue administration from
the administration of justice.
The Collector was the head of revenue
department in a district and also enjoyed
extensive judicial and magisterial powers.
Cornwallis rightly believed that
concentration of all powers in the hands of
the Collector in the district retarded the
improvement of the country.
The Cornwallis Code divested the Collector
of all judicial and magisterial powers and
left him with the duty of administration of
revenue. A new class of officer called the
District Judge was created to preside over
the District Civil Court. The District Judge
was also given magisterial and police
functions.
A gradation of civil courts was set up. The
distinction between revenue and civil cases
was abolished and the new Diwani courts
were competent to try all civil cases.
At the lowest rung of the ladder were the
Munsiffs' courts presided over by Indian
officers and competent to decide cases
involving disputes up to 50 rupees, next
came the courts of Registrars presided over
by European officers.
10. Answer: (b)
Explanation:
The Fourth Anglo-Mysore War (1799):
The East India company's policy in India
alternated wars with spells of peace for
3
 recuperation of their resources. The arrival
of imperialist Lord Wellesley as Governor-
General in 1798 in the backdrop of
Napoleonic danger to India augured ill for
the maintenance of status quo.
Wellesley was determined to either tame
Tipu to submission or wipe out his
independence altogether. The modus
operandi was the Subsidiary Alliance
System.
The operations against Tipu began in April,
1799 and with the fall of Seringapatam in
May 1799 brought to a close the history of
Mysore's independence. Tipu died fighting
bravely.
11. Answer: (d)
Explanation:
Tipu Sultan is reported to have planted the
"Tree of Liberty" at Seringapatam, enrolled
himself as a member of the Jacobin Club
and allowed himself to be called Citizen
Tipu.
A Commercial Board was established and
the Regulations of 1793-94 set forth the
general duties of the officers in the
department.
He declared government monopoly of trade
in sandalwood, betelnut, pepper, cardamos,
gold and silver bullion, foreign export of
elephants etc.
Tipu Sultan's infantry was disciplined after
the European model with Persian words of
command. He did employ French officers to
train his troops and raised a French corp.
12. Answer: (b)
Explanation:
Viceroy, Lord Lytton made an offer of a
favourable treaty to Sher Ali (The Amir of
Afghanistan), but the Amir wanted
friendship with both his powerful
neighbours, Russia and British India, while
keeping both of them at an arm’s length.
Later, Sher Ali refused to keep a British
envoy in Kabul, while having earlier
granted a similar concession to the
RAUSIAS-1009
Russians. Lytton was displeased, and when
the Russians withdrew their envoy from
Kabul, Lytton decided to invade
Afghanistan. Sher Ali fled in face of the
British invasion and the Treaty of
Gandamak (1879) was signed with Yakub
Khan, the eldest son of Sher Ali.
The Treaty of Gandamak (1879) was signed
after the Second Anglo-Afghan War, which
provided that:
 The Amir conduct his foreign policy
with the advice of the Government of
India;
 A permanent British resident be
stationed at Kabul; and
 The Government of India to give Amir all
support against foreign aggression, and
an annual subsidy.
13. Answer: (d)
Explanation:
The Sanyasi Revolt (1763-1800):
 The disastrous famine of 1770 and the
harsh economic order of the British
compelled a group of Sanyasis in
eastern India to fight the British yoke.
Originally peasants, even some evicted
from land, these Sanyasis were joined
by a large number of dispossessed small
Zamindars, disbanded soldiers and
rural poor. They raided the Company’s
factories and the treasuries, and fought
the Company’s forces.
 Warren Hastings was the Governor-
General of India (1773-1785) during the
occurrence of this Revolt. It was only
after a prolonged action that Warren
Hastings could subdue the Sanyasis.
 Equal participation of the Hindus and
the Muslims characterised the
uprisings, sometimes referred to as the
Fakir Rebellion. Majnum Shah (or
Majnu Shah), Chirag Ali, Musa Shah,
Bhawani Pathak and Debi Chaudhurani
were the important leaders. Debi
Chaudhurani’s participation recognises
4
 the women’s role in early resistances
against the British. Anandamath, a
semi-historical novel by Bankim
Chandra Chattopadhyay, is based on
the Sanyasi Revolt. Bankim Chandra
also wrote a novel, Devi Chaudhurani,
as he saw the importance of women too
taking up the struggle against an alien
rule that posed a threat to the
traditional Indian values.
14. Answer: (b)
Explanation:
 The Kuka Movement was founded in
1840 by Bhagat Jawahar Mal (also
called Sian Saheb) in western Punjab.
A major leader of the Movement after
him was Baba Ram Singh. (He
founded the Namdhari Sikh sect).
 After the British took Punjab, the
Movement got transformed from a
religious purification campaign to a
political campaign. Its basic tenets were
the abolition of caste and similar
discriminations among the Sikhs,
discouraging the consumption of meat,
and alcohol and drugs, permission for
intermarriages, widow remarriage, and
encouraging women to step out of
seclusion.
 On the political side, the Kukas wanted
to remove the British and restore Sikh
rule over Punjab. They advocated
wearing hand-woven clothes and
boycott of the English laws and
education, and products. So, the
concepts of ‘Swadeshi’ and ‘Non-
Cooperation’ were propagated by the
Kukas, much before they became part
of the Indian National Movement in the
early 20th century. As the Movement
gained in popularity, the British took
several steps to crush it in the period
between 1863 and 1872. In 1872, Ram
Singh was deported to Rangoon.
RAUSIAS-1009
15. Answer: (b)
Explanation:
The Farazi Movement (1838-1848): This
was the first ever no-tax campaign
against the British government, led by
Shariatullah Khan and Dadu Mian. Their
band of volunteers fought heroically with
the armed group of the Indigo planters and
the Zamindars. It brought together all the
cultivators of Bengal against the tyranny
and illegal extractions by the landlords.
The Wahabi Movement (1830s-1860s):
The leader of the Movement was Syed
Ahmed Barelvi of Rae Bareilly.
The Movement was primarily religious in its
origin. It soon assumed the character of a
class struggle in some places, especially in
Bengal. Irrespective of communal
distinctions, the peasants united against
their landlords.
16. Answer: (c)
Explanation:
The Santhal Rebellion (1855-57): The
area of concentration of the Santhals was
called Daman-i-Koh, or Santhal Pargana. It
extended from Bhagalpur in Bihar in the
north, to Orissa in the south, stretching
from Hazaribagh to the borders of Bengal.
The Santhals, like other tribes, worked
hard to maintain their lives in the forests
and wild jungles. They cultivated their land
and lived a peaceful life, which continued
till the British officials brought with them
traders, money-lenders, Zamindars and
merchants. They were made to buy goods
on credit and forced to pay back with a
heavy interest during the harvest time.
As a result, they were sometimes forced to
give the Mahajans not only their crops, but
also plough, bullocks and finally the land.
Very soon they became bonded labourers
and could serve only their creditors. The
peaceful tribal communities were now up in
arms against the British officials,
Zamindars and money-lenders, who were
5
 exploiting them. Sidhu and Kanu were the
leading Santhal rebel leaders.
They gave a heroic fight to the British
government. Unfortunately, the Santhel
Rebellion was crushed in an unequal
battle, but it became a source of inspiration
for the future agrarian struggles.
17. Answer: (b)
Explanation:
Alfonso de Albuquerque, who succeeded
Almeida as the Portuguese Governor in
India, was the real founder of the
Portuguese power in the East, a task he
completed before his death. He secured
for Portugal the strategic control of the
Indian Ocean by establishing bases
overlooking all the entrances to the sea.
Albuquerque acquired Goa from the Sultan
of Bijapur in 1510 with ease. The principal
port of the Sultan of Bijapur became “the
first bit of Indian territory to be under the
Europeans, since the time of Alexander the
Great”. An interesting feature of his rule
was the abolition of Sati.
The Portuguese men, who had come on the
voyages and stayed back in India, were,
from Albuquerque’s day, encouraged to
take local wives. In Goa and the Province of
the North, they established themselves as
village landlords, often building new roads
and irrigation works, introducing new
crops, like tobacco and cashew nut, or
better plantation varieties of coconut,
besides planting large groves of coconut to
meet the need for coir rigging and cordage.
18. Answer: (b)
Explanation:
The First Carnatic War ended in 1748,
when the Treaty of Aix-La Chapelle was
signed, bringing the Austrian War of
Succession to a conclusion. Under the
terms of this Treaty, Madras was handed
back to the English, and the French, in
turn, got their territories in North America.
RAUSIAS-1009
Significance of the First Carnatic War: It
is remembered for the Battle of St. Thome
(in Madras), fought between the French
forces and the forces of Anwar-ud-Din, the
Nawab of Carnatic, to whom the English
appealed for help. A small French army,
under Captain Paradise, defeated the
strong
Indian army under Mahfuz Khan at St.
Thome on the banks of river Adyar. This
was an eye-opener for the Europeans in
India. It revealed that even a small
disciplined army could easily defeat a much
larger Indian army. Further, this war
adequately brought out the importance of
naval force in the Anglo-French conflict in
the Deccan.
19. Answer: (b)
Explanation:
The Third Carnatic War (1758-63) –
Background: In Europe, when Austria
wanted to recover Silesia in 1756, the
Seven Years War (1756-63) started. Britain
and France were once again on the
opposite sides.
The decisive battle of the Third Carnatic
War was won by the English in 1760 at
Wandiwash (or Vandavasi) in Tamil Nadu.
Result and Significance: The Third
Carnatic War proved decisive. Although the
Treaty of Peace of Paris (1763) restored to
the French their factories in India, the
French political influence disappeared after
the War. Thereafter, the French, like their
Portuguese and Dutch counterparts in
India, confined themselves to their small
enclaves and to commerce. The English
became the supreme European power in
the Indian sub-continent, since the Dutch
had already been defeated in the Battle of
Bidara in 1759.
20. Answer: (b)
Explanation:
After the Battle of Buxar, the East India
Company became the real masters of
6
 Bengal. Robert Clive introduced the Dual the Peshwa should grant him a
System of Government, i.e., the rule of maintenance allowance.
the two—the Company and the Nawab—in (v) Haidar Ali should return all the
Bengal, in which both the Diwani, i.e., territory taken from the English and
collecting revenues and Nizamat, i.e., police the Nawab of Arcot.
and judicial functions, came under the (vi) The English should enjoy the
control of the Company. The Company privileges at trade as before.
exercised the Diwani rights as the Diwan
(vii) The Peshwa should not support any
and the Nizamat rights through its right to
other European nation.
nominate the Deputy Subahdar. The
(viii) The Peshwa and the English should
Company acquired the Diwani functions
undertake that their several allies
from the emperor and the Nizamat
should remain at peace with one
functions from the Subahdar of Bengal.
another.
The Dual System led to an administrative
(ix) Mahadji Sindhia should be the
breakdown and proved disastrous for the
mutual guarantor for the proper
people of Bengal. Neither the Company, nor
observance of the terms of the Treaty.
the Nawab cared for administration and
public welfare. Warren Hastings did away
with the Dual System in 1772. 22. Answer: (b)
Explanation:
21. Answer: (b) Warren Hastings took charge as the
Explanation: Governor-General at a critical period of
British rule, when the British were to
In 1781, the English, under General
encounter the powerful combination of the
Camac, finally defeated Sindhia at Sipri
Marathas, Mysore and Hyderabad. He
in the First Anglo-Maratha war. Sindhia
followed a Policy of Ring-Fence, which
proposed a new treaty between the
aimed at creating buffer zones to defend
Peshwa and the English, and the Treaty
the Company’s frontiers. Broadly
of Salbai was signed in May, 1782. It was
speaking, it was the policy of defence of
ratified by Hastings in June, 1782, and by
their neighbours’ frontiers for safeguarding
Phadnavis in February, 1783. The Treaty
their own territories. This Policy of Warren
guaranteed peace between the two sides for
Hastings was reflected in his war against
20 years.
the Marathas and Mysore. Wellesley’s
The main provisions of the Treaty of
Policy of Subsidiary Alliance was, in fact,
Salbai were:
an extension of the Ring-Fence System,
(i) Salsette should continue in the which sought to reduce the Indian states
possession of the English. into a position of dependence on the British
(ii) The whole of the territory conquered government.
since the Treaty of Purandhar (1776),
including Bassein, should be restored
23. Answer: (b)
to the Marathas.
Explanation:
(iii) In Gujarat, Fateh Singh Gaekwad
The Subsidiary Alliance System was used
should remain in possession of the
by Lord Wellesley, who was the Governor-
territory which he had before the War
General from 1798 to 1805, to build an
and should serve the Peshwa as
empire in India. Under this System, the
before.
allying Indian state’s ruler was compelled
(iv) The English should not offer any
to accept the permanent stationing of a
further support to Raghunathrao and
British force within his territory and to pay

RAUSIAS-1009 7
 a subsidy for its maintenance. Also, the
Indian ruler had to agree to the posting of a
British resident in his court. Under this
System, the Indian ruler could not employ
any European in his service, without the
prior approval of the British. Nor could he
negotiate with any other Indian ruler
without consulting the Governor-General.
In return for all this, the British would
defend the ruler from his enemies and
adopt a policy of non-interference in the
internal matters of the allied state.
The Nizam of Hyderabad was the first to
enter into such an alliance.
24. Answer: (b)
Explanation:
The Doctrine of Lapse: In simple terms,
the Doctrine stated that the adopted son
could be the heir to his foster father’s
private property, but not the state. It was
for the paramount power (the British) to
decide whether to bestow the state on the
adopted son or to annex it.
Though this policy is attributed to Lord
Dalhousie (1848-56), he was not its
originator. It was a matter of chance that
during Lord Dalhousie’s term, many rulers
of states died without a male issue and
seven states were annexed under the
Doctrine of Lapse. The most important of
these were Satara (1848), Jhansi and
Nagpur (1854). The other small states
included Jaitpur (Bundelkhand),
Sambhalpur (Orissa) and Baghat (Madhya
Pradesh). Lord Dalhousie annexed Awadh
in 1856, after deposing Nawab Wajid Ali
Shah, on grounds of misgovernment.
25. Answer: (a)
Explanation:
The Cartaz System was a sea-pass
introduced by the Portuguese East India
Company (Estado da India) in the Indian
Ocean region, including the Bay of
Bengal, in the early 16th century.
Traditionally, the Arab and the Persian
RAUSIAS-1009
mariners were predominant in the Indian
Ocean traffic and by virtue of their
supremacy; they maintained order and
security in the maritime trade of the region.
26. Answer: (a)
Explanation:
Dastak, in the 18th-century Bengal, was a
permit exempting the European traders,
mostly of the British East India Company,
from paying customs or transit duties on
their private trade. The practice was
introduced by Robert Clive, one of the
creators of British power in India, when
he had Mīr Jafar installed as the Nawab
of Bengal in 1757. The attempt of Mīr
Jafar’s successor, Mīr Qāsim, to annul the
use of Dastaks led to his overthrow in
1763–64 and the exercise of overt control of
Bengal by the British.
Free Dastaks for private trade were
finally abolished by Warren Hastings, the
Governor of Bengal (1775). The system
put the Indian traders at a grave
disadvantage in competing with the
Europeans and was an important factor in
the impoverishment of Bengal under the
early British rule.
27. Answer: (b)
Explanation:
Various historians and British have defined
the nature of the Revolt of 1857 as per their
views and understanding. A few of them are
as follows:
Nature of the Revolt of 1857:
R.C. Majumdar and S.N. Sen: “Not an
organised ‘National’ Revolt.”
R.C. Majumdar: “Neither first, nor National
War of Independence.”
V.D. Savarkar: “War of independence.”
Eric Stokes: “Elitist in character.”
Lawrence and Seeley: “Mere Sepoy mutiny.”
T.R. Holmes: “A conflict between
civilisation and barbarism.”
8
 James Outram: “A Mohammedan Later on, the institution expanded to
conspiracy making capital of Hindu become the Aligarh Muslim University.
grievances.” Percival Spear: “Three phases  The Muslim resurgence benefited from
of the Revolt.” the Aligarh Movement. It gave them an
Conclusion: Not quite “the First War of Urdu language in common.
Independence”, but sowed the seeds of  He condemned the customs of polygamy
nationalism and quest for freedom from the and easy divorce.
alien rule.

30. Answer: (c)

28. Answer: (c)
Explanation:
Explanation:
 A group of Parsis with English
Centre of Revolt Leader education established the Rahnumai
Delhi General Bakht Khan Madayasnan Sabha (The Religious
Reform Association) in 1851, with the
Kanpur Nana Saheb
goal of "regeneration of the socio-
Lucknow Begum Hazrat Mahal economic circumstances of the Parsis
Bareilly Khan Bahadur and the restoration of the Zoroastrian
faith to its pristine purity."
Bihar Kunwar Singh
 Naoroji Furdonji, Dadabhai Naoroji, K.
Faizabad Maulvi Ahmadullah
R. Cama and S.S. Bengalee served as
Jhansi Rani Laxmibai the movement's leaders. The newspaper
Baghpat Shah Mal Rast-Goftar disseminated the reform
message.
 The Parsi credo was revised, along with
29. Answer: (d)
the ceremonies and customs of the
Explanation:
religion.
 The Aligarh Movement was a
 The Purdah was abolished, the marriage
comprehensive Movement that sought
age was raised and other social reforms
to change the Muslim community's
were enacted in an effort to improve the
social, political and educational aspects.
position of the Parsi women.
 Rather than concentrating only on
 The Parsis eventually became the
traditional teachings, the Movement set
Indian society's most westernised
out to modernise Muslim education by
group. They were crucial to both India's
including English as a language of
industrialisation and nationalism
instruction and Western education.
struggle.
 In order to educate the Muslims for
accepting Western education and to
31. Answer: (b)
instil a scientific temperament in the
Muslims, Sir Syed founded the Explanation:
Scientific Society in Aligarh in 1864.  The Theosophical Society was
 An arm of the Scientific Society was the established in New York City (United
Aligarh Institute Gazette, a journal States), in 1875 by a group of
produced by Sir Syed. westerners, who were influenced by
the Indian ideas and culture, and
 He established the Muhammadan Anglo
were headed by Colonel M.S. Olcott
Oriental College in 1877, in the same
and Madame H.P. Blavatsky.
manner as Oxford and Cambridge.

RAUSIAS-1009 9
  They moved its headquarters in 1882 to
Adyar, which was, at the time, an
Indian city outside of Madras.
 The group held that through
meditation, prayer, revelation and other
spiritual practises, a particular bond
might be created between a person's
soul and the God.
 It embraced the Hindu doctrines of
rebirth and Karma, and took its cues
from the Upanishad, and the Samkhya
Schools of Philosophy and Yoga, and
the Vedanta School of Thought.
 It sought to promote the idea of a global
brotherhood among all people, without
regard for race, faith, sex, caste or
colour.
 The group also attempted to learn more
about the mysterious natural rules and
innate human abilities.
 The Hindu Renaissance eventually
formed a partnership with the
Theosophical Movement.
 It opposed child marriage and pushed
for the elimination of caste prejudice,
the advancement of the outcastes and
an improvement in the circumstances of
the widows.
32. Answer: (d)
Explanation:
 The Ilbert Bill, which was first proposed
in 1883, gave senior Indian judges the
authority to sit over matters involving
the British citizens residing in India,
including those involving the European
residents.
 Viceroy Ripon introduced the Bill in
1883, in an effort to end racial
discrimination in the Indian legal
system.
 In order to empower the Indian
magistrates and judges to trial the
British criminals in criminal cases and
at the district level, Ripon advocated
amending the statute. Before, this had
never happened.
RAUSIAS-1009
 According to the Bill, top Indian judges
might preside over the session court
trials of the British and the European
nationals.
 This judgement was made with the
intention of relieving some of the load
on the British judges since, up until
that point, only a British judge could
preside over any cases involving the
British citizens.
 The Bill generated a great deal of
controversy because of the pervasive
racial ideology of the period.
Additionally, since India, at the time,
was a dominion of the British Crown,
the European and the British settlers
thought the Bill made them seem bad
and fiercely opposed it.
 The European community, which was
mostly made up of the owners of tea
and indigo plantations, disapproved of
the Ilbert Bill, given the political and
cultural climate of the period. So, it was
amended.
33. Answer: (a)
Explanation:
Widow Remarriage:
 Jagannath Shankar Seth and Bhau Daji
were among the active promoters of
girls’ schools in Maharashtra. Vishnu
Shastri Pandit founded the Widow
Remarriage Association in the 1850s.
Another prominent worker in this
field was Karsondas Mulji, who
started the Satya Prakash in Gujarati,
in 1852, to advocate widow
remarriage.
 Similar efforts were made by Professor
D.K. Karve in western India and by
Veerasalingam Pantulu in Madras.
Karve himself married a widow in 1893.
He dedicated his life to the upliftment of
the Hindu widows and became the
Secretary of the Widow Remarriage
Association. He opened a widows’ home
in Poona to give the high caste widows
10
 an interest in life by providing them
with the facilities for vocational training.
The right of the widows to remarriage
was also advocated by B.M. Malabari,
Narmad (Narmadashankar
Labhshankar) Dave, Justice Govind
Mahadeo Ranade and K. Natarajan,
among others.
34. Answer: (a)
Explanation:
 The Native Marriage Act (or The Civil
Marriage Act), 1872, signified legislative
action in prohibiting child marriage. It
had a limited impact, as the Act was not
applicable to the Hindus, the Muslims
and other recognised faiths.
 The relentless efforts of a Parsi
reformer, B.M. Malabari, were rewarded
by the enactment of the Age of Consent
Act (1891), which forbade the marriage
of girls below the age of 12 years.
 The Sarda Act (1930) further pushed
up the marriage age to 18 years and
14 years for boys and girls,
respectively. In independent India, the
Child Marriage Restraint (Amendment)
Act, 1978, raised the age of marriage for
girls from 15 years to 18 years and for
boys from 18 years to 21 years.
35. Answer: (b)
Explanation:
 The Christian missionaries were the
first to set up the Calcutta Female
Juvenile Society in 1819. The
Bethune School, founded by J.E.D.
Bethune, the President of the Council of
Education in Calcutta in 1849, was the
first fruit of the powerful movement for
women’s education that arose in the
1840s and the 1850s. Pandit Ishwar
Chandra Vidyasagar was associated
with no less than 35 girls’ schools in
Bengal and is considered one of the
pioneers of women’s education.
RAUSIAS-1009
 Charles Wood’s Despatch on Education
(1854) laid great stress on the need for
female education. In 1914, the Women’s
Medical Service did a lot of work in
training the nurses and the mid-wives.
The Indian Women’s University, set up
by Professor D.K. Karve in 1916, was
one of the outstanding institutions
imparting education to women. In the
same year, Lady Hardinge Medical
College was opened in Delhi.
36. Answer: (b)
Explanation:
 Raja Rammohan Roy founded the
Brahmo Sabha in August, 1828. It
was later renamed the Brahmo
Samaj. Through the Sabha he wanted
to institutionalise his ideas and
mission. The Samaj was committed to
“the worship and adoration of the
Eternal, Unsearchable, Immutable
Being, who is the Author and Preserver
of the Universe”.
 Prayers, meditation and readings of the
Upanishads were to be the forms of
worship and no graven image, statue or
sculpture, carving, painting, picture,
portrait, etc., were to be allowed in the
Samaj buildings, thus underlining the
Samaj’s opposition to idolatry and
meaningless rituals.
 The long-term agenda of the Brahmo
Samaj – to purify Hinduism and to
preach monotheism—was based on the
twin pillars of reason, and the Vedas
and the Upanishads. The Samaj also
tried to incorporate the teachings of
other religions and kept its emphasis on
human dignity, opposition to idolatry
and criticism of social evils, such as
Sati.
37. Answer: (c)
Explanation:
 Maharishi Debendranath Tagore (1817-
1905), the father of Rabindranath
11
 Tagore and a product of the best in
traditional Indian learning and Western
thought, gave a new life to the Brahmo
Samaj, and a definite form and shape to
the theist movement, when he joined
the Samaj in 1842. Earlier, Tagore
headed the Tattvabodhini Sabha
(founded in 1839) which, along with its
organ the Tattvabodhini Patrika in
Bengali, was devoted to the systematic
study of India’s past with a rational
outlook and to the propagation of
Rammohan’s ideas.
 A new vitality and strength of the
membership came to be associated with
the Brahmo Samaj, due to the informal
association of the two Sabhas.
Gradually, the Brahmo Samaj came to
include the prominent followers of
Rammohan, the Derozians and
independent thinkers, such as Ishwar
Chandra Vidyasagar and Ashwini
Kumar Datta. Tagore worked on two
fronts: within Hinduism, the Brahmo
Samaj was a reformist movement;
outside, it resolutely opposed the
Christian missionaries for their
criticism of Hinduism and their
attempts at conversions. The revitalised
Samaj supported widow remarriage,
women’s education, abolition of
polygamy, improvement in the Ryots’
conditions and temperance.
38. Answer: (b)
Explanation:
 The Brahmo Samaj experienced another
phase of energy, when Keshab Chandra
Sen (1838-1884) was made the Acharya
by Debendranath Tagore, soon after the
former joined the Samaj in 1858.
Unfortunately, Debendranath did not
like some of Sen’s ideas, which he found
too radical, such as cosmopolitanisation
of the Samaj’s meetings by inclusion of
teachings from all religions and his
strong views against the caste system,
even open support to inter-caste
marriages. Keshab Chandra Sen was
dismissed from the office of the Acharya
RAUSIAS-1009
in 1865. Keshab and his followers
founded the Brahmo Samaj of India
in 1866, while Debendranath
Tagore’s Samaj came to be known as
the Adi Brahmo Samaj.
 In 1878, Keshab’s inexplicable act of
getting his thirteen-year-old daughter
married to the minor Hindu Maharaja of
Cooch-Behar, with all the orthodox
Hindu rituals, caused another split in
Keshab’s Brahmo Samaj of India.
Earlier, Keshab had begun to be
considered as an incarnation by some of
his followers, much to the dislike of his
progressive followers. Further, Keshab
had begun to be accused of
authoritarianism. After 1878, the
disgusted followers of Keshab set up a
new organisation, the Sadharan
Brahmo Samaj. The Sadharan Brahmo
Samaj was started by Ananda Mohan
Bose, Shibchandra Deb and Umesh
Chandra Datta. It reiterated the
Brahmo doctrines of faith in a Supreme
being, one God, the belief that no
scripture or man is infallible, belief in
the dictates of reason, truth and
morality.
39. Answer: (b)
Explanation:
 In 1867, Keshab Chandra Sen helped
Atmaram Pandurang found the
Prarthana Samaj in Bombay. Earlier,
the Brahmo ideas spread in
Maharashtra. A precursor of the
Prarthana Samaj was the Paramahansa
Sabha, something like a secret society
to spread liberal ideas and encourage
the breakdown of caste and communal
barriers. Mahadeo Govind Ranade
joined the Samaj in 1870, and much of
the popularity of and work done by the
Society was due to his efforts. His
efforts made the Samaj gain an all-India
character. Other leaders of the Samaj
were R.G. Bhandarkar (1837- 1925) and
N.G. Chandavarkar.
 The emphasis was on monotheism, but
on the whole, the Samaj was more
12
 concerned with social reforms, than
with religion. The Prarthana Sabha was
very attached to the Bhakti cult of
Maharashtra. The Samaj relied on
education and persuasion, and not on
confrontation with the Hindu
orthodoxy. There was a four-point social
agenda also: (i) Disapproval of the caste
system; (ii) Women’s education; (iii)
Widow Remarriage; and (iv) Raising the
age of marriage for both males and
females.
40. Answer: (d)
Explanation:
During the late 1820s and the early 1830s,
there emerged a radical, intellectual trend
among the youth in Bengal, which came to
be known as the ‘Young Bengal Movement’.
A young Anglo-Indian, Henry Vivian
Derozio, who taught at the Hindu College,
was the leader and the inspirer of the
progressive trend.
Drawing inspiration from the Great French
Revolution, Derozio inspired his pupils to
think freely and rationally, question all
authority, love liberty, equality and
freedom, and oppose decadent customs
and traditions.
The Derozians also supported women’s
rights and education. Also, Derozio was
perhaps the first nationalist poet of modern
India.
The Derozians, however, failed to have a
long-term impact. Derozio was removed
from the Hindu College in 1831 because of
his radicalism.
The main reason for their limited
success: The Derozians lacked any real
link with the masses. For instance, they
failed to take up the peasants’ cause. In
fact, their radicalism was bookish in
character.
But, despite their limitations, the Derozians
carried forward Rammohan Roy’s tradition
of public education on social, economic and
political questions. For instance, they
demanded induction of the Indians in
higher grades of services, protection of the
Ryots from the oppressive Zamindars,
RAUSIAS-1009
better treatment to the Indian labour
abroad in the British colonies, revision of
the Company’s Charter, freedom of press
and trial by jury.
41. Answer: (a)
Explanation:
A great scholar and reformer, Ishwar
Chandra Vidyasagar’s ideas were a happy
blend of Indian and Western thoughts. He
was determined to break the priestly
monopoly of scriptural knowledge and for
this; he opened the Sanskrit College to the
non-Brahmins. He introduced Western
thought in the Sanskrit College to break
the self-imposed isolation of Sanskritic
learning. He was also a crusader against
child marriage and polygamy. He did much
for the cause of women’s education. As a
government inspector of the schools, he
helped organise 35 girls’ schools, many of
which he ran at his own expense. As the
Secretary of the Bethune School
(established in 1849), he was one of the
pioneers of higher education for women in
India.
The Brahmo Samaj had the issue of widow
remarriage high on its agenda and did
much to popularise it. But, it was mainly
due to the efforts of Pandit Ishwar Chandra
Vidyasagar (1820-91), the Principal of the
Sanskrit College, Calcutta, that the Hindu
Widows’ Remarriage Act, 1856, was passed.
It legalised marriage of the widows and
declared issues from such marriages as
legitimate.
Vishnu Shastri Pandit founded the
Widow Remarriage Association in the
1850s.
42. Answer: (c)
Explanation:
Paramahansa Mandali: It was founded in
1849 in Maharashtra by Dadoba
Pandurang, Mehtaji Durgaram and
others. It began as a secret society that
worked to reform Hindu religion and
society in general. The ideology of the
society was closely linked to that of the
13
 Manav Dharma Sabha. Besides believing
that one God should be worshipped, the
society also said that real religion is based
on love and moral conduct. Freedom of
thought was encouraged, as was
rationality.
The founders of the Mandali were primarily
interested in breaking the caste rules. At
their meetings, food cooked by the lower
caste people was taken by the members.
These Mandalis also advocated widow
remarriage and women’s education.
Branches of the Paramahansa Mandali
existed in Poona, Satara and other towns of
Maharashtra.
43. Answer: (c)
Explanation:
Jyotiba Phule, born in Satara
(Maharashtra), belonged to the Mali
(gardener) community and organised a
powerful movement against upper caste
domination and Brahminical supremacy.
Phule founded the Satyashodhak Samaj
(The Truth Seekers’ Society) in 1873, with
the leadership of the Samaj coming from
the backward classes.
The main aims of the movement were: (i)
Social service; and (ii) Spread of education
among women and lower caste people.
Phule’s works, Sarvajanik Satyadharma
and Gulamgiri, became the sources of
inspiration for the common masses.
Phule used the symbol of Rajah Bali, as
opposed to the Brahmins’ symbol of Rama.
Phule aimed at the complete abolition of
the caste system and socio-economic
inequalities. He was against Sanskritic
Hinduism. This movement gave a sense of
identity to the depressed communities as a
class against those Brahmins who used
religion and blind faith of the masses to
exploit the masses for personal monetary
gain.
Phule, a firm believer in gender equality,
was a pioneer in women’s education. He,
with the help of his wife, Savitribai, opened
a girls’ school at Poona. He was a pioneer of
the widow remarriage movement in
Maharashtra and also opened a home for
RAUSIAS-1009
widows in 1854. Phule was awarded the
title ‘Mahatma’ for his social reform work.
Brahmabandhab Upadhyay, through his
Sandhya and Yugantar, popularised
Swaraj and Swadeshi Movement.
44. Answer: (c)
Explanation:
Gopalhari Deshmukh was a social reformer
and rationalist from Maharashtra. He held
the post of a judge under the British Raj,
but wrote for a weekly Prabhakar, under
the pen name of Lokahitawadi on social
reform issues.
He advocated a reorganisation of the Indian
society on rational principles and modern,
humanistic, secular values. He attacked
Hindu orthodoxy, and supported social and
religious equality. He wrote against the
evils of the caste system. He said, “If
religion does not sanction social reform,
then change religion.” He started a weekly,
Hitechhu, and also played a leading role in
founding the periodicals, Gyan Prakash,
Indu Prakash and Lokahitawadi.
The Hitavada is an English daily
newspaper, founded in 1911, by freedom
fighter Gopal Krishna Gokhale in Nagpur.
45. Answer: (c)
Explanation:
A Parsi social reformer, Behramji M.
Malabari (1853-1912), founded the Seva
Sadan in 1908, along with a friend, Diwan
Dayaram Gidumal. Malabari spoke
vigorously against child marriage and for
widow remarriage among the Hindus. It
was his efforts that led to the Age of
Consent Act (1891) regulating the age of
consent for females. Seva Sadan specialised
in taking care of those women who were
exploited and then discarded by the
society. It catered to all castes and provided
the destitute women with education, and
medical and welfare services.
Dev Samaj was founded in 1887 at Lahore
by Shiv Narayan Agnihotri.
14
46. Answer: (c)
Explanation:
The grant of Diwani in 1765 gave the East
India Company the right to collect revenue
in Bengal, Bihar and Orissa, but the
Nawabi administration and the Mughal
system remained in place.
Under the new system of 1772, each
district was to have two courts, a civil court
or Diwani Adalat and a criminal court or
Faujdari Adalat.
Thus, the Mughal nomenclature was
retained, and the laws to be applicable were
the Muslim laws in criminal justice and the
Muslim or Hindu laws in adjudicating
personal matters, such as inheritance,
marriage etc. This division of the topics of
law was evidently in accordance with the
English system, which left such matters as
marriage, divorce, property, religious
worship or excommunication, in the
jurisdiction of the Bishops’ courts, where
the law applicable was the ecclesiastical
law.
47. Answer: (c)
Explanation:
The Charter Act of 1793 put the municipal
institutions on a statutory basis. The
Governor-General was empowered to
appoint Justices of Peace in the
presidency towns. These Justices of Peace
were given powers to levy taxes on houses
and lands to meet the cost of police,
scavenging and repair of roads.
48. Answer: (d)
Explanation:
Calcutta Corporation Act, 1899: In the
name of efficiency Lord Curzon sought to
undo the
noble work done by Lord Ripon in the field
of local self-government.
The Calcutta Corporation Act reduced the
strength of elected members, thereby giving
the British element a definite majority both
on the Corporation and on its various
committees.
RAUSIAS-1009
In fact, the Corporation was reduced to the
position of "an Anglo-Indian house"
49. Answer: (c)
Explanation:
Ripon’s Resolution of 1882 stands out as a
landmark in the development of local self-
government.
The government of Ripon desired the
provincial government to apply in case of
local bodies the same principle of financial
decentralization which Lord Mayo's
Government had begun towards them.
The provincial governments were asked to
undertake a careful survey of provincial,
local and municipal finances with a view to
ascertain.
50. Answer: (c)
Explanation:
Indian Councils Act, 1861: In the first
place, the Act added to the Viceroy's
Executive Councils a fifth member who was
to be 'a gentleman of legal profession, a
jurist rather than a technical lawyer'.
Secondly, the Act empowered the Governor-
General to make rules for the more
convenient transaction of business in the
Council. This power was used by Lord
Canning to introduce the portfolio
system in the Government of India. Up to
that time the theory was that the
Government of India was a government by
the entire body of the Executive Council; so
all business and all official papers had to
be brought to the notice of the members of
the Council. This system was very
cumbrous and inconvenient.
Lord Canning now divided the
departments of Government between the
members of the Council. Thus were laid the
foundations of Cabinet Government of
India, each branch of the Administration
having its official head and spokesman in
the Government, who was responsible for
its administration and its defence.
15