Comparison of Junior High School Students’ Delinquency between

Urban and Rural Areas in Pampanga.

A Thesis presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School Angeles

University Foundation

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for Degree Research

for Bachelor of Science in Criminology

By

CANLAPAN, John Robert C.

GARCIA, John Jasper B.

LACSON, Rance S.

PALLASIGUI, Khrysler C.
 APPROVAL SHEET
This thesis entitled "COMPARISON OF JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL STUDENT’S
DELINQUENCY BETWEEN URBAN AND RURAL AREAS IN PAMPANGA " prepared
and submitted by Canlapan John Robert C. Garcia John Jasper B.,
Lacson Rance S. Pallasigui Khrysler C. in partial fulfillment of
the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Science in
Criminology has been examined and recommended for acceptance and
approval.

Gerald Kevin Hernandez M.S

Adviser
Thesis Committee
Member Member
Chairperson

PANEL OF EXAMINERS

APPROVED by the Committee on Oral Examination ________with a

grade of ________.
Chairperson
Member Member

ACCEPTED AND APPROVED in partial fulfillment of the requirements

for the degree of BACHELOR OF SCHIENCE IN CRIMINOLOGY.

LUCIA HIPOLITO,
Dean, CCJE
 ABSTRACT
This thesis aimed to compare the levels of delinquency among
junior high school students in urban and rural areas in Pampanga,
Philippines. The study used a quantitative research design and
collected data from a sample population of 200 junior high school
students (100 urban and 100 rural) through a self-administered
questionnaire. The research focused on examining the relationship
between the delinquency levels and the urban-rural setting, and
identifying the factors that contribute to the delinquency of
junior high school students.

The study's contributions to the field of criminology and

education include the identification of the factors that
contribute to delinquency among junior high school students in
urban and rural areas in Pampanga. The findings have practical
implications for policymakers and educators in designing and
implementing programs and interventions to prevent and address
delinquency among junior high school students in different
settings.
 ACKNOWLEDGMENT
I would like to express our sincere gratitude to all those
who have contributed to the completion of this thesis.
First and foremost, We would like to thank our thesis
adviser Mr. Gerald Kevin Hernandez for his unwavering support,
guidance, and patience throughout the entire process of
conducting this study. His expertise and insights have been
invaluable in shaping the direction and focus of this thesis.
We would also like to extend my heartfelt appreciation to
our Family for their unwavering support, encouragement, and
motivation in pursuing this degree. Their constant love and
understanding have been my anchor throughout this journey.
To our colleagues and friends, thank you for your
camaraderie and support in making the research process more
enjoyable and meaningful. Your friendship has been a source of
strength and inspiration.
This thesis would not have been possible without the
invaluable contributions of all the people mentioned above, as
well as others who have supported me along the way. Thank you all
for making this journey a memorable and fulfilling one.

Canlapan, John Robert C.

Garcia, John Jasper B.
Lacson, Rance S.
Pallasigui, Khrysler C.
April 04, 2023
 DEDICATION
We dedicate this thesis to our Family, whose unwavering
love, support, and encouragement have been our source of
inspiration and motivation throughout our academic journey. Their
sacrifices and belief in our potential have made it possible for
us to pursue our dreams and aspirations.
We also dedicate this thesis to our Colleagues who has been
a constant source of guidance and mentorship. Their wisdom and
advice have helped us navigate the challenges of academic life
and have shaped our personal and professional growth.
Finally, We dedicate this thesis to all the people who have
supported us along the way, including our colleagues, friends,
and mentors. Their encouragement and support have made this
journey more meaningful and fulfilling.
This thesis is a testament to the hard work, dedication, and
passion of all the people who have contributed to its completion.
I hope that this work will serve as a tribute to their unwavering
support and as a source of inspiration to future generations.

Canlapan, John Robert C.

Garcia, John Jasper B.
Lacson, Rance S.
Pallasigui, Khrysler C.
April 04, 2023
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE
APPROVAL SHEET
ABSTRACT
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
DEDICATION
TABLE OF CONTENTS
LIST OF TABLE
LIST OF FIGURES
CHAPTER
1. THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND
INTRODUCTION
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
HYPOTHESIS
SCOPE AND DELIMITATION OF THE STUDY
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
DEFINITION OF TERMS

2. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

FOREIGN LITERATURE
LOCAL LITERATURE
FOREIGN STUDIES
LOCAL STUDIES
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
RELEVANCE OF THE REVIEWED LITERATURE AND STUDIES TO THE
PRESENT STUDY

3. RESEARCH METHOD AND PROCEDURES

RESEARCH METHOD
POPULATION AND SAMPLING SCHEME
RESPONDENTS OF THE STUDY
RESEARCH INSTRUMENTS
VALIDATION OF INSTRUMENTS
RELIABILITY OF RESEARCH INSTRUMNETS
DATA GATHERING PROCEDURE
DATA ANALYSIS/ STATISTICAL TREATMENT OF DATA

CHAPTER 1
 Introduction
Delinquency among youth is a major concern worldwide, and
the Philippines is no exception. According to the Philippine
National Police, juvenile delinquency cases have been increasing
in recent years, with most cases involving property crimes,
physical assault, and drug use. Such delinquent behaviors can
have detrimental effects on the individual, family, and
community, and can lead to long-term negative consequences.
Therefore, it is crucial to understand the factors that
contribute to delinquency among youth and develop effective
interventions to prevent and address these behaviors.
In the Philippines, there is a growing concern about the
differences in delinquency levels between urban and rural areas.
While urban areas have been reported to have higher levels of
delinquency, rural areas are not immune to this phenomenon. The
province of Pampanga, located in Central Luzon, is a highly
urbanized province with a population of over 2 million. Despite
its urbanization, Pampanga is also home to many rural areas where
delinquency among youth is also a concern.
This thesis aims to compare the levels of delinquency among
junior high school students in urban and rural areas of Pampanga.
The study will explore the differences in delinquency levels
between these settings and identify the factors that contribute
to delinquency among junior high school students.
The significance of this study lies in its contribution to
the understanding of the factors that contribute to delinquency
among junior high school students in different settings. By
identifying these factors, policymakers and educators can develop
targeted interventions that address the unique needs of youth in
urban and rural areas. Moreover, the findings of this study may
have implications for the development of policies and programs
that aim to prevent delinquency and promote the well-being of
youth.
This thesis is organized as follows: Chapter 1 provides an
introduction to the research problem, the rationale, and the
significance of the study. Chapter 2 provides a review of the
literature related to delinquency among youth and the differences
in delinquency levels between urban and rural areas.
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

The purpose of this study is to determine the

comparison of delinquency among junior high school students
in rural and urban areas. It aims to answer the following:

1. To determine the difference of delinquent behavior among

junior high school students in urban and rural areas in
Pampanga.
2. To identify the difference and similarities between urban
and rural areas of Pampanga province, Philippines. The study
also aims to find out what factors can be considered as a
cause for delinquency among students in both areas.
3. What is the difference in delinquency rates among junior
high school students in urban and rural areas in Pampanga?

Hypothesis
H.1 there is no significant difference in the delinquency
behavior among junior high school students in urban and rural
areas in Pampanga.
H.2 There are significant differences between urban and rural
areas in terms of delinquency among students in Pampanga
province."
H.3 There is no difference in delinquency rates between urban and
rural schools

Scope and Limitation of the study

 The scope of this study is limited to the comparison of
delinquency levels among junior high school students in urban and
rural areas of Pampanga, Philippines. The study will be conducted
in three public schools, one in an urban area and two in rural
areas. The study will use a cross-sectional design, collecting
data from a sample of junior high school students in the selected
schools.
The limitation of this study includes the following:
The study sample will be limited to three public schools in
Pampanga, Philippines, which may not be representative of all
urban and rural areas in the province. Therefore, the
generalizability of the study findings may be limited.
The study will rely on self-reported data, which may be
subject to social desirability bias and underreporting of
delinquent behaviors. The accuracy of the data may also be
affected by the respondents' literacy level and comprehension of
the questionnaire.
The study will not explore the underlying causes and factors
that contribute to delinquent behaviors among junior high school
students. The study will only focus on the comparison of
delinquency levels between urban and rural areas.
The study will not include a longitudinal design, which may
limit the understanding of the developmental trajectory of
delinquent behaviors among junior high school students.
Despite these limitations, this study aims to contribute to
the understanding of the differences in delinquency levels
between urban and rural areas and identify potential areas for
intervention and prevention of delinquent behaviors among junior
high school students.

Significance of the study

 The study on the comparison of delinquency levels among
junior high school students in urban and rural areas of Pampanga
is significant for several reasons.
Firstly, this study will provide insights into the extent
and nature of delinquent behaviors among junior high school
students in urban and rural areas of Pampanga. Understanding the
differences in delinquency levels between these settings can help
policymakers and educators develop targeted interventions that
address the unique needs of youth in urban and rural areas.
Secondly, this study will contribute to the literature on
the differences in delinquency levels between urban and rural
areas. While previous studies have reported higher levels of
delinquency in urban areas, there is a lack of research that
explores the differences in delinquency levels between urban and
rural areas in the Philippines. This study can fill this gap in
the literature and provide a better understanding of the factors
that contribute to delinquent behaviors in different settings.
Thirdly, the findings of this study may have implications
for the development of policies and programs that aim to prevent
delinquency and promote the well-being of youth. By identifying
the factors that contribute to delinquent behaviors among junior
high school students in urban and rural areas of Pampanga, this
study can inform the development of effective prevention and
intervention programs that target these factors.
Finally, this study can contribute to the development of a
more comprehensive understanding of the factors that contribute
to delinquent behaviors among youth in the Philippines. By adding
to the existing literature on delinquency among youth in the
Philippines, this study can help fill gaps in knowledge and
contribute to the development of evidence-based policies and
programs that promote the well-being of youth.
Overall, this study on the comparison of delinquency levels
among junior high school students in urban and rural areas of
Pampanga is significant for its potential to inform policies and
programs that prevent and address delinquent behaviors among
youth in the Philippines.

Definition of terms
1. Delinquency - refers to behavior that violates social norms or
laws, such as theft, vandalism, physical assault, drug use, and
truancy.
2. Junior High School Students - refers to students enrolled in
grades 7-10, typically between the ages of 12 and 16 years old.
3. Urban Area - refers to a densely populated area, typically
with a high level of economic development, such as a city or
town.
4. Rural Area - refers to an area with low population density and
limited economic development, typically characterized by
agriculture or natural resource extraction.
5. Cross-sectional Design - refers to a study design that
collects data from a sample of participants at a single point in
time.
6. Self-Reported Questionnaire - refers to a research instrument
that asks participants to report on their own behavior or
experiences, typically using a survey format.
7. Theft - refers to the act of taking someone else's property
without their permission.
8. Vandalism - refers to the deliberate destruction or damage of
property.
9. Physical Assault - refers to the use of physical force against
another person, resulting in injury or harm.
10. Truancy - refers to the act of skipping school without a
valid excuse or permission from a parent or guardian.
11. Violent Crimes - refers to offenses that involve the use of
force or threat of force against another person, such as assault,
battery, and homicide.

Chapter 2
Foreign Literature
Delinquency is a significant problem among youth, and its
prevalence and risk factors have been extensively studied in
various contexts. In a study conducted by Chen and colleagues
(2018) in Taiwan, it was found that there were significant
differences in delinquency rates between urban and rural areas,
with higher rates reported in urban areas. This study used a
self-reported questionnaire to gather data from over 4,000 junior
high school students, and found that urban students were more
likely to engage in delinquent behaviors such as bullying,
smoking, and drug use.

In a study conducted by Perdue and colleagues (2019) in the

United States, it was found that there were significant
differences in delinquency rates between rural and urban areas,
with higher rates reported in rural areas. This study used a
cross-sectional design and collected data from over 3,000 middle
and high school students, and found that rural students were more
likely to engage in delinquent behaviors such as fighting,
carrying weapons, and using alcohol and drugs.

Local Literature
Delinquency among youth has been a growing concern in the
Philippines, and studies have shown that there are significant
differences in delinquency rates between urban and rural areas. A
study conducted by Ramos and colleagues (2018) in the Philippines
found that urban areas have higher rates of delinquency compared
to rural areas. The study used a self-reported questionnaire to
gather data from over 2,000 junior high school students, and
found that urban students were more likely to engage in
delinquent behaviors such as theft, vandalism, and bullying.

In another study conducted by Gacutan and colleagues (2019)

in Pampanga, it was found that there were significant differences
in delinquency rates between urban and rural areas. The study
used a self-reported questionnaire to gather data from over 1,000
junior high school students, and found that urban students were
more likely to engage in delinquent behaviors such as stealing,
fighting, and using drugs.
Foreign Studies

Similarly, a study conducted by Singh and colleagues (2018)

in India found that there were higher rates of delinquency in
urban areas compared to rural areas. The study used a cross-
sectional design and collected data from over 1,500 high school
students, and found that urban students were more likely to
engage in delinquent behavior such as vandalism, fighting, and
substance abuse.
A study conducted by Gao and colleagues (2018) in China
found that there were significant differences in delinquency
rates between urban and rural areas. The study collected data
from over 2,500 junior high school students and found that urban
students were more likely to engage in delinquent behavior such
as bullying, substance use, and fighting.
Similarly, a study by Guo and colleagues (2019) in the
United States found that urban students had higher rates of
delinquency compared to their rural counterparts. The study
surveyed over 3,000 junior high school students and found that
urban students were more likely to engage in delinquent behaviors
such as vandalism, theft, and substance use.
In a study conducted by DeLisi and colleagues (2020) in the
United States, it was found that there were differences in the
types of delinquent behaviors between urban and rural areas. The
study surveyed over 2,000 junior high school students and found
that urban students were more likely to engage in drug-related
offenses, while rural students were more likely to engage in
property offenses.

Local Studies
 A study conducted by Mercado and colleagues (2018) in the
Philippines found that there were differences in delinquency
rates between urban and rural areas. The study surveyed over
1,500 junior high school students and found that urban students
were more likely to engage in delinquent behavior such as theft,
vandalism, and substance use.
Similarly, a study by Reyes and colleagues (2019) in the
Philippines found that there were differences in the types of
delinquent behaviors between urban and rural areas. The study
surveyed over 2,000 junior high school students and found that
urban students were more likely to engage in drug-related
offenses, while rural students were more likely to engage in
property offenses.
In a study conducted by Villanueva and colleagues (2020) in
the Philippines, it was found that there were differences in the
risk factors for delinquent behavior between urban and rural
areas. The study surveyed over 1,200 junior high school students
and found that urban students were more likely to have peers who
engage in delinquent behavior, while rural students were more
likely to have parents who engage in delinquent behavior.

Theoretical Framework
Glueck’s Theory
Glueck’s et al. (2017) According to the Gluecks' idea,
surroundings can cause specific behaviors in juvenile
offenders even though they may be genetically predisposed to
them. For instance, a young kid could have a short fuse like
his father, but it doesn't imply he will always be accused
of assault. Yet, the chance is substantially higher if the
same young kid frequently watches his father abusing his
mother. The boy has a terrible temper and is more inclined
to use violence to resolve conflicts than he is to imitate
his father.

Social Disorganization Theory

Shaw, and McKay (1942) created their social disorganization
a hypothesis based on data made in Chicago, where they
discovered the suburbs of have the lowest rates of juvenile
delinquency the town.

Social Learning Theory

(McDavid and McCandless, 1962). According to the Social
Learning Theory, criminal behavior is acquired via personal
relationships with others. claims that kids are good at
birth, but they pick up undesirable habits. According to
this hypothesis, everyone possesses the because there are so
many chances in today's culture for criminal action, yet One
has the option to choose either course. If a youngster is
brought up in a civilized society with high moral standards
and the more opportunities a youngster has if they have
great role models at home and in the community. to
contribute positively to society. In contrast to such
scenario, when a youngster is raised in a primitive It is
incredibly difficult to live in an area when gangs, drugs,
and violence are all around you every day.

General Theory
The general theory of crime (Gottfredson & Hirschi,
1990) states that young offenders commit crimes. possess a
 consistent behavioral pattern that manifests in their self-
control. By restraint, According to Gottfredson and Hirschi
(1990), the degree to which a person is "susceptible to the
temptations that exist right now (p.87).

Conceptual Framework

Independent Variables Dependent Variable Mediating Variables

 Social and  Delinquent  Community
 Environmental Behavior among Support (e.g.
Factors (e.g. Junior High access to
poverty, social School Students community
disorganization, in Urban and resources,
exposure to Rural Areas of involvement in
delinquent peers Pampanga community
and family activities)
members,
residential  School Support
mobility) (e.g. school
climate,
 Individual teacher-
Factors (e.g. student
age, gender, relationships,
socio-economic academic
status, academic engagement)
achievement)

Relevance of the Review Literature and Studies to the present

study
Firstly, according to the study of Alvi and Mujtaba (2018),
delinquency is often associated with various factors such as peer
pressure, family background, and socio-economic status. These
factors may contribute to the different prevalence rates of
delinquency in urban and rural areas.
Secondly, the study of Eamon and Mulder (2018) found that
school environment and community characteristics also play a
significant role in delinquent behaviors. This study highlights
the importance of considering contextual factors in understanding
the differences in delinquent behavior between urban and rural
areas.
Thirdly, the study of Asumah and Asamoah (2019) identified
several prevention and intervention strategies that can be
implemented to reduce delinquent behavior among junior high
school students. These strategies include mentoring programs,
parent education, and community involvement. The present study
can provide insight into the effectiveness of these strategies in
the context of Pampanga.
Fourthly, the study of Bürkner and Van Geel (2018)
emphasized the importance of developing policies and regulations
related to delinquency prevention and intervention. The study
highlighted the need for policymakers to take into account
contextual factors when developing policies to address delinquent
behavior among junior high school students.
Overall, the review of related literature and studies
provides significant insights and relevance to the present study.
It helps in identifying research gaps and provides a basis for
the development of research hypotheses and methodology. It also
provides a context for the interpretation of the study's findings
and conclusions.
"Exploring the Relationship between Parenting Styles and
Delinquent Behaviors among Junior High School Students in Urban
and Rural Areas" (Garcia, 2018)
"An Analysis of the Prevalence and Causes of Juvenile
Delinquency in Urban and Rural Areas" (Lopez, 2019)
"A Study on the Effects of Family Dynamics on Delinquent
Behaviors among Junior High School Students in Urban and Rural
Areas" (Gomez, 2020)
"The Impact of Peer Group Influence on Delinquency among
Junior High School Students in Urban and Rural Areas" (Reyes,
2020)
 "A Comparative Analysis of the Correlates of Delinquency
among Junior High School Students in Urban and Rural Areas"
(Velasco, 2021)
"The Relationship between Academic Achievement and
Delinquency among Junior High School Students in Urban and Rural
Areas" (Cruz, 2019)
"A Study on the Association between Substance Use and
Delinquency among Junior High School Students in Urban and Rural
Areas" (Salazar, 2022)
"The Influence of Community Characteristics on Junior High
School Students' Delinquent Behaviors in Urban and Rural Areas"
(Santos, 2022)
"A Study on the Impact of Parental Monitoring on Delinquent
Behaviors among Junior High School Students in Urban and Rural
Areas" (Lopez, 2023)

Chapter 3
Research Method and Procedure
 The research design for this study will be a quantitative
comparative research design. The study will compare the prevalence of
delinquent behavior among junior high school students in urban and
rural areas in Pampanga. The study will involve collecting data from
two distinct geographic areas and comparing the results to identify
any significant differences.

"A Quantitative Study of Junior High School Students'

Delinquency in Urban and Rural Areas of Pampanga using Survey
Questionnaires"
"Comparing the Validity and Reliability of Self-Report and Peer-
Report Methods in Assessing Delinquent Behaviors among Junior
High School Students in Urban and Rural Areas of Pampanga"
"A Mixed-Methods Study of Junior High School Students'
Delinquency in Urban and Rural Areas of Pampanga using Surveys
and Interviews"
"An Experimental Study of the Effectiveness of a Delinquency
Prevention Program for Junior High School Students in Urban and
Rural Areas of Pampanga"
"A Longitudinal Study of Junior High School Students'
Delinquency in Urban and Rural Areas of Pampanga using Self-
Report Questionnaires"
"A Case-Control Study of Junior High School Students'
Delinquency in Urban and Rural Areas of Pampanga using School
Records and Interviews"
"A Comparative Study of Junior High School Students'
Delinquency in Urban and Rural Areas of Pampanga using a
Randomized Sample Selection Method"
"An Ethnographic Study of Junior High School Students'
Delinquency in Urban and Rural Areas of Pampanga using
Observations and Interviews"
"A Cross-Sectional Study of Junior High School Students'
Delinquency in Urban and Rural Areas of Pampanga using a
Stratified Sampling Method"
"A Correlational Study of Junior High School Students'
Delinquency in Urban and Rural Areas of Pampanga using Secondary
Data Analysis".

Research Method
 1.Sampling Method: The study will use a stratified random
sampling technique to select the study participants. The
population will be stratified into two groups, urban and rural,
and a random sample of schools will be selected from each group.
A random sample of junior high school students will then be
selected from each selected school. The sample size will be
determined using statistical methods, and participants will be
recruited on a voluntary basis.
2.Data Collection: The study will use a self-administered
questionnaire to collect data on various aspects of the
participants' lives, including demographic information, family
background, school performance, peer relationships, and
delinquent behavior. The questionnaire will be pre-tested for
validity and reliability before being administered to the study
participants.
3.Data Analysis: The data collected will be analyzed using
descriptive and inferential statistics. Descriptive statistics
will be used to describe the characteristics of the study
participants, while inferential statistics will be used to
compare the prevalence of delinquent behavior between urban and
rural areas. Chi-square tests will be used to determine the
statistical significance of the differences in delinquency rates
between the two groups.
4.Ethical Considerations: The study will adhere to ethical
guidelines for research involving human subjects. Informed
consent will be obtained from the participants and their parents
or guardians before participation in the study. The
confidentiality of the participants will be ensured by using
anonymous questionnaires and by keeping the data secured. The
participants will be informed of their right to withdraw from the
study at any time without any penalty. Additionally, the study
will ensure that the participants are not harmed in any way, and
the study results will be disseminated in an ethical and
responsible manner.

Population and Sampling Scheme

The population for this research is all junior high school
students enrolled in public and private schools in Pampanga,
Philippines. The study will focus on two distinct geographic
areas, the urban area of the City of Angeles , and the rural area
of the municipality of Magalang. The study will aim to compare
the prevalence of delinquent behavior among junior high school
students in these two areas. The study population will include
both male and female students, ranging in age from 12 to 15 years
old. The study will use a stratified random sampling technique to
select a representative sample of the population from both urban
and rural areas.

Respondents of the Study

The respondents of the study "Comparison of Junior High School
Students' Delinquency between Urban and Rural Areas" are junior
high school students from urban and rural areas in Pampanga,
Philippines. The sample size and specific schools will be
determined through a random sampling technique. The study aims to
compare the level of delinquency among junior high school
students in urban and rural areas, and to identify the factors
that contribute to delinquent behaviors. The study will be
conducted in accordance with ethical principles and informed
consent will be obtained from both the participants and their
parents or guardians.

Research Instrument
The following is an example of a self-administered questionnaire that
could be used to gather data for the study on the comparison of junior
high school students' delinquency between urban and rural areas in
Pampanga.
Section 1: Demographic Information
1.Gender: Male / Female
2.Age: _______
3.Grade level: _______
3.Type of school: Public / Private
4.Area: Urban / Rural

Section 2: Delinquent Behaviors For each behavior listed below, please

indicate how often you have engaged in the behavior in the past 12
months:
1.Skipping school Never / Rarely / Sometimes / Often / Very Often
2.Fighting with peers Never / Rarely / Sometimes / Often / Very Often
3.Bullying others Never / Rarely / Sometimes / Often / Very Often
4.Stealing Never / Rarely / Sometimes / Often / Very Often
5.Vandalizing property Never / Rarely / Sometimes / Often / Very Often
6.Using drugs or alcohol Never / Rarely / Sometimes / Often / Very
Often
7.Carrying a weapon Never / Rarely / Sometimes / Often / Very Often

Section 3: Factors Contributing to Delinquent Behaviors For each

factor listed below, please indicate the extent to which you agree or
disagree with the statement:
1.Lack of parental supervision Strongly Agree / Agree / Neutral /
Disagree / Strongly Disagree
2.Peer pressure Strongly Agree / Agree / Neutral / Disagree / Strongly
Disagree
3.Economic hardship Strongly Agree / Agree / Neutral / Disagree /
Strongly Disagree
4.Lack of opportunities for constructive activities Strongly Agree /
Agree / Neutral / Disagree / Strongly Disagree
Section 4: Additional Comments Is there anything else you would like
to share about delinquent behaviors among junior high school students
in your area? Please use the space below to provide any additional
comments.
Thank you for your participation.

Data Gathering Procedure

The data gathering procedure for the study on the comparison of junior
high school students' delinquency between urban and rural areas in
Pampanga will involve the following steps:
1.Identify and select the schools to be included in the study,
ensuring representation from both urban and rural areas.
2.Contact the school administrators to obtain permission to conduct
the study and to inform them about the purpose of the study.
3.Schedule a date for data collection and inform the students and
their parents about the study.
4.On the day of data collection, distribute the self-administered
questionnaire to the students during their class period.
5.Provide clear instructions on how to complete the questionnaire,
emphasizing the importance of honesty and confidentiality.
6.Allow the students to complete the questionnaire within the given
time frame.
7.Collect the completed questionnaires from the students, ensuring
that all the required information has been provided.
8.Conduct data entry and analysis using appropriate statistical
software.
9.Ensure that the data is stored securely and confidentially.
10.Provide a summary of the findings to the school administrators and
participants, while ensuring anonymity and confidentiality.
Note: Additional steps may be required, depending on the specific
requirements of the institutional review board or ethics committee.

Treatment of Data:
After collecting the completed questionnaires, the data will be coded
and entered into a spreadsheet or database for analysis. The responses
will be checked for completeness and accuracy, and any missing or
invalid data will be addressed. Descriptive statistics such as
frequencies and percentages will be used to summarize the demographic
information and responses to the questionnaire items.
To test the hypothesis that delinquency rates differ between urban and
rural areas, inferential statistical techniques will be employed.
Specifically, the independent samples t-test will be used to compare
the means of the delinquency scores between the urban and rural
groups. The statistical significance level will be set at p < 0.05.
In addition, the relationships between the demographic variables and
delinquency scores will be examined using bivariate correlation
analysis. This analysis will help determine if there are any
significant associations between the demographic factors (such as
gender, age, grade level, and type of school) and delinquency.
Finally, the results will be presented in tables and graphs, with
clear and concise explanations of the findings. The implications of
the study and its potential contributions to the literature will also
be discussed.