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Basic Calculus: Quarter 3 - Module 5
Basic Calculus: Quarter 3 - Module 5
Basic Calculus: Quarter 3 - Module 5
Basic Calculus
Quarter 3 – Module 5:
The Derivative of an Algebraic,
Exponential, Logarithmic, and
Trigonometric Function
Basic Calculus – Grade 11
Quarter 3 – Module 5: The Derivative of an Algebraic, Exponential, Logarithmic, and
Trigonometric Function
First Edition, 2020
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Basic Calculus
Quarter 3 – Module 5:
The Derivative of an Algebraic,
Exponential, Logarithmic, and
Trigonometric Function
Introductory Message
For the facilitator:
As a facilitator, you are expected to orient the learners on how to use
this module. You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while
allowing them to manage their learning at home. Furthermore, you are
expected to encourage and assist the learners as they do the tasks included
in the module.
ii
Let Us Learn
This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to
help you master the concept of the derivative of an algebraic, exponential,
logarithmic, and trigonometric function. The scope of this module permits it
to be used in many different learning situations. The language used
recognizes the diverse vocabulary level of students. The lessons are arranged
to follow the standard sequence of the course. But the order in which you read
them can be changed to correspond with the textbook you are now using.
1
Let Us Try
Vocabulary Check: Match the column B to its
corresponding definition in column A.
Column A Column B
Let Us Study
A function is continuous if we draw without ever lifting our pen from the
paper. We can also say that the graph of a continuous function has no holes
in it. Let us consider the three graphs below where all three functions have a
limit at x = 2, and then work to make the idea of continuity more precise.
l m n
2
Note that l(2) is not defined, which leads to the resulting hole in the graph of
l at x =2. It means that l is not continuous at x =2. For the function m, we
observe that while lim 𝑚(𝑥 ) = −3, the value of m(2) = -2, and thus the limit
𝑥→2
does not equal the function value. We say that m is not continuous, even
though the function is defined at x = 2. Lastly, the function n appears to be
the most well-behaved among the three, where at x = 2 its limit and its
function value agree. That is, lim 𝑛(𝑥 ) = −3. With no hole at x =-3, then it is
𝑥→2
continuous.
𝑓(x + h) − 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑓′(𝑥) = lim
ℎ→0 h
Consider the function f(x) =(4𝑥 − 3)1/4. Discuss its continuity and
3
differentiability at x = 4.
Solution Explanation
LHL For checking the continuity, we
lim = (𝟒𝒙 − 𝟑)𝟏/𝟒 need to check the left-hand and
𝑥→𝑐−
right-hand limits and the value of
𝟑 the function at a point x = c.
lim = (𝟒 (𝟒) − 𝟑)𝟏/𝟒 = 0
𝑥→3/4−
LHL = RHL = f(c) = 0.
RHL
lim = (𝟒𝒙 − 𝟑)𝟏/𝟒 Thus, the function is continuous
𝑥→𝑐+ 𝟑
at about the point x = 𝟒.
𝟑
lim + = (𝟒 (𝟒) − 𝟑)𝟏/𝟒 = 0
𝑥→3/4
𝑓 (x + h) − 𝑓(𝑥) Check the differentiability at the
𝑓′(𝑥) = lim given point.
ℎ→0 h
𝟑 𝟑 𝟑
Substitute x as 𝟒.
𝑓 ( + h) − 𝑓( )
lim 𝟒 𝟒
ℎ→0 h
3
𝟑 1/4
𝟑 Using composite function, input
𝑓 ([4 (𝟒) + h] − 3) − (𝟒 (𝟒) − 𝟑)𝟏/𝟒 the x to f(x) in the numerator.
lim
ℎ→0 h
The functions f(x) = c and g(x) = xn where n is a positive integer are the
building blocks from which all polynomials and rational functions are
constructed. To find the derivatives of polynomials and rational functions, we
must know the formulas for differentiating the basic functions.
Constant Rule
Let c be a constant.
If f(x) = c, then 𝑓’(𝑥) =0.
Alternatively, we may express this rule as
𝑑
(𝑐 ) = 0 or 𝑓′(𝑐 ) = 0
𝑑𝑥
4
Example 2. Find the derivative of 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 5
Solution:
𝑓′(𝑥 ) = 0 Derivative of constant number is 0
Power Rule
Let n be a positive integer. If 𝑓 (𝑐 ) = 𝑥 𝑛 , then
𝑑
𝑑𝑥
( 𝑥𝑛 ) = 𝑛𝑥𝑛−1 or 𝑓′(𝑥) = 𝑛𝑥𝑛−1
𝑑 𝑑
(𝑘𝑓(𝑥)) = 𝒌 𝑑𝑥 (𝑓(𝑥))
𝑑𝑥
that is,
ℎ′(𝑥) = 𝑘𝑓 ′(𝑥)
Let f(x) and g(x) be differentiable functions and k be a constant. Then it holds
the following equations.
Sum Rule
The derivative of the sum of a function f and a function g is the same
as the sum of the derivative of f and the derivative of g.
𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
(𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑔(𝑥)) = (𝑓(𝑥)) + (𝑔(𝑥))
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
that is,
5
Example 5. Find the derivative of 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 3𝑥 2 + 5
Solution:
𝑓 ′(𝑥) = 2(3𝑥 )2−1 + 0 Apply the constant multiple rule,
add, then simplify
𝑓 ′(𝑥 ) = 6𝑥
Difference Rule
The derivative of the difference of a function f and a function g is the
same as the difference of the derivative of f and the derivative of g.
𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
(𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑔(𝑥)) = (𝑓(𝑥)) − (𝑔(𝑥))
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
that is,
Product Rule
Let f(x) and g(x) be differentiable functions. Then
𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
(𝑓(𝑥)𝑔(𝑥)) = (𝑓(𝑥)). 𝑔(𝑥) + (𝑔(𝑥)) . 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
that is,
To check, simply
ℎ(𝑥 ) = (𝑥 2 − 3)( 3𝑥 2 + 4𝑥) Factor out and
combine like terms
ℎ(𝑥 ) = 3𝑥 4 −4𝑥 3 − 9𝑥 2 − 12𝑥
6
ℎ(𝑥 ) = 4(3𝑥)4−1 −3(4𝑥)3−1 − 2(9𝑥)2−1 − 1(12𝑥)1−1 Use the power rule
and simplify.
ℎ′ (𝑥 ) = 12𝑥 3 + 12𝑥 2 − 18𝑥 − 12
Quotient Rule
Let f(x) and g(x) be differentiable functions. Then
𝑑 𝑑
𝑑 𝑓(𝑥) (𝑓(𝑥)).𝑔(𝑥)− (𝑔(𝑥)).𝑓(𝑥)
(
𝑑𝑥 𝑔(𝑥)
) = (𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
(𝑔(𝑥))2
)
that is,
𝑓′ (𝑥)𝑔(𝑥)−𝑔′ (𝑥)𝑓(𝑥)
ℎ ′ (𝑥 ) = ( )
(𝑔(𝑥))2
3𝑥 2
Example 8. Find the derivative of ℎ(𝑥 ) = 2𝑥+1.
Solution: Let 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 3𝑥 2 and 𝑔(𝑥 ) = 2𝑥 + 1. Thus, 𝑓 ′ (𝑥 ) = 6𝑥 and 𝑔′ (𝑥 ) = 2.
6𝑥 2 + 6𝑥
ℎ′ (𝑥) =
(2𝑥 + 1)2
7
2
Example 9. Find the derivative of 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑒𝑥 .
Solution:
2
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 𝑒 𝑥 Use the power rule then apply the
derivative of exponential function
2 #1, then simplify.
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 2𝑥(𝑒 𝑥 )
2 +4
Example 10. Find the derivative of 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑒𝑥 .
Solution:
2 +4
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 𝑒 𝑥 (2𝑥) Use the power rule then apply the
derivative of exponential function
2 +4 #1, then simplify.
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 2𝑥(𝑒 𝑥 )
𝑓′(sin 𝑥) = cos 𝑥
𝑓′(cos 𝑥) = −sin 𝑥
−𝑥 sin 𝑥 − 2 cos 𝑥
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) =
3𝑥 3
𝑓 ′(tan 𝑥 ) = sec 2 𝑥
𝑓 ′(cot 𝑥 ) = − csc 2 𝑥
1
1. If 𝑓(𝑥) = sin −1 𝑥 = arcsinx, − 2 ≤ 𝑓(𝑥) ≤ 2 , then, 𝑓′ (𝑥) =
ᴫ ᴫ
.
√1−𝑥2
−1
2. If 𝑓(𝑥) = cos −1 𝑥 = arccosx, 0 ≤ 𝑓(𝑥) ≤ ᴫ, then, 𝑓′ (𝑥) = .
√1−𝑥2
1
3. If 𝑓(𝑥) = tan −1 𝑥 = arctanx, − 2 ≤ 𝑓(𝑥) ≤ 2 , then, 𝑓′ (𝑥) = 1−𝑥2 .
ᴫ ᴫ
−1
4. If 𝑓(𝑥) = cot −1 𝑥 = arccotx, 0 ≤ 𝑓(𝑥) ≤ ᴫ, then, 𝑓′ (𝑥) = 1−𝑥2.
1
5. If 𝑓(𝑥) = sec −1 𝑥 = arcsecx, 0 ≤ 𝑓(𝑥) ≤ ᴫ, 𝑓(𝑥) ≠ 2 then, 𝑓′ (𝑥) =
ᴫ
.
𝑥√𝑥2 −1
ᴫ ᴫ ′ −1
6. If 𝑓(𝑥) = csc −1 𝑥 = arccscx, − 2
≤ 𝑓(𝑥) ≤ 2 , 𝑓(𝑥) ≠ 0 then, 𝑓 (𝑥) =
𝑥√𝑥2 −1
−3
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) =
√1 − 9𝑥2
9
Example 17. Find the derivative of 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = arctan(𝑥) 3/2 .
Solution:
1 3 1/2
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = . 𝑥 Use the formula #3 then multiply
1 + (𝑥 3/2 )2 2 to the derivative of second factor.
1 3
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 3 . 𝑥1/2 Multiply both numerator and
1+𝑥 2 denominator. 𝑥1/2 is equal to √𝑥.
Simplify.
3√𝑥
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) =
2(1 + 𝑥3 )
Let Us Practice
Multiple Choice. Choose the letter of the best answer.
10
Let Us Practice More
Application on the Derivatives of Exponential and
Logarithmic Functions.
Problem Solving
Given Problem. A Cebu Pacific plane takes off from Davao City International
Airport at sea level and its altitude (in feet) at time t (in minutes) is given by
ℎ = 3000 ln(𝑡 + 1)
https://images.app.goo.gl/PVptgq8ut1WhSwFv7
Let Us Remember
True or False. Read and analyze the questions below. If
you think the statement is correct write TRUE, if not write
FALSE.
11
Let Us Assess
Solve the problem below.
A rectangular field of a given area is to be fence off along the river bank.
If no fence is needed along the river, what is the shape of the rectangle
requiring the least amount of fencing?
L P = L + 2W
A = LW
𝐴
W W=𝐿
Thus,
𝐴
P =L + 2 𝐿 or P = L + 2AL-1
Let Us Enhance
Perform each given task.
Let Us Reflect
Answer what is asked.
12
13
Let Us Reflect
1. f has a limit as x approaches c, f is defined at x = c, and lim 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑓(𝑎)
𝑥→𝑐
2. If f is differentiable at c then f is continuous at c. A differentiable function is
necessarily continuous (answers may vary)
3. The graph of a differentiable function does not have any sharp corners.
(answers may vary)
Let Us Enhance Let Us Assess Let Us
a. 24𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 Remember
b. 8𝑥 3 − 8𝑥 − 3 The width 1. True
−19
c. should be half 2. False
(2𝑥−3)2
d. 6𝑥 2 cot 𝑥 − 2𝑥 3 𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 𝑥 the length. 3. False
−𝑥 sin 𝑥−2 cos 𝑥 4. True
e. 3
4𝑥
−2 5. True
f.
√1−4𝑥 2
Let Us Practice Let Us Try
1. C
1. B
2. A
2. C
3. D
3. B
Let Us Practice More 4. B
4. D
5. E
500 𝑓𝑡/𝑚𝑖𝑛 5. A
Answer Key
References
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