2/25/2018

Dr. Kamaran S. Ismail

Transverse Shear
In this chapter, we will develop a method for finding the shear stress in a
beam having a prismatic cross section and made from homogeneous material
that behaves in a linear-elastic manner. The method of analysis to be
developed will be somewhat limited to special cases of cross-sectional
geometry. Although this is the case, it has many wide-range applications in
engineering design and analysis.

1
 2/25/2018

Shear in Straight Members

In general, a beam will support both shear and
moment. The shear V is the result of a transverse
shear-stress distribution that acts over the beam’s
cross section. Due to the complementary property
of shear, however, this stress will create
corresponding longitudinal shear stresses which
will act along longitudinal planes of the beam
To illustrate this effect, consider the beam to be made from three boards. If the
top and bottom surfaces of each board are smooth, and the boards are not bonded
together, then application of the load P will cause the boards to slide relative to
one another when the beam deflects. However, if the boards are bonded together,
then the longitudinal shear stresses acting between the boards will prevent their
relative sliding, and consequently the beam will act as a single unit

As a result of the shear stress, shear strains will be developed and these will
tend to distort the cross section in a rather complex manner. For example,
consider the short bar made of a highly deformable material and marked with
horizontal and vertical grid lines. When a shear V is applied, it tends to deform
these lines into the pattern shown in the second figure. This nonuniform shear-
strain distribution will cause the cross section to warp.

As a result, when a beam is subjected to both bending and shear, the cross
section will not remain plane as assumed in the development of the flexure
formula. Although this is the case, we can generally assume the cross-sectional
warping due to shear is small enough so that it can be neglected. This
assumption is particularly true for the most common case of a slender beam;
that is, one that has a small depth compared with its length.

2
 2/25/2018

The Shear Formula

3
 2/25/2018

Example:
The solid shaft and tube shown below are subjected to the shear force of 4 kN.
Determine the shear stress acting over the diameter of each cross section.

4
 2/25/2018

Solution:

Example:
Determine the distribution of the shear stress over the cross section of the beam
shown

5
 2/25/2018

Solution:

Example:
A steel wide-flange beam has the dimensions shown below. If it is subjected to a
shear of V = 80 kN, plot the shear-stress distribution acting over the beam’s
cross-sectional area.

6
 2/25/2018

Solution:

Example:
The beam shown below is made from two boards. Determine the maximum
shear stress in the glue necessary to hold the boards together along the seam
where they are joined.

7
 2/25/2018

Solution:

Shear Flow in Built-Up Members

Occasionally in engineering practice, members are “built up” from several

composite parts in order to achieve a greater resistance to loads. Examples are
shown in the figure. If the loads cause the members to bend, fasteners such as
nails, bolts, welding material, or glue may be needed to keep the component
parts from sliding relative to one another. In order to design these fasteners or
determine their spacing, it is necessary to know the shear force that must be
resisted by the fastener. This loading, when measured as a force per unit length
of beam, is referred to as shear flow q.

8
 2/25/2018

As shown in the figure, three horizontal forces must act on this segment. Two
of these forces, F and F+dF are developed by normal stresses caused by the
moments M and M+dM respectively. The third force, which for equilibrium
equals dF, acts at the juncture and it is to be supported by the fastener.

Example:
The beam is constructed from four boards glued together as shown below. If it is
subjected to a shear of 850kN, determine the shear flow at B and C that must be
resisted by the glue.

9
 2/25/2018

Solution:

Since two seams are used to secure each board, the glue per meter length of
beam at each seam must be strong enough to resist one-half of each
calculated value of q’ Thus,

10
 2/25/2018

Example:
A box beam is constructed from four boards nailed together as shown below. If
each nail can support a shear force of 135N, determine the maximum spacing s
of the nails at B and at C so that the beam will support the force of 360N.

Solution:

190 × 1903 110 × 1103

𝐼= − = 9.64 × 107 𝑚𝑚4
12 12
𝑄𝐵 = 75 × 190 × 40 = 57 × 104 𝑚𝑚3
𝑄𝐶 = 75 × 110 × 40 = 33 × 104 𝑚𝑚3

𝑉𝑄 360 × 57 × 104
𝑞𝐵 = = = 2.13 𝑁/𝑚𝑚
𝐼 9.64 × 107

𝑉𝑄 360 × 33 × 104
𝑞𝐶 = = = 1.23𝑁/𝑚𝑚
𝐼 9.64 × 107
135
𝑠𝐵 = = 63.4𝑚𝑚, use 𝑠𝐵 = 60mm
2.13
135
𝑠𝐶 = = 109.8𝑚𝑚, use 𝑠𝐶 = 100𝑚𝑚
1.23

11
 2/25/2018

Example:
Nails having a total shear strength of 175N are used in a beam that can be
constructed either as in Case I or as in Case II, in the shown figure. If the nails
are spaced at 225mm, determine the largest vertical shear that can be
supported in each case so that the fasteners will not fail.

Solution:

75 × 1253 25 × 1003
𝐼= −2× = 8.04 × 106 𝑚𝑚4
12 12
Case I.

125 12.5
𝑄=( − ) × 75 × 12.5 = 52734𝑚𝑚3
2 2
𝑉𝑄 175 𝑉 × 52734
𝑞= , = , 𝑉 = 118.6𝑁
𝐼 225 8.04 × 106
Case II.

125 12.5
𝑄=( − ) × 25 × 12.5 = 17578𝑚𝑚3
2 2
𝑉𝑄 175 𝑉 × 17578
𝑞= , = , 𝑉 = 355.7𝑁
𝐼 225 8.04 × 106

12
 2/25/2018

Example:
The two identical boards are bolted together to form the beam. If the spacing
of the bolts is s = 100mm and each bolt has a shear strength of 15 kN,
determine the maximum shear force V the beam can resist.

Solution:

300 × 2003
𝐼= = 200 × 106 𝑚𝑚4
12
100
𝑄= × 100 × 300 = 1.5 × 106 𝑚𝑚3
2

𝑉𝑄 2 × 15000 𝑉 × 1.5 × 106

𝑞= , = , 𝑉 = 40 𝑘𝑁
𝐼 100 200 × 106

13
 2/25/2018

Example:
The boards are bolted together to form the builtup beam. If the beam is
subjected to a shear force of V = 20 kN, determine the allowable maximum
spacing of the bolts to the nearest mm. Each bolt has a shear strength of 8 kN.

Solution:

25 × 3003 50 × 2003
𝐼 =2× +2× + 50 × 200 × 1502
12 12
= 629.17 × 106 𝑚𝑚4
𝑄 = 150 × 200 × 50 = 1.5 × 106 𝑚𝑚3

𝑉𝑄 20 × 103 × 1.5 × 106

𝑞= = = 47.7 𝑁/𝑚𝑚
𝐼 629.17 × 106

2 × 8 × 103
𝑠= = 335.4𝑚𝑚, use 𝑠 = 335mm
47.7

14
2/25/2018

15