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12 Boerman BA IEM Summary
12 Boerman BA IEM Summary
12 Boerman BA IEM Summary
MdpenplVmbd
BtllSou me ’Safcimo r sfcrhr me
Bedcd 8ndoiOm
r075364,
EDI
Mbsnado 02 1,1,
Bnmsdmsr
. Emsqnctbshnm 1
0-0 Hcdmshb]shnm ne oqnakdlr - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1
0-1 Bnqd oqnakdl - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1
0-2 Qdrd]qbg ldsgncnknfx - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2
0-3 Qdrd]qbg cdrhfm - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 3
0-3-0 Naidbshudr ]mc cdkhudq]akdr - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 3
0-3-1 Qdrd]qbg ptdrshnmr - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 4
0-4 Btqqdms rhst]shnm - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 5
1 SgdnqdshbUk eqUldvnqj 5
1-0 Btqqdms rhst]shnm - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 6
1-1 JOH rdkdbshnm - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 7
1-1-0 Sgdnqdshb]k odqrodbshud - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 7
1-1-1 JOH rdkdbshnm eqnl khsdq]stqd - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 7
1-2 C]s] l]m]fdldms - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 00
1-3 C]rgan]qc cdrhfm - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 01
1-3-0 Trdq,eqhdmckx cdrhfm - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 01
1-3-1 C]s] uhrt]khr]shnm - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 02
3 DuUktUshnm .5
3-0 U]khc]shnm - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 06
3-1 Du]kt]shnm ne naidbshudr - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 06
4 Bnmbktrhnm .8
4-0 Qdrd]qbg Ptdrshnmr - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 08
4-1 Bnlo]mx bnmbktrhnm - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 10
4-2 Qdbnlldmc]shnmr - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 11
A fi Rdkdbsdc khsdqUstqd 15
B fi BnmbdosfiKUsqhbdr 17
0
. Emspnctbshnm
Vd g]ud oqnonrdc ]mc dwdbtsdc sgd sgdrhr hm bnnodq]shnm vhsg Bnlo]mx W- Sgd qdrd]qbg
bnmbdqmr sgd ]m]kxrdr ne bxadqrdbtqhsx oqnbdrrdr vhsghm sgd bnlo]mx ]mc kdc sn sgd bqd]shnm
ne ] c]rgan]qc- Adb]trd ne bnmcdmsh]khsx) vd ]qd mns ]kknvdc sn otakhrg sgd ]bst]k sgdrhr-
Gdmbd) vd oqnuhcd sghr rtll]qx hm nqcdq sn rgnv sgd qdkdu]ms rsdor s]jdm ctqhmf ntq
qdrd]qbg-
Vd g]ud cdbhcdc sgd bnqd oqnakdl sn ad sg]s mn ]bbtq]sd qdonqshmf qdf]qchmf bxadqrdbtqhsx
hr oqnuhcdc enq l]m]fdldms- Ld]rtqdldmsr b]m ad f]sgdqdc nm sgd odqenqldc ]m]kxrdr sn
hcdmshex c]mfdqr nq nsgdq qdkdu]ms mchmfr qdf]qchmf bxadqrdbtqhsx- Nsgdq hmchb]snqr lhfgs
1
Ehftqd 09 Oqnakdl bktrsdq-
Cdsdplhmd jdx odpenplWmbd hmchbWsnpr aWrdc nm sgd opdedpdmbdr ne rsWjdgnkcdpr Wmc pdkWsdc
sn bxadprdbtphsx Wmc onpspWx sgd mchmfr nmsn W cWrganWpc hm npcdp sn opnuhcd WbbtpWsd
pdonpshmf ne sgd bxadprdbtphsx odpenplWmbd-
2
Ehftqd 19 Cdrhfm Rbhdmbd Qdrd]qbg Ldsgncnknfx eq]ldvnqj X03“-
Sgd lncdk bnmrhrsr ne rhw ]bshuhshdr ]mc qdrd]qbg ]ookxhmf sgd eq]ldvnqj l]x rs]qs ]s ]klnrs
]mx rsdo ne sgd oqnbdrr- Vd g]ud trdc sgd naidbshud,bdmsqdc rnktshnm ]ooqn]bg vhsghm sghr
qdrd]qbg) rhmbd sgd qdrd]qbg mddc v]r sqhffdqdc ax sgd cdudknoldms ne sgd c]rgan]qc-
3
enqltk]sdc9
Vd g]ud khrsdc sgd lnrs hlonqs]ms ntsotsr) nq jdx cdkhudq]akdr) adknv- Sgdrd cdkhudq]akdr
]qd sgd qdrtksr ne sgd qdrd]qbg vgdm ]kk rs]fdr ne sgd Cdrhfm Rbhdmbd eq]ldvnqj ]qd odqenqldc-
? cnbtldms bnms]hmhmf hmenql]shnm ]ants sgd etmbshnm]khshdr ]mc ed]tsqdr ne sgd c]rg,
an]qc hmsdmcdc enq sgd hcdmshdc rs]jdgnkcdq fqntor-
.- PgWs hr sgd btppdms rhstWshnm Ws sgd bnioWmw pdfWpchmf sgd rdbtphsw opn
bdrrdr4
Hmrhfgs hm sgd btqqdms rhst]shnm hr mdbdrr]qx sn tmcdqrs]mc sgd oqnbdrr finv ]mc sgd dwhrshmf
bxadqrdbtqhsx oqnbdrrdr- Sgd enkknvhmf rta ptdrshnmr ]qd cdsdqlhmdc9
.-. Vghbg opnbdrrdr Wmc rxrsdlr Wpd hmunkudc hm sgd rdbtphsx cnlWhm:
.-1 Hm vgWs vWx hr bxadprdbtphsx lWhmsWhmdc vhsghm sgd bnloWmx:
?mrvdqr sn sgdrd svn qdrd]qbg ptdrshnmr vhkk mns ad chrbtrrdc hm sghr rtll]qx- Sgdqdenqd)
vd aqhdfix chrbtrr gnv vd qdbdhudc hmrhfgs hm sgd btqqdms rhst]shnm ]s sgd dmc ne sghr bg]osdq-
4
1-. Vghbg INHr bWm ad cdsdplhmdc sn dwopdrr bxadprdbtphsx odpenplWmbd:
1-1 Vgn Wpd sgd pdkduWms rsWjdgnkcdpr Wmc vghbg INHr rgntkc ad rdkdbsdc aWrdc nm rsWjd,
gnkcdp opdedpdmbdr:
2-. Gnv sn opdoWpd Wmc rsptbstpd sgd cWsW hm Wm dfibhdms cWsW lncdk:
2-1 Gnv sn uhrtWkhrd sgd INHr Wmc ldsphbr nm sgd cWrganWpc:
Ehqrs) vd l]oodc ]mc dwok]hmdc sgd etmbshnm]khshdr ne nmd ne sgd cnl]hmr vhsghm sgd bnl,
o]mx- Vd g]ud trdc sgd bnmbdos ne atrhmdrr oqnbdrr lncdkkhmf- Qdk]sdc bnmbdosr sn atrhmdrr
oqnbdrr lncdkkhmf vhkk ad chrbtrrdc hm sgd mdws bg]osdq- Tmenqstm]sdkx) vd ]qd mns ]akd sn
rgnv sgd m]k oqnbdrr ch]fq]l hm sghr qdonqs- Gnvdudq) vd gnod sgd otqonrd ne sgd lncdk
adbnldr bkd]q vghkd qd]chmf Bg]osdq 19 oqnuhcd ]m tmcdqrs]mchmf ne sgd etmbshnm]khshdr ne
] cnl]hm ]mc hmenql]shnm dkdldmsr dwbg]mfdc vhsg nsgdq cnl]hmr-
Rdbnmc) vd cdrbqhadc sgd bxadqrdbtqhsx oqnbdrrdr vhsghm sgd bnlo]mx- Sn ad ]akd sn oqnuhcd
qdonqshmf ]ants sgd bxadqrdbtqhsx odqenql]mbd) hs hr hlonqs]ms sn f]hm hmrhfgs hm sgd bxadq,
rdbtqhsx oqnbdrrdr ne sgd bnlo]mx- Jmnvkdcfd ]ants sgdrd oqnbdrrdr vhkk ]krn gdko hmbqd]rd
tmcdqrs]mchmf ne bxadq sdqlhmnknfx- Vd g]ud trdc sgd MHRS eq]ldvnqj sn cdrbqhad sgd
Hmenql]shnm rdbtqhsx oqnbdrrdr ne sgd bnlo]mx- ?f]hm) vd vhkk mns rg]qd sgd cds]hkr ne sgd
oqnbdrrdr hm sghr qdonqs-
5
1 SgdnpdshbVk epVldvnpj
Og]rdr 0 ]mc 1 ne sgd Cdrhfm Rbhdmbd Qdrd]qbg Ldsgncnknfx g]ud addm cdrbqhadc hm sgd
oqduhntr bg]osdq- Adenqd lnuhmf nm sn sgd sghqc og]rd) sgd cdrhfm ]mc cdudknoldms ne sgd
c]rgan]qc) vd g]ud sn ]mrvdq rnld qdrd]qbg ptdrshnmr- Sgd CRQL eq]ldvnqj cdrbqhadr
sghr ax sgd Sgdnpx bnlonmdms adsvddm Og]rd 1 ]mc Og]rd 2-
Vdrjd X8“ cdrbqhadr ] atrhmdrr oqnbdrr lncdk ]r ] rds ne ]bshuhsx lncdkr ]mc dwdbtshnm
bnmrsq]hmsr adsvddm sgdl- Adenqd sgd ]bst]k bqd]shnm ne sgd bnmbdost]k lncdk) sgd bnmbdosr
trdc sn drs]akhrg rtbg ] lncdk g]ud sn ad dwok]hmdc qrs- ?m nflbh]k mns]shnm g]r addm
qdkd]rdc ax sgd Naidbs L]m]fdldms Fqnto) Hmb- hm nqcdq sn bnudq ch dqdms lncdkkhmf
sxodr- Sghr mns]shnm hr jmnvm ]r sgd Atrhmdrr Oqnbdrr Lncdk ]mc Mns]shnm ’AOLM( ]mc
]hlr sn fthcd atrhmdrr oqnbdrr lncdkkhmf nm ch dqdms kdudkr ne ]arsq]bshnm X3“- Sgd AOLM
l]jdr trd ne rdudq]k rhlokd dkdldmsr sn dwoqdrr bnlokdw atrhmdrr oqnbdrrdr- Sgd dkdldmsr
]qd rgnvm hm Ehftqd 2-
AOLM lncdkr b]m ad bk]rrhdc hmsn sgqdd b]sdfnqhdr9 oqnbdrrdr ’nqbgdrsq]shnmr() bgnqd,
nfq]oghdr ]mc bnkk]anq]shnmr X00“- Sn lncdk sgd ]bshuhshdr ]mc oqnbdrrdr hmunkudc hm sgd
cnl]hm ne sgd bnlo]mx) vd vhkk trd sgd nqbgdrsq]shnm rta,lncdk- Nqbgdrsq]shnmr oqnuhcd
]m nudquhdv ne sgd hmsdqm]k adg]uhntq ne ] atrhmdrr oqnbdrr ]mc cds]hkr ]ants sgd dwdbtshnm
bnmrsq]hmsr ne ]bshuhshdr vhsghm ] oqnbdrr X3“-
6
Sgd snnk trdc sn lncdk sgd nqbgdrsq]shnm hr Ahy]fh Lncdkdq- Sghr ]ookhb]shnm v]r s]tfgs
]mc oq]bshbdc ctqhmf nmd ne sgd a]bgdknq lnctkdr ne HDL ]mc b]m ad cnvmkn]cdc eqdd ne
bg]qfd- Sgd snnk rtoonqsr sgd Atrhmdrr Oqnbdrr Lncdk ]mc Mns]shnm- Sn ad ]akd sn lncdk
sgd oqnbdrrdr hmsn Ahy]fh Lncdkdq) vd g]ud sn hcdmshex sgd etmbshnmr ]mc ]bshuhshdr qdk]sdc sn
sgd cnl]hm- Hmenql]shnm ]ants etmbshnm]khshdr ne cnl]hmr hr r]udc hm bnlo]mx cnbtldmsr-
M]shnm]k Hmrshstsd ne Rs]mc]qcr ]mc Sdbgmnknfx ’MHRS( g]r cdudknodc ] eq]ldvnqj enq
l]m]fhmf ]mc qdctbhmf bxadqrdbtqhsx qhrjr- ?m nqf]mhr]shnm b]m trd sgd eq]ldvnqj vhsghm
hsr rxrsdl]shb oqnbdrrdr sn hcdmshex) ]rrdrr ]mc l]m]fd bxadqrdbtqhsx qhrj X0/“- Sgd bnqd ne
sgd eq]ldvnqj oqnuhcdr jdx bxadqrdbtqhsx ntsbnldr sg]s ]qd gdkoetk hm l]m]fhmf bxadqrdbt,
qhsx qhrj9 hcdmshex) oqnsdbs) cdsdbs) qdronmc ]mc qdbnudq- Sgd JOHr cdrbqhadc hm sgd khsdq]stqd
b]m ad b]sdfnqhydc ]lnmfrs sgdrd ud ]qd]r- ? bnmbdos,l]sqhw ne sgd ud odqrodbshudr odq
rstcx hr rgnvm hm ?oodmchw B-
7
sgdhq cdo]qsldms X2“- Hm nqcdq sn ad ]akd sn oqnuhcd bkd]q ]mc qd]rnm]akd chqdbshnmr) JOHr
g]ud sn ad bnkkdbsdc ]mc oqdrdmsdc enq l]jhmf ld]mhmfetk cdbhrhnmr X0“-
Rnld JOHr ldmshnmdc hm sgd rstchdr vdqd mns hmbktcdc hm sgd bnmbdos,l]sqhw) adb]trd
sgdx ]qd hqqdkdu]ms enq sghr rhst]shnm- Dw]lokdr ne hqqdkdu]ms JOHr ]qd hmchb]snqr cdrbqhahmf
odqrnm]k c]s] nq enqdb]rshmf hmchb]snqr- Vd g]ud hmbktcdc JOHr eqnl ]kk atrhmdrr kdudkr hm
sgd bnmbdos,l]sqhw- Sgd c]rgan]qc bqd]sdc enq sgd bnlo]mx rgntkc ad trd]akd ]s ch dqdms
kdudkr ne sgd bnlo]mx- Hm rnld ne sgd rstchdr ] chrshmbshnm ne qdkdu]ms JOHr enq ch dqdms
kdudkr g]r ]kqd]cx addm l]cd) enq dw]lokd odq atrhmdrr etmbshnm) nq nm ]arsq]bs ]mc bnmbqdsd
kdudkr ne qdonqshmf- Vd cdbhcdc sn qntfgkx chuhcd sgd JOHr eqnl sgd bgnrdm khsdq]stqd hmsn
rsq]sdfhb) s]bshb]k ]mc nodq]shnm]k atrhmdrr kdudkr-
?oodmchw B hmbktcdr ] bnmbdos,l]sqhw bk]rrhexhmf sgd JOHr ]knmf sgd MHRS odqrodbshudr-
Hm Ehftqd 3 nm sgd mdws o]fd vd rnqsdc sgd JOHr hm sgd m]k bnmbdos,l]sqhw) hmbktchmf sgd
ch dqdms atrhmdrr kdudkr- Vd g]ud qdlnudc ctokhb]sd odqenql]mbd hmchb]snqr eqnl ch dqdms
]qshbkdr- Rnld JOHr ]qd bnmrhcdqdc sn ad ne qdkdu]mbd enq lnqd sg]m nmd kdudk-
Vd vhkk chrbtrr sgd JOHr cdrbqhadc hm Ehftqd 3 vhsg qdkdu]ms rs]jdgnkcdqr- Hmsdquhdvr vhsg
sgd rs]jdgnkcdqr vhkk ad bnmctbsdc hm nqcdq sn cdsdqlhmd lnqd qdkdu]ms JOHr- ?esdq sgd
hmsdquhdvr) rnld JOHr lhfgs stqm nts sn g]ud ] knvdq oqhnqhsx sg]m nsgdqr- Vd lhfgs kd]ud
JOHr nts ne bnmrhcdq]shnm he hs stqmr nts hs hr mns ed]rhakd sn ld]rtqd sgdl vhsghm sgd fhudm
shld-
8
Ehftqd 39 Rnqsdc Bnmbdos L]sqhw-
0/
1-2 CVsV lVmVfdldms
?esdq cdsdqlhm]shnm ne sgd JOHr sn trd hm sgd c]rgan]qc) vd ltrs bnkkdbs sgd qhfgs c]s]-
Sgd Jdx Odqenql]mbd Hmchb]snqr nq ldsqhbr vhkk ad chrok]xdc sn l]m]fdqr nq nsgdq trdqr
sgqntfg rdudq]k c]rgan]qcr- Hm nqcdq enq sghr sn vnqj) vd g]ud sn l]m]fd sgd c]s] qrs-
Sghr rdbshnm oqnuhcdr ]m ]mrvdq sn qdrd]qbg ptdrshnm 2-09
2-. Gnv sn opdoWpd Wmc rsptbstpd sgd cWsW hm Wm dfibhdms cWsW lncdk:
Sgd c]s] nudq vghbg Atrhmdrr Hmsdkkhfdmbd s]rjr ]qd odqenqldc nesdm bnldr eqnl ch dqdms
rntqbdr , sxohb]kkx eqnl ltkshokd nodq]shnm]k c]s]a]rdr ]bqnrr cdo]qsldmsr vhsghm sgd nq,
f]mhr]shnm X05“- Ch dqdms c]s]a]rdr l]jd trd ne u]qxhmf c]s] sxodr) enqltk]r) bncdr ]mc
enql]sr- Sgd rdbtqhsx oqnbdrrdr vhsghm sgd bnlo]mx bnmbdqm rdudq]k rxrsdlr ]mc cdo]qs,
ldmsr ]mc oqna]akx trd ltkshokd c]s]a]rdr sn rsnqd hmenql]shnm- Sgdqdenqd) ]m dflbhdms
c]s] lncdk ]qbghsdbstqd hr qdpthqdc-
Sgd lncdk,cqhudm c]rgan]qc cdrhfm eq]ldvnqj bnudqr sgd l]mx e]bdsr ne sgd c]rgan]qc
cdrhfm oqnbdrr hmbktchmf trdetk lncdk ]qshe]bsr X4“- Ehftqd 4 rgnvr sgd dmc sn dmc c]rgan]qc
bnlonmdms finv-
0- Oqd,lncdkkhmf ]bshuhsx
1- Lncdkkhmf ]bshuhsx
2- Onrs,lncdkkhmf ]bshuhsx
00
Oqdfilncdkkhmf Ubshuhsx
Sgd qrs ]bshuhsx qdk]sdr sn sgd tmcdqrs]mchmf ne sgd bnlonmdmsr sg]s vhkk ad hmbktcdc
hm sgd dudmst]k c]rgan]qcr- Oqdcdmhmf sgd bnlonmdmsr gdkor sn dflbhdmskx cdrhfm sgd
rnktshnm- Ctqhmf sghr lncdkkhmf og]rd) vd g]ud sn fds ]bpt]hmsdc vhsg sgd c]s] sdlok]sdr
]mc c]s] rsqtbstqdr trdc vhsghm sgd bnlo]mx- Dudmst]kkx) vd vhkk trd sgdrd qdonqsr sn
qdsqhdud ]ooqnoqh]sd c]s] sn oqdrdms nm sgd c]rgan]qc hmsdqe]bd-
Kncdkkhmf Ubshuhsx
Sgd rdbnmc b]sdfnqx cdrbqhadr sgd ]bst]k lncdkkhmf ne sgd qdonqshmf qdpthqdldmsr- Ctqhmf
sghr og]rd) vd vhkk g]ud sn cdmd ldsqhbr) bqd]sd sgd qdonqs sdlok]sdr enq sgd ch dqdms c]s]
sxodr ]mc hcdmshex ch dqdms trdq qnkdr sg]s mddc ]bbdrr sn sgd c]rgan]qc onqs]k X4“-
Onrsfilncdkkhmf Ubshuhsx
K]rskx) vd chrbtrr sgd onrs,lncdkkhmf og]rd- Hm sghr rsdo) vd vhkk sq]mrenql sgd c]s] lncdk
qdoqdrdms]shnm hmsn bncd- Sgd c]rgan]qc mnv bnmrhrsr ne svn l]hm o]qsr9 sgd rds ne kdr
bnms]hmhmf sgd bncd enq sgd c]rgan]qc ]mc sgd c]s]a]rd s]akdr mdbdrr]qx sn rsqtbstqd sgd
c]rgan]qc- Sgdrd hmunkud sgd RPK rbqhosr enq qd]chmf c]s] eqnl sgd c]s] rntqbdr ]mc kn]chmf
sgdl hmsn sgd c]rgan]qc oqnfq]l- Vd vhkk ad trhmf Pkhj Rdmrd sn bqd]sd ntq c]rgan]qcr-
Pkhj Rdmrd trdr sgd c]s] kn]c dchsnq sn kn]c c]s] eqnl sgd c]s] rntqbdr hmsn sgd ]ookhb]shnm-
Sgd lncdk,cqhudm c]rgan]qc cdrhfm l]jdr trd ne rdudq]k ]qshe]bsr- Lnrs ne sgd lncdkkhmf
]rodbsr ne sgd eq]ldvnqj trd sgd Tmhdc Lncdkkhmf K]mft]fd ’TLK( sn uhrt]khrd sgd cdrhfm-
Vd vhkk trd TLK bk]rr ch]fq]lr sn qdoqdrdms ] knfhb]k rsqtbstqd ne sgd c]s] oqdrdms ]s sgd
bnlo]mx-
01
9ssqUbshudmdrr
Sgd c]rgan]qc ltrs ad ]ssq]bshud ]mc okd]rhmf sn sgd dxd ne sgd trdq- Fnnc cdrhfm bnlahmdr
onvdq) etmbshnm]khsx) ]mc rhlokhbhsx vhsg ] okd]rhmf ]ood]q]mbd X01“-
Bnloqdgdmrhahkhsx
? c]rgan]qc rgntkc oqdrdms sgd hmenql]shnm hm ] bnloqdgdmrhakd ]mc ld]mhmfetk nqcdq-
Sghr hmbktcdr sgd bnlonrhshnm ne sgd vgnkd c]rgan]qc ]r vdkk ]r sgd nqcdq vhsghm uhrt]khr],
shnmr- Etqsgdqlnqd) qd]chmf ]mc chfdrshmf knmf dwok]m]shnmr rgntkc mdudq ad mdbdrr]qx X01“-
Gnvdudq) dwok]m]shnmr ]qd hlonqs]ms hm nqcdq sn tmcdqrs]mc sgd c]rgan]qc- C]s] vhsgnts
sdws) k]adkr nq hmrsqtbshnmr b]trd lhrhmsdqoqds]shnmr ]mc bnmetrhnm X6“-
BnloUbsmdrr
? c]rgan]qc rgntkc ad bnlo]bs) rhlokd ]mc d]rx sn tmcdqrs]mc- Bnlo]bs c]rgan]qcr eddk
okd]r]ms sn trd ]mc l]jd ] trdq lnqd oqnctbshud X6“-
BtrsnlhrUahkhsx
Hs hr hlonqs]ms sn athkc hm fidwhahkhsx hm sgd c]rgan]qc sn adbnld qdkdu]ms enq ch dqdms
trdqr X6“- Ekdwhahkhsx hr ”sgd rxrsdl”r ]ahkhsx sn qdronmc sn hmchuhct]k ch dqdmbdr hm odnokd”
X01“- Ch dqdms trdqr ]qd hmsdqdrsdc hm o]qshbtk]q ldsqhbr- ? btrsnlhr]akd c]rgan]qc odqlhsr
sgd trdqr sn rd]qbg enq ]mc rdkdbs hmenql]shnm ne sgdhq hmsdqdrs- D]rx btrsnlhr]shnm ne sgd
c]rgan]qc dmbntq]fdr ]m ]bshud qnkd hm tmcdqrs]mchmf ]mc ]kknvr enq odqrnm]k oqdedqdmbdr
hm dwodqhdmbd kdudkr X01“- ? bnllnm v]x sn l]jd ] c]rgan]qc btrsnlhr]akd hr sn cdmd sgd
rbnod ne sgd c]s] trhmf ksdqr X6“-
Bnmrhrsdmbx
Bnmrhrsdmbx vhsghm ] c]rgan]qc hr drrdmsh]k) rhmbd hs ]kknvr sgd trdq sn l]jd cdbhrhnmr
d]rhdq- Hmbnmrhrsdmbhdr l]x b]trd lhrhmsdqoqds]shnmr nq lhrtmcdqrs]mchmfr ne sgd c]s]- Hs hr
hlonqs]ms enq lnrs c]rgan]qcr sn ad bnmrhrsdms hm l]mx ]rodbsr ne sgdhq ]ood]q]mbd) rtbg
]r sgd enmsr ]mc bnkntqr) ats ]krn sgd ]bshnmr qdpthqdc sn ]bbdrr cds]hkr X02“-
.- Cd md
? bdmsq]k rsdo hm athkchmf ]m d dbshud c]rgan]qc hr tmcdqrs]mchmf sgd bdmsq]k otqonrd enq
athkchmf sgd c]rgan]qc X7“- Sghr tmcdqrs]mchmf rs]qsr ]s sgd adfhmmhmf ne sghr qdrd]qbg ax
enqltk]shmf ] bnqd oqnakdl ]mc ax hmsdquhdvhmf trdqr- Vgdm bnmrsqtbshmf sgd c]rgan]qcr)
sgd cdrhfmdq rgntkc qdldladq vgn sgd trdqr ]qd ]mc vg]s hmenql]shnm sgdx qdpthqd- Sgd
02
onhms ne ] c]rgan]qc hr sn gdko odnokd mc hmrhfgsr ]mc l]jd cdbhrhnmr X7“- ?s sgd bnlo]mx
sgd trdqr ne sgd c]rgan]qc v]ms hmrhfgs hm sgd bxadqrdbtqhsx odqenql]mbd hm nqcdq sn oqnuhcd
qdonqshmf ]mc chqdbshnmr- Sgd hmchuhct]k c]rgan]qcr sg]s vhkk ad bnmrsqtbsdc g]ud sgdhq nvm
fn]kr bnmsqhatshmf sn sgd ahffdq otqonrd-
Vghkd jddohmf sgd otqonrd ne sgd c]rgan]qcr hm lhmc) sgd ldsqhbr g]ud sn ad cdmdc- Vd
g]ud sn ftqd nts vghbg ldsqhbr ]mc JOHr vntkc adrs rtoonqs sgd trdq cdbhrhnmr X7“- Hm sghr
rsdo) hs hr hlonqs]ms sn tmcdqrs]mc sgd lnshu]shnm ne sgd trdq ]mc trd hs sn rs]sd ] rodbhb
fn]k enq sgd c]rgan]qc-
1- Oqnsnsxod
Vgdm sgd ldsqhbr ]qd bkd]q) vd g]ud sn mc sgd adrs uhrt]khr]shnmr enq sgd ldsqhbr- Ok]bhmf
sgd c]s] hm ] uhrt]k bnmsdws gdkor odnokd tmcdqrs]mc sgd rhfmhb]mbd ne sgd c]s]- Gnvdudq)
rdkdbshmf sgd vqnmf uhrt]khr]shnmr l]x ad chr]rsqntr- ?mnsgdq bnmrhcdq]shnm sn s]jd hm lhmc
ctqhmf sghr rsdo hr sgd bnlonrhshnm ne sgd uhrt]khr]shnmr- Pkhj Rdmrd oqnuhcdr ] uhrt]khr]shnm
l]mt]k sg]s vd b]m trd vghkd bqd]shmf sgd c]rgan]qc X04“-
Ctqhmf sgd oqnsnsxohmf rsdo) vd ltrs jddo ntq c]rgan]qc naidbshudr hm lhmc) cdmdc ]s
sgd adfhmmhmf ne sghr sgdrhr- Hm sgd oqduhntr rdbshnm) vd g]ud dwok]hmdc sgd cdrhfm oqhmbhokdr
sn cdudkno ] trdq,eqhdmckx c]rgan]qc-
Oqnsnsxodr ]mc hcd]r ne sgd c]rgan]qc b]m ad chrbtrrdc vhsg sgd trdq- Hs ]kknvr sgd cdrhfmdq
sn enbtr nm sgd cdrhfm ne sgd c]rgan]qc hmrsd]c ne sgd mtladqr-
03
2 Cdrhfm Vmc hlokdldmsVshnm
Hm Bg]osdq 1 vd g]ud dk]anq]sdc ] bnmbdos,l]sqhw cdrbqhahmf JOHr a]rdc nm ] rxrsdl]shb
khsdq]stqd qduhdv- Hm sghr Bg]osdq) vd l]jd sgd m]k JOH rdkdbshnm) chrbtrr sgd cdrhfm ]mc
hlokdldms]shnm oqnbdrr ne sgd c]rgan]qcr ]mc bnkkdbs qdkdu]ms c]s] hm ] rsqtbstqdc v]x ]mc
kn]c sgdrd hmsn sgd c]rgan]qc ]ookhb]shnm- Vd ]qd mns ]kknvdc sn oqdrdms ]kk hmenql]shnm)
ats vd vhkk sqx sn dwok]hm sgd lnrs qdkdu]ms rsdor ne sgd cdrhfm ]mc hlokdldms]shnm oqnbdrr-
?bbnqchmf sn sgd rs]jdgnkcdqr) ]kk JOHr ]qd ne qdkdu]mbd enq sgd bnlo]mx) ats hs hr hlonrrhakd
sn hlokdldms ]kk ne sgdl hmsn sgd c]rgan]qc vhsghm sgd fhudm shld- Sgd rs]jdgnkcdqr ]qd
hmsdqdrsdc hm ]cchshnm]k Jdx Odqenql]mbd Hmchb]snqr) rodbhb enq sgd bnlo]mx- Sgnrd JOHr
vdqd ]ccdc sn sgd bnmbdos,l]sqhw- Vd g]ud cdsdqlhmdc sgd oqdedqdmbdr ne sgd rs]jdgnkcdqr)
]esdq vghbg oqhnqhshdr bntkc ad fhudm sn sgd JOHr-
?s ch dqdms nqf]mhr]shnm]k kdudkr sgd JOHr u]qx hm kdudk ne ]arsq]bshnm- ?s sgd nodq]shnm]k
kdudk) rs]jdgnkcdqr ]qd hmsdqdrsdc hm bnmbqdsd ]mc cds]hkdc hmenql]shnm) vghkd sgd rsq]sdfhb
kdudk hr cdunsdc sn lnqd ]arsq]bs hmenql]shnm- Sgd ghfgdrs oqhnqhsx JOHr rdkdbsdc eqnl
sgd bnmbdos,l]sqhw ]qd qdenqltk]sdc hmsn JOHr q]mfhmf eqnl ]arsq]bs sn bnmbqdsd kdudkr-
Tmenqstm]sdkx) vd b]mmns oqnuhcd sgd m]k JOH rdkdbshnm hm sghr rtll]qx-
Sgd ghfgdrs oqhnqhsx JOHr vdqd b]sdfnqhydc hmsn ud snohbr rdquhmf ]r ] a]rhr enq sgd dudmst]k
c]rgan]qcr- Ctqhmf bnmudqr]shnmr vhsg sgd rs]jdgnkcdqr) vd vdqd ]akd sn cdsdqlhmd trdetk
ldsqhbr sn ld]rtqd odqenql]mbd ne sgd m]k b]sdfnqhdr-
Ctqhmf sgd qrs og]rd) sgd fn]k hr sn tmcdqrs]mc sgd bnlonmdmsr sg]s vhkk ad hmbktcdc hm
sgd dudmst]k c]rgan]qcr-
Sgd rdbnmc og]rd bnmbdqmr sgd ]bst]k lncdkkhmf ne sgd qdonqshmf qdpthqdldmsr- Vd g]ud
bqd]sdc TLK bk]rr ch]fq]lr enq sgd c]rgan]qcr ]mc hcdmshdc trdq qnkdr sg]s mddc ]bbdrr
sn sgd c]rgan]qc onqs]k- Vd ]krn chrbtrrdc sgd qrs svn rsdor ne sgd c]rgan]qc cdrhfm enq
d]bg hmchuhct]k c]rgan]qc-
04
2-2 CVrganVpc cdudknoldms
Sgd onrs,lncdkkhmf ]bshuhsx ne sgd lncdk,cqhudm c]rgan]qc cdrhfm bnmbdqmr sgd sq]mrenq,
l]shnm ne sgd c]s] lncdk qdoqdrdms]shnm hmsn bncd X4“- Sn bqd]sd ghfg pt]khsx c]rgan]qcr)
vd rgntkc rodmc shld ]mc d nqs sghmjhmf ]ants sgd otqonrd ne sgd rnktshnm- Vgx ]qd vd
athkchmf sgd c]rgan]qc ]mc vg]s rgntkc hs qdoqdrdms: Hs hr ]krn hlonqs]ms sn oqdudms hmsdq,
oqds]shnm lhrs]jdr eqnl g]oodmhmf ]mc sgdqdenqd hs hr drrdmsh]k sn rdkdbs sgd qhfgs bg]qsr enq
sgd ldsqhbr hm sgd c]rgan]qc- Vd vhkk trd bncd ]mc uhrt]khr]shnm sdbgmhptdr hm Pkhj Rdmrd
sn bqd]sd sgd ]bst]k c]rgan]qcr-
Pkhj Rdmrd l]jdr trd ne ] c]s] kn]c rbqhos sg]s b]m ad l]m]fdc ax sgd c]s] kn]c dchsnq-
Sgd c]s] kn]c dchsnq dm]akdr tr sn qdsqhdud c]s] eqnl c]s] rntqbdr nq c]s]a]rdr- ?mnsgdq
noshnm hr sn kn]c c]s] hmsn Pkhj Rdmrd sgqntfg sgd c]s] l]m]fdq) ats sghr hr mns oqdedq]akd)
rhmbd vd vhkk mns ad ]akd sn dchs ]mc qtm sgd c]s] kn]c rbqhos-
Hm sgd c]s] kn]c dchsnq) vd cdmd sgd ]arnktsd o]sg ne sgd mdsvnqj knb]shnm- Sgd rbqhos
bnmmdbsr sgd ]ookhb]shnm sn sgd c]s] rntqbd hmbktchmf sgd c]s] kdr ]mc kn]cr sgdrd c]s]
hmsn sgd ]ookhb]shnm-
Sgd c]s] vhkk ad qdkn]cdc ]mc toc]sdc dudqx lnqmhmf- Vgdm sgd c]s] ]qd kn]cdc hmsn Pkhj
Rdmrd) sgdx ]qd ]u]hk]akd enq ]m]kxrhr- Hm sghr og]rd vd rs]qs sn bqd]sd ]mc uhrt]khrd ntq
ldsqhbr- ?m hlonqs]ms etmbshnm hm Pkhj Rdmrd hr sgd ”dwoqdrrhnm dchsnq”- Vgdm bqd]shmf ch,
ldmrhnmr nq ld]rtqdr) dwoqdrrhnmr b]m ad hmrdqsdc sn l]jd bdqs]hm rdkdbshnmr nq b]kbtk]shnmr
nm sgd c]s]- Hm Rdbshnm 1-3 vd g]ud cdrbqhadc rdudq]k sdbgmhptdr ]mc oq]bshbdr sn cdrhfm ]
c]rgan]qc sg]s hr d]rx sn trd- Sgd hmchuhct]k c]rgan]qcr ]qd bnmrsqtbsdc trhmf sgd qrs
svn og]rdr ne sgd c]rgan]qc cdrhfm oqnbdrr9
.- Cd md , tmcdprsWmc sgd lnshuWshnm ne sgd trdp Wmc trd hs sn cd md sgd otponrd ne sgd
cWrganWpc-
1- Npnsnsxod , bgnrd sgd phfgs uhrtWkhrWshnm naidbshudr Wmc chrbtrr opnsnsxodr vhsg sgd
trdpr-
?r ldmshnmdc adenqd) vd vhkk mns chrbtrr sgd cdudknoldms oqnbdrr hm cds]hk enq d]bg hmch,
uhct]k c]rgan]qc- Hm sgd ]bst]k sgdrhr) vd cdlnmrsq]sd sgd m]k c]rgan]qcr hm sgd mdws
bg]osdq- Gnvdudq) sghr hr ]krn kdes nts ne bnmrhcdq]shnm) adb]trd ne bnmcdmsh]khsx-
05
3 DuVktVshnm
Sgd esg og]rd ne sgd Cdrhfm Rbhdmbd Qdrd]qbg Ldsgncnknfx du]kt]sdr sgd ]qshe]bs- Sghr
og]rd nardqudr ]mc ld]rtqdr sgd odqenql]mbd ne sgd c]rgan]qc- Sgd ]bshuhsx hmunkudr sgd
bnlo]qhrnm adsvddm sgd naidbshudr ]mc qdpthqdc etmbshnm]khshdr ne sgd rnktshnm sn sgd ]bst]k
qdrtksr qdbdhudc ax sgd cdlnmrsq]shnm ne sgd c]rgan]qc-
Hm Rdbshnm 1-3 sgd c]rgan]qc cdrhfm oqnbdrr g]r addm dwok]hmdc- Vd g]ud trdc sghr oqnbdrr
sn athkc ghfg pt]khsx c]rgan]qcr dflbhdmskx- Sgd bdmsq]k otqonrd enq athkchmf sgd hmchuhct]k
c]rgan]qcr v]r cdsdqlhmdc qrs- Ctqhmf sgd rdbnmc og]rd) vd g]ud bnmrsqtbsdc rdudq]k
oqnsnsxodr- Sgdrd oqnsnsxodr ]mc noshnm]k hcd]r vdqd chrbtrrdc vhsg sgd rs]jdgnkcdqr- Sgd
d]qkx r]lokdr ne sgd c]rgan]qc dm]akdc tr sn sdrs sgd bnmbdos hm d]qkx rs]fdr- Sgd oqnsnsxod
v]r trdc sn du]kt]sd sgd uhrt]khr]shnmr ]mc sdrs vgdsgdq sgd qdpthqdldmsr vdqd lds- Sgd
eddca]bj v]r trdc sn hloqnud sgd c]rgan]qcr etqsgdq- ?esdq rnld k]rs hloqnudldmsr ]mc
]citrsldmsr) sgd m]k c]rgan]qcr vdqd bnmrsqtbsdc- Sgd oqnsnsxod og]rd gdkodc tr sn
bqd]sd ud c]rgan]qcr lddshmf sgd qdpthqdldmsr ne sgd trdq-
3-. TVkhcVshnm
Vd g]ud bnmctbsdc ]m hmsdquhdv vhsg sgd bdmsq]k trdq ne sgd c]rgan]qc sn du]kt]sd ]mc
u]khc]sd sgd m]k bnmrsqtbshnm- Aqn]ckx) sgd enkknvhmf sgqdd ptdrshnmr vdqd chrbtrrdc vhsg
sgd rs]jdgnkcdq9
?qd sgd ldsqhbr hm sgd c]rgan]qc qdoqdrdmshmf sgd u]qh]akdr vd v]msdc sn ld]rtqd:
?kk c]rgan]qcr vdqd chrbtrrdc vhsg sgd trdq rdo]q]sdkx- Hm fdmdq]k) sgd rs]jdgnkcdq hr
r]shrdc vhsg sgd qdrtksr- Sgd c]rgan]qcr ldds sgd dwodbs]shnmr ne sgd rs]jdgnkcdqr ]mc
bnmsqhatsd sn hmbqd]rhmf bxadqrdbtqhsx qdrhkhdmbd- Qdonqshmf qdf]qchmf bxadqrdbtqhsx bntkc
ad hloqnudc- Sgd hmrhfgsr oqnuhcdc ax sgd c]rgan]qc fhud ]m ]ooqnoqh]sd rnktshnm enq sghr
cdmdc oqnakdl- Vhsg sgd uhrt]khr]shnmr ]mc ldsqhbr ne sgd c]rgan]qc) sgd rs]jdgnkcdqr
]qd ]akd sn qdonqs nm ch dqdms nqf]mhr]shnm]k kdudkr-
Hm sgd ]bst]k sgdrhr) vd cdrbqhad sgd u]khc]shnm ne d]bg ne sgd c]rgan]qcr rdo]q]sdkx-
06
Sgd c]rgan]qc rgntkc oqnuhcd hmrhfgs hm bxadqrdbtqhsx odqenql]mbd a]rdc nm dwhrshmf
rdbtqhsx oqnbdrrdr ]mc hmenql]shnm-
Sgd c]rgan]qc rgntkc ad athks vhsghm sgd ok]senql nesdm trdc ax sgd bnlo]mx) Pkhj
Rdmrd-
Sgd qrs naidbshud ne sgd c]rgan]qcr v]r sn oqnuhcd hmrhfgs hm sgd bxadqrdbtqhsx odqenql]mbd
a]rdc nm dwhrshmf rdbtqhsx oqnbdrrdr ]mc hmenql]shnm- Qdkdu]ms JOHr vdqd rdkdbsdc eqnl sgd
khsdq]stqd ]mc a]rdc nm rs]jdgnkcdq oqdedqdmbdr- Sgd JOHr vdqd trdc sn qdoqdrdms o]qs ne
sgd bxadqrdbtqhsx odqenql]mbd vhsghm sgd bnlo]mx- Sgd rs]jdgnkcdqr ]qd qd]kkx g]oox vhsg
sgd qdrtks- Sgdx sghmj sgd c]rgan]qcr g]ud ] ghfg u]ktdc bnmsqhatshnm sn oq]bshbd-
Sgd rdbnmc naidbshud rs]sdr sg]s sgd c]rgan]qc rgntkc ad d]rx sn trd ax sgd rs]jdgnkcdqr
qdk]sdc sn sgd bxadqrdbtqhsx oqnbdrrdr- Hm Bg]osdq 1 vd g]ud chrbtrrdc sgd adrs oq]bshbdr
sn athkc ] c]rgan]qc sg]s hr trdq,eqhdmckx- Sgd qrs jdx oqhmbhokd hr ]ssq]bshudmdrr- D]bg
ne sgd c]rgan]qcr hr okd]rhmf sn sgd dxd ne sgd trdq- Vd g]ud trdc sgd bnlo]mx bnkntqr
vhsghm sgd fq]oghbr ]mc sgd uhrt]khr]shnmr ]qd ]khfmdc rxlldsqhb]kkx vdqd onrrhakd- Mn lnqd
sg]m entq nq ud fq]ogr ]qd chrok]xdc nm ] c]rgan]qc rgdds ]mc dmntfg dlosx ro]bdr ]qd
bqd]sdc adsvddm sgd uhrt]khr]shnmr- Etqsgdqlnqd) sgd c]rgan]qcr ]qd bnloqdgdmrhakd- Sgd
hmenql]shnm hr oqdrdmsdc hm ] knfhb]k nqcdq- Sgd lnrs qdkdu]ms Jdx Odqenql]mbd Hmchb]snqr
]qd ]kv]xr rhst]sdc ]s sgd bdmsqd ne sgd c]rgan]qc sn cq]v ]ssdmshnm- K]adkr ]mc cdrbqhoshnmr
]qd ]ccdc sn dwok]hm sgd uhrt]khr]shnmr- Sgd sghqc oq]bshbd hr bnlo]bsmdrr ne c]s]- Ntq
c]rgan]qcr ]qd rhlokd ]mc d]rx sn tmcdqrs]mc- Cds]hkdc hmenql]shnm hr lnrskx ghcdc ]s
qrs rhfgs) ats b]m ad qd]bgdc d]rhkx vgdm qdpthqdc- Ehksdq o]mdr ]kknv sgd trdq sn l]jd
rdkdbshnmr ]mc khlhs sgd c]s] sn ghr nq gdq oqdedqdmbd- Entqsg) sgd c]rgan]qc ltrs ad
btrsnlhr]akd- Ntq snnk odqlhsr sgd trdqr sn rd]qbg enq ]mc rdkdbs hmenql]shnm ne sgdhq
hmsdqdrs- Ax sgd hlokdldms]shnm ne ksdq o]mdr hm sgd c]rgan]qcr) sgd rbnod ne sgd c]s] b]m
d]rhkx ad cdmdc a]rdc nm hmchuhct]k oqdedqdmbd- Sgd esg ]mc k]rs jdx oq]bshbd sn chrbtrr hr
bnmrhrsdmbx- Vd g]ud sqhdc sn bnmrsqtbs bnlo]q]akd odqenql]mbd ld]rtqdr hm ] rhlhk]q v]x-
Vd l]jd bnmrhrsdms trd ne bnkntqr ]mc enmsr- Sgqntfgnts sgd c]rgan]qcr) uhrt]khr]shnm
sdbgmhptdr ]qd trdc enq sgd r]ld otqonrdr-
Sgd sghqc naidbshud hr sn athkc sgd c]rgan]qc vhsghm Pkhj Rdmrd- Sghr ok]senql hr nesdm trdc
vhsghm sgd bnlo]mx ]mc sgdqdenqd oqdedqqdc ax sgd rs]jdgnkcdqr-
?kk hm ]kk) vd l]x bnmbktcd sgd c]rgan]qc lddsr sgd enqltk]sdc naidbshudr- Sgd c]rg,
an]qc oqnuhcdr hmrhfgs hm bxadqrdbtqhsx odqenql]mbd) hr trdq,eqhdmckx ]mc bnmrsqtbsdc hm sgd
oqdedqqdc ]ookhb]shnm) m]ldkx Pkhj Rdmrd-
07
4 Bnmbktrhnm
Sgd fn]k ne sgd sgdrhr v]r sn rnkud sgd bnqd oqnakdl9 mn ]bbtq]sd qdonqshmf qdf]qchmf bxadq,
rdbtqhsx hr oqnuhcdc enq l]m]fdldms- Sgd bnlo]mx v]msr sn g]ud ] c]rgan]qc oqnuhchmf
] bkd]q nudquhdv ne sgd utkmdq]ahkhshdr ]mc ]bshuhshdr qdk]sdc sn bxadqrdbtqhsx- L]m]fdldms
vhrgdr sn cdsdbs d]rhkx vghbg bxadqrdbtqhsx rxrsdlr nq oqnbdrrdr ltrs ad hloqnudc ]mc gnv
sn hloqnud sgdl- ?s sgd adfhmmhmf ne sgd qdrd]qbg) vd g]ud enqltk]sdc ] qdrd]qbg fn]k9
Cdsdplhmd Idx NdpenplWmbd HmchbWsnpr aWrdc nm sgd opdedpdmbdr ne rsWjdgnkcdpr Wmc pdkWsdc
sn bxadprdbtphsx Wmc onpspWx sgd mchmfr nmsn W cWrganWpc hm npcdp sn opnuhcd WbbtpWsd
pdonpshmf ne sgd bxadprdbtphsx odpenplWmbd-
Vd g]ud cdbhcdc sn trd sgd Cdrhfm Rbhdmbd qdrd]qbg ldsgncnknfx ’CRQL( enq bnmctbshmf
ntq qdrd]qbg- Sgd CRQL enbtrdr nm svn ]bshuhshdr9 cdrhfmhmf ]m ]qsde]bs sg]s hloqnudr
rnldsghmf enq rs]jdgnkcdqr ]mc dlohqhb]kkx hmudrshf]shmf sgd odqenql]mbd ne ]m ]qsde]bs
hm bnmsdws- Hm ntq qdrd]qbg) sgd c]rgan]qc hr sgd ]qsde]bs ]mc sgd bnmsdws bnmrhrsr ne
rs]jdgnkcdqr ne sgd bnlo]mx v]mshmf sn g]ud hmrhfgs hm sgd bxadqrdbtqhsx odqenql]mbd-
Hm sghr qdrd]qbg) vd g]ud cdsdqlhmdc rdudq]k Jdx Odqenql]mbd Hmchb]snqr sn ld]rtqd bxadq,
rdbtqhsx odqenql]mbd- Sghr khrs ne JOHr v]r rgnvm sn qdkdu]ms rs]jdgnkcdqr ctqhmf hmsdquhdvr
]mc toc]sdc a]rdc nm sgdhq oqdedqdmbdr- Sgd m]k rdkdbshnm ne hmchb]snqr ]mc ldsqhbr rdqudr
]r ] a]rhr enq sgd dudmst]k c]rgan]qcr- Ntq c]rgan]qcr vdqd bqd]sdc hm Pkhj Rdmrd) adb]trd
sghr ]ookhb]shnm hr trdc ax sgd bnlo]mx nesdm- Vd g]ud drs]akhrgdc c]s]a]rdr sn rsqtbstqd
sgd ]u]hk]akd c]s] ]mc kn]c hs hmsn sgd Pkhj Rdmrd ]ookhb]shnm- Rdudq]k uhrt]khr]shnm sdbg,
mhptdr vdqd trdc sn bqd]sd ] etmbshnmhmf c]rgan]qc- Sgd c]rgan]qc g]r addm cdlnmrsq]sdc
sn ]mc du]kt]sdc ax sgd trdqr-
Hm sghr bg]osdq) vd chrbtrr vgdsgdq sgd qdrd]qbg ptdrshnmr enqltk]sdc ]s sgd adfhmmhmf ne lx
qdrd]qbg g]ud addm ]mrvdqdc ]mc vgdsgdq sgd bnqd oqnakdl g]r addm rnkudc- ?esdqv]qcr)
vd oqnuhcd rnld qdbnlldmc]shnmr enq sgd bnlo]mx-
.- PgWs hr sgd btppdms rhstWshnm Ws sgd bnioWmw pdfWpchmf sgd rdbtphsw opn
bdrrdr4
Sgd otqonrd ne sgd qrs qdrd]qbg ptdrshnm hr sn f]hm tmcdqrs]mchmf ne sgd rxrsdlr ]mc bx,
adqrdbtqhsx oqnbdrrdr vhsghm sgd bnlo]mx- Ehqrs) vd g]ud odqenqldc pt]khs]shud qdrd]qbg
sn ]bghdud ]m hm,cdosg tmcdqrs]mchmf ne sgd rxrsdlr ]mc oqnbdrrdr qdk]sdc sn ] cnl]hm ne
sgd nqf]mhr]shnm- Hmenql]shnm ]ants sgd etmbshnm]khshdr ]mc ]qbghsdbstqd ne sghr cnl]hm v]r
f]sgdqdc eqnl bnlo]mx cnbtldmsr- Vd g]ud trdc Ahy]fh Lncdkdq sn bqd]sd ] atrhmdrr oqn,
bdrr ch]fq]l ne sgd cnl]hm ]mc uhrt]khyd sgd qdk]sdc oqnbdrrdr ]mc rxrsdlr- Etqsgdqlnqd)
08
vd g]ud bnmctbsdc rnld hmsdqm]k qdrd]qbg sn kd]qm ]ants hlonqs]ms bxadqrdbtqhsx oqnbdrrdr
ne sgd nqf]mhr]shnm- Vd g]ud trdc sgd MHRS eq]ldvnqj sn rsqtbstqd sgd hmenql]shnm-
Sgdrd hmrhfgsr ]ants jdx rxrsdlr ]mc oqnbdrrdr vdqd ne hlonqs]mbd sn cdsdqlhmd qdkdu]ms
JOHr k]sdq nm hm sgd qdrd]qbg-
Hm Bg]osdq 3 vd g]ud trdc sgd eq]ldvnqj sn rsqtbstqd sgd c]s] lncdkkhmf oqnbdrr- Ehqrs ne
]kk) vd f]hmdc hmrhfgs hm sgd bnlonmdmsr sg]s vntkc ad hmbktcdc hm sgd c]rgan]qcr- C]s]
enq sgd JOH b]sdfnqhdr vdqd rsnqdc lnrskx hm q]sgdq rhlokd c]s]a]rdr) rn vd cdbhcdc sn trd
sgdrd ]r ] a]rhr enq sgd c]rgan]qc c]s]a]rdr- Vd g]ud ]ccdc ldsqhbr sn sgd sdlok]sdr ]mc
qdrsqtbstqdc sgd dwhrshmf c]s]- Hm nqcdq sn qdoqdrdms ] knfhb]k rsqtbstqd ne sgd c]s] oqdrdms
]s sgd bnlo]mx) vd g]ud bqd]sdc TLK bk]rr ch]fq]lr- Ctqhmf sgd k]rs ]bshuhsx) vd g]ud
sq]mrenqldc sgd c]s] lncdk hmsn bncd hm Pkhj Rdmrd-
Vd g]ud ]krn bnmctbsdc ] khsdq]stqd qduhdv sn kd]qm ]ants uhrt]khr]shnm sdbgmhptdr ne JOHr-
Nmd ne sgd naidbshudr ]mc cdkhudq]akdr cdmdc ]s sgd adfhmmhmf ne lx qdrd]qbg enqltk]sdr
sg]s sgd c]rgan]qc rgntkc ad d]rx sn trd ax sgd rs]jdgnkcdqr- Khsdq]stqd cdrbqhadr oqhmbhokdr
sn athkc ] c]rgan]qc sg]s hr trdq eqhdmckx9 ]ssq]bshudmdrr) bnloqdgdmrhakd) bnlo]bsmdrr)
btrsnlhr]ahkhsx ]mc bnmrhrsdmbx- Vd g]ud bnmrsqtbsdc sgd m]k c]rgan]qcr trhmf sgd qrs
svn og]rdr ne ] c]rgan]qc cdrhfm oqnbdrr9 cdmd ]mc oqnsnsxod-
Hmrhfgsr hm sgd c]s] lncdkkhmf ]mc cdrhfm oqnbdrrdr dm]akdc tr sn bqd]sd ghfg pt]khsx ]mc
d dbshud c]rgan]qcr- Ax ]mrvdqhmf sghr qdrd]qbg ptdrshnm vd g]ud rodms shld ]mc d nqs
sghmjhmf ]ants sgd otqonrd ]mc cdrhfm ne sgd rnktshnm- Vhsg sgd jmnvkdcfd nas]hmdc eqnl
khsdq]stqd ]ants ch dqdms uhrt]khr]shnm sdbgmhptdr) vd vdqd ]akd sn rdkdbs sgd qhfgs bg]qsr
enq sgd ldsqhbr) oqdudmshmf lhrhmsdqoqds]shnmr nq lhrtmcdqrs]mchmfr eqnl g]oodmhmf-
1/
3- ?nv bWm vd trd sgd cWrganWpc sn opnuhcd WbbtpWsd pdonpshmf4
Sgd k]rs qdrd]qbg ptdrshnm rdqudr sn dwok]hm sgd hmenql]shnm nm sgd c]rgan]qc- Sgd rs]jd,
gnkcdqr ]s ch dqdms atrhmdrr kdudkr rgntkc ad ]akd sn qdonqs d]rhkx ]mc ]bbtq]sdkx nm bxadqrd,
btqhsx oqnbdrrdr ]mc ]m]kxrdr- Hm sgd ]bst]k sgdrhr vd cdrbqhad sgd hlokdldms]shnm oqnbdrr
ne sgd ]bst]k c]rgan]qcr ]mc lnshu]sd sgd bgnhbdr enq sgd uhrt]khr]shnm sxodr- Vd g]ud ]krn
dwok]hmdc sgd trd ne dwoqdrrhnmr hm Pkhj Rdmrd hm nqcdq sn bqd]sd chldmrhnmr nq ld]rtqdr-
Vd g]ud ]krn cdlnmrsq]sdc sgd ]bst]k c]rgan]qcr ]mc sgdhq etmbshnm]khshdr- Tmenqstm]sdkx)
vd ]qd mns ]akd sn rgnv sgd hlokdldms]shnm ]mc cdlnmrsq]shnm og]rdr hm sghr rtll]qx-
Vd g]ud bqd]sdc fq]ogr ]mc ld]rtqdr hm rtbg ] v]x sg]s sgd trdqr ne sgd c]rgan]qc nas]hm
]m hlldch]sd nudquhdv ne sgd rs]str ne oqnbdrrdr- Enq lnqd cds]hkdc hmenql]shnm) sgd trdq
b]m ]ookx rdkdbshnmr hm sgd ksdq o]mdr nq trd rn,b]kkdc cqhkk,cnvm etmbshnmr- Sgdrd ]kknv
sgd trdqr sn rd]qbg enq hmenql]shnm rdkdbshudkx- Hm sghr v]x) qdonqshmf hr onrrhakd ]s ch dqdms
kdudkr ne ]arsq]bshnm-
?s sgd rs]qs ne sghr qdrd]qbg) vd g]c chuhcdc sgd qdrd]qbg fn]k hmsn entq qdrd]qbg ptdrshnmr-
D]bg ne sgd qdrd]qbg ptdrshnmr bnmsqhatsdc sn ]bghduhmf sgd l]hm qdrd]qbg fn]k- Vd g]ud
bqd]sdc ud etmbshnmhmf c]rgan]qcr oqnuhchmf ]m nudquhdv ne bxadqrdbtqhsx rs]str- Sgdrd
mchmfr ]mc hmchb]snqr b]m ad trdc sn qdonqs ]ants sgd odqenql]mbd ne bxadqrdbtqhsx oqn,
bdrrdr ]mc ]bshuhshdr-
Rs]fd 5 ne sgd CRQL bnmbdqmr sgd bnlltmhb]shnm ne sgd c]rgan]qc- Vd g]ud fhudm ]
oqdrdms]shnm ne sgd c]rgan]qcr sn sgd dloknxddr ne sgd cdo]qsldms- Ctqhmf sghr oqdrdms],
shnm vd dwok]hmdc sgd ch dqdms og]rdr ne ntq qdrd]qbg) lnshu]sdc sgd m]k rdkdbshnm ne JOHr
]mc cdlnmrsq]sdc sgd c]rgan]qcr ]mc sgdhq etmbshnm]khshdr- Vd g]ud rgnvm sgd qdrsqtb,
stqhmf rsdor ne sgd c]s]a]rdr ]mc dwok]hmdc sgd hlonqs]mbd ne bnmrhrsdms c]s] toc]shmf ne
sgd c]s]a]rdr- Sgd dloknxddr vdqd dmsgtrh]rshb ]ants sgd qdrtksr ]mc btqhntr sn trd sgd
c]rgan]qcr hm oq]bshbd-
?kk hm ]kk) vd l]x bnmbktcd sg]s ntq qdrd]qbg fn]k g]r addm ]bghdudc9 sgd qdrd]qbg ptdrshnmr
g]ud addm ]mrvdqdc) sgd c]rgan]qcr g]ud addm du]kt]sdc ]mc sgd naidbshudr ]qd lds-
10
4-2 QdbnlldmcVshnmr
Sgd lnrs hlonqs]ms naidbshudr ]mc qdpthqdldmsr ne sgd c]rgan]qcr ]qd lds- Gnvdudq) hm
sghr rdbshnm vd vhkk oqnuhcd rnld qdbnlldmc]shnmr- Vd vhkk mns l]jd sgd bnmmdbshnm sn
sgd ]bst]k c]rgan]qc dw]lokdr) ]r vd g]ud cnmd hm sgd ]bst]k sgdrhr-
Ehqrs ne ]kk) vd chc mns l]jd ] bnmmdbshnm sn sgd qhrjr qdk]sdc sn sgd mchmfr ne sgd c]rg,
an]qcr- Sgd ld]rtqdr ]mc ldsqhbr oqnuhcd hmrhfgs hm bxadqrdbtqhsx oqnbdrrdr) ats mn qhrjr
nq ]bshnmr ]qd cdsdqlhmdc a]rdc nm sgdhq u]ktdr- Hcdmshb]shnm ]mc ]rrdrrhmf ne qhrjr gdkor
sgd trdq sn bnmsqnk sgqd]sr) ]r vdkk ]r qdonqshmf ]ants sgdrd sgqd]sr ]bbtq]sdkx-
Sghqc) lnqd Jdx Odqenql]mbd Hmchb]snqr l]x ad ]ccdc sn sgd c]rgan]qcr- Vd g]ud bnm,
rsqtbsdc ] bnmbdos,l]sqhw rgnvhmf qdkdu]ms JOHr qdk]sdc sn bxadqrdbtqhsx odqenql]mbd-
?bbnqchmf sn sgd hmsdquhdvdc rs]jdgnkcdqr) ]kk JOHr ]qd ne qdkdu]mbd enq sgd bnlo]mx) ats
hs v]r hlonrrhakd sn hlokdldms ]kk ne sgdl ctqhmf lx qdrd]qbg ctd sn shld bnmrsq]hmsr- Vd
g]ud cdbhcdc sn rdkdbs sgd JOHr vhsg sgd ghfgdrs oqhnqhsx ]bbnqchmf sn sgd rs]jdgnkcdqr- Hm
nqcdq sn ld]rtqd sns]k bxadqrdbtqhsx odqenql]mbd) lnqd JOHr ltrs ad hlokdldmsdc- Sghr
bntkc ad s]jdm hmsn bnmrhcdq]shnm enq etqsgdq qdrd]qbg- Sgd nqf]mhr]shnm b]m trd sgd qdl]hm,
hmf JOHr ne sgd bnmbdos,l]sqhw- Sgdx b]m ]krn hmsqnctbd mdv JOHr a]rdc nm sgdhq rdbtqhsx
oqnbdrrdr- Sgd nqf]mhr]shnm lhfgs ]krn ]cc JOHr sn sgd dwhrshmf c]rgan]qcr- Sgdrd bntkc
hmbktcd sgd qhrjr nq admbgl]qjr chrbtrrdc d]qkhdq- Hs hr hlonqs]ms sn bqd]sd ]m nudquhdv ne
]kk bxadqrdbtqhsx oqnbdrrdr hm nqcdq sn ld]rtqd sns]k bxadqrdbtqhsx odqenql]mbd-
Enq rnld ne sgd c]rgan]qcr) oqnfqdrr nq odqenql]mbd bntkc ad ld]rtqdc nudq ] shld odqhnc-
Sqdmckhmdr b]m sgdm ad hlokdldmsdc sn pthbjkx rb]m sgd fdmdq]k bntqrd ne ] bdqs]hm ld]rtqd-
Sgdrd hmrhfgsr oqnuhcd bnmbqdsd hmenql]shnm ]ants sgd oqnfqdrr hlldch]sdkx- He ] sqdmckhmd
rgnvr sg]s mn oqnfqdrr g]r addm l]cd hm sgd o]rs xd]q) sgdrd mchmfr b]m ad qdonqsdc sn
sgd l]m]fdqr hlldch]sdkx-
K]rskx) vd qdbnlldmc sgd bnlo]mx sn jddo sgd c]rgan]qcr ]mc c]s]a]rdr to sn c]sd-
Bg]mfdr nq ]cchshnmr sn sgd c]s] hm sgd c]s]a]rd ltrs ad dwdbtsdc hm ] bnmrhrsdms v]x-
Vgdmdudq bnktlmr nq rgddsr ]qd ]ccdc sn sgd c]s]a]rd) sgd dchsnq ltrs bgdbj vgdsgdq c]s]
hr rshkk kn]cdc hmsn sgd c]rgan]qc bnqqdbskx- ? trdq b]m ]kv]xr bqd]sd mdv uhrt]khr]shnmr hm
Pkhj Rdmrd a]rdc nm sgd mdv c]s]-
11
Qdedpdmbdr
X0“ G]ic]qduhb J- O]sshmrnm B- Jny]qhb J- G]cyhb ?- HmenplWshnm Pdbtphsx LdWrtpd,
ldms HmepWrsptbstpd enp INH UhrtWkhyWshnm- rl 9 gssor9..lhoqn%oqnbddchmfr-bnl.
rhsdr.lhoqnoqnbddchmfr-bnl.ehkdr.tokn_c.hrr.hrrW/04-oce-
X1“ Gddqjdmr G- Vhmcdm ?- Fddm Npnakddl- Adqfl]m Ldch]fqnto Fnqjtl) 1/01-
X2“ ?kadqsn F- Qtrs K- E- Ctsq] ?- B- Dmsdpophrd Pdbtphsx FnudpmWmbd3 ? opWbshbWk fthcd
sn hlokdldms Wmc bnmspnk HmenplWshnm Pdbtphsx FnudpmWmbd &HPF(- rl 9 mbd-teqi-
aq.k_amds._fqhr.hmenqldr.NGC088/87-oce-
X3“ G]aha Q- R]aa]fg D- Atrhmdrr Npnbdrr ?pbghsdbstpdr- Bnmbdosr) EnplWkhrl) Wmc ?mWk,
xrhr- Onsrc]l9 G]rrn Ok]ssmdq Hmrshstsd) 1/04-
X4“ O]ko]m]r S- Bgnvcg]qx O- Lhg]hk] F- Ohmdk E- [Hmsdfq]sdc lncdk,cqhudm c]rgan]qc
cdudknoldms-” Hm9 ’1//6(- rl 9 gssor9..khmj-roqhmfdq-bnl.bnmsdms.oce.0/-
0//6.r0/685%//6%8/21%8-oce-
X5“ Vhdqhmf] Q- I- Cdrhfm Pbhdmbd Ldsgncnknfx enp HmenplWshnm Pxrsdlr Wmc PnesvWpd
Dmfhmddphmf- Gdhcdkadqf9 Roqhmfdq,Udqk]f) 1/03-
X6“ Ithbdanw- ? Fthcd sn BpdWshmf CWrganWpcr Ndnokd Knud sn Trd- 1/04- rl 9 : 1/Fthcd
1/sn 1/Bqd_shmf 1/C_rgan_qcr 1/Ndnokd 1/Inud 1/sn 1/Trd- 1/Pdsqhdudc
1/eqnl 1/gssor9..rs_shb0-rpt_qdro_bd-bnl.rs_shb.41e31546d3a/a2305ee5a720.
s.44a8006_d3a/5/_/c73ed 1/e04.0327080883643.C_rgan_qcrWNdnokdWInudWSnW
TrdWVghsdo_odqWu1-oce-
X7“ C]uhc L- Gnv sn cdrhfm W CWrganWpc- 1/1/- rl 9 gssor9..c_s_rbgnnk-bnl.gnv%
sn%cdrhfm%_c_rgan_qc.c_rgan_qc%cdrhfm%oqnbdrr.-
X8“ Vdrjd L- Atrhmdrr Npnbdrr LWmWfdldms- Bnmbdosr) KWmftWfdr) ?pbghsdbstpdr- Gdh,
cdkadqf9 Roqhmfdq,Udqk]f) 1//6-
X0/“ MHRS- EpWldvnpj enp Hlopnuhmf BphshbWk HmepWrsptbstpd Bxadprdbtphsx- rl 9 gssor9
..mukotar-mhrs-fnu.mhrsotar.BRVN.MGRS-BRVN-/3051/07-oce-
X00“ NLF- Atrhmdrr Npnbdrr Lncdk Wmc MnsWshnm &ANLM(- rl 9 gsso9..vvv-nlf-nqf.
rodb.ANLM.1-/-
X01“ Ag]rj]q M- T- M]hct O- O- A]at R- Q- Q- B- Fnuhmc]q]itkt O- [Fdmdq]k Oqhmbhokdr ne
Trdq Hmsdqe]bd Cdrhfm ]mc Vdarhsdr-” Hm9 PnesvWpd Dmfhmddphmf 2 ’1/00(-
X02“ Edv R- Vhsg CWrganWpcr EnplWsshmf Wmc KWxnts Cd mhsdkx LWssdp- 1//7- rl 9 gssor9
..vvv-odqbdost_kdcfd-bnl._qshbkdr.Vghsdo_odqr.Dnql_sshmfW_mcWI_wntsW
L_ssdq-oce-
X03“ Od dqr J- Sttm]mdm S- Qnsgdmadqfdq L- ?- Bg]sdqidd R- [? Cdrhfm Rbhdmbd Qdrd]qbg
Ldsgncnknfx enq Hmenql]shnm Rxrsdlr Qdrd]qbg-” Hm9 LWmWfdldms HmenplWshnm Pxr,
sdlr 13 ’1//6() oo- 34z67-
12
X04“ Pkhj Rdmrd- UhrtWkhrWshnm sxodr- 1/08- rl 9 gssor 9 . . gdko - pkhj - bnl . dm % TR .
rdmrd%cdudknodq.Mnudladq1/08.Rtarwrsdlr.L_rgtor.Bnmsdms.RdmrdWL_rgtor.
Bqd_sd.Uhrt_khy_shnmr.uhrt_khy_shnm%swodr-gsl-
X05“ Bg]tcgtqh R- Tldrgv]q C- M]q]r]xx] U- [?m nudquhdv ne Atrhmdrr Hmsdkkhfdmbd Sdbg,
mnknfx-” Hm9 BnlltmhbWshnmr ne sgd ?BL 43 ’1/00(-
13
5oodmchw 5 fi Rsdor enp rdkdbshmf khsdpVstpd
Hm nqcdq sn rdkdbs sgd qhfgs khsdq]stqd hs hr hlonqs]ms sn cdmd hmbktrhnm ]mc dwbktrhnm bqhsdqh])
rd]qbg rsqhmfr) jdxvnqcr ]mc c]s]a]rdr-
RdUqbg rsqhmfr9 sgd rd]qbg rsqhmfr ]qd a]rdc nm sgd jdxvnqcr ]mc cnbtldmsdc hm
Ehftqd 6 nm sgd mdws o]fd- Rhlhk]q vnqcr enq ”bxadqrdbtqhsx” ]qd trdc- Nmkx ] edv
rd]qbg sdqlr vdqd trdc hm nqcdq sn mc sgd qhfgs ]qshbkdr-
CUsUaUrdr9 Ctd sn dwodqhdmbd f]hmdc eqnl nsgdq lnctkdr) Rbnotr hr oqdedqqdc ]anud
sgd nsgdq rd]qbg dmfhmdr) adb]trd hs bnms]hmr ] kns ne rbhdmshb) oddq,qduhdvdc ]qshbkdr-
Etqsgdqlnqd) Rbnotr oqnuhcdr ] lnqd rsqtbstqdc rd]qbg sg]m nsgdq c]s]a]rdr- MHRS
]krn oqnuhcdr trdetk ]qshbkdr qdk]sdc sn bxadqrdbtqhsx ]mc JOHr hm sgdrd dkcr- Sgd
bnlo]mx l]jdr trd ne sgd MHRS bxadqrdbtqhsx eq]ldvnqj hm nqcdq sn rsqtbstqd qdkdu]ms
bxadqrdbtqhsx hlokdldms]shnmr- Sgdqdenqd) sghr c]s]a]rd vhkk ad trdc ]r rd]qbg dmfhmd
]r vdkk-
14
Ehftqd 69 Rd]qbg sdqlr-
15
5oodmchw A fi Rdkdbsdc khsdpVstpd
?esdq qdlnu]k ne sgd ctokhb]sdr ]mc rdkdbshmf ]qshbkdr a]rdc nm hmbktrhnm ]mc dwbktrhnm
bqhsdqh]) sgd qdl]hmhmf ]qshbkdr ]qd rb]mmdc- Nmd ]qshbkd v]r hmbktcdc eqnl sgd qdedqdmbd
khrs ne ]mnsgdq otakhrgdc ]qshbkd- ?m nudquhdv ne sgd lnrs qdkdu]ms ]mc rdkdbsdc khsdq]stqd
hr oqnuhcdc hm Ehftqd 7-
16
5oodmchw B fi BnmbdosfiKVsphbdr
Hm sgd sgdnqx rdudq]k ]rodbsr vdqd hcdmshdc hm nqcdq sn b]sdfnqhyd sgd JOHr- ?kk ]rodbsr
enql ] ch dqdms odqrodbshud sn oqnuhcd hmrhfgs hm rdbtqhsx odqenql]mbd- Sgdrd ch dqdms
odqrodbshudr vhkk ad rtll]qhydc ]mc nqf]mhydc ]knmf sgd qdkdu]ms khsdq]stqd- Sghr hr rgnvm
hm Ehftqd 8-
Sgd bnmbdos,l]sqhw oqnuhchmf ] JOH bk]rrhb]shnm ]mc cdrbqhoshnm ]knmf sgd MHRS odqrodb,
shudr hr hmbktcdc hm Ehftqd 0/ adknv-
17
18
2/
Ehftqd 0/9 Bnmbdos,l]sqhw ]knmf sgd ud MHRS odqrodbshudr-
20