M2 Bac7

IMMACULADA CONCEPCION COLLEGE
of Soldier’s Hills Caloocan City, Inc.

Soldier's Hills III Subd., Brgy 180, Tala, North Caloocan City
Tel. nos: 709-42-25/935-99-86/373-15-12 ; icc_caloocan@yahoo.com.ph
(COMPONENTS OF RESEARCH)
CHAPTER 2
REVIEW OF RELATED
LITERATURE AND STUDIES
Prepared by:
Ms. Mary Joy Amaro

Instructor
Federation of Associations of Private Schools and Administrators (FAPSA) Caloocan Association of Private Schools (CAPRIS) National Capital Region School Registrars Association (NACSRA) Philippine Association
for Teacher Education (PAFTE) Inter-School Athletic and Academic League (ISAAL) Asian Association of School Human Resource Management and Development Practitioners, Inc. (AASHPI) North Private School
Association of Caloocan (NPSAC)Private Education Assistance Committee (PEAC)
I. Introduction
In the first chapter of the book, you will find several views on the nature and scope of business research. Since a study
in business administration derives its relevance from its application to real-life situations, it typically falls in the grey area
between applied research and basic research. The focus of applied research is on finding solutions to problems, and on
improving (y)our understanding of existing theories of management.
Applied research that makes use of existing theories, often leads to amendments or refinements of these theories. That
is, the applied research feeds back to basic research. In the early stages of your research, you will feel like you are running
around in circles. You start with an idea for a research topic. Then, after reading literature on the topic, you will revise or
refine your idea.
The purpose of Chapter 2 is to provide the reader with a comprehensive review of the literature related to the problem
under investigation. The review of related literature should greatly expand upon the introduction and background
information presented in Chapter 1.
II. Table of Content
 Chapter 2 – Review of Related Literature and Studies (RRLS)

 SYNTHESIS
 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
III. Pre-Test
Create a poster showing how research is important and may change business satisfaction positively or negatively.20 Points
IV. Objectives
● Recognize the different parts of the Chapter 2 of research;
● Formulate a reliable resource for theoretical and conceptual framework;
● Follow the flow given for constructing theoretical and conceptual framework.
V. Lecture notes and lesson content
COMPONENTS OF RESEARCH
a. CHAPTER 2 – REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES
This chapter provides an overview of previous research on knowledge sharing and intranets. It introduces the
framework for the case study that comprises the main focus of the research described in this thesis.
It is important to set the context of the literature review work by first providing:
 An explanation of its specific purpose for this particular case study;
 Comments on the previous treatment of the broad topic of knowledge sharing, and the role of intranets in such
activity;
 An indication of scope of the work presented in this chapter.
 Start with stating the most important theories supporting your study. You may write them in Chronological
order. Use the theories to emphasize the gap.
Sample of RRLS Introduction
This chapter shows the local and foreign studies and related literature to gain an understanding of the existing research
and debates relevant to this study. This part strengthens the study’s claim and serves as basis to support this research.
Tips on writing the literature review chapter
1. Criticize the theories
A literature review is not just a collection of previous studies or writing a brief history of them. You need to critic the theories
and states made by other researchers. You can also use them in a way that shows the gap.
2. Support the gap
In conclusion chapter (chapter 5), some researchers propose some topics as further researches needed. Look for the gap of your
study in this part and if there is one do not forget to mention it.
3. Emphasize the importance of the study
Everything you write in chapter two of the thesis (dissertation), should emphasize the existence of the gap as well as the
importance of your study. Try to raise the research questions in the readers’ minds so that your research questions become theirs.
4. Write about everything
Do not forget to write on every component of your research especially the variables. Read the papers which are related to your
thesis and write other researchers’ ideas about them. Then write your own idea (you can criticize them as it was said).
b. SYNTHESIS
It is the process of integrating support from more than one source for one idea/argument while also identifying how sources are
related to each other and to your main idea. It is an acknowledgment of how the source material from several sources address the same
question/research topic.
It is the identification of how important factors (assumptions, interpretations of results, theories, hypothesis, speculations, etc.)
relate between separate sources.
Types of Synthesis
Synthesis may be form in different way:
1. Similarity -> Demonstrates how two or more sources agree with one another.
Example:
The collaborative nature of writing tutorials has been discussed by scholars like Andrea Lunsford (1991) and Stephen North
(1984). In these essays, they explore the usefulness and the complexities of collaboration between tutors and students in writing center
contexts.
2. Contrast -> Demonstrates how two or more sources support a main point in different ways.
Example:
While some scholars like Berlin (1987) have primarily placed their focus on the histories of large, famous universities, other
scholars like Yahner and Murdick (1991) have found value in connecting their local histories to contrast or highlight trends found in
bigger-name universities.
3. Accumulation -> Demonstrates how one source builds on the idea of another.
Example:
Although North’s (1984) essay is fundamental to many writing centers today, Lunsford (1991) takes his ideas a step further by
identifying different writing center models and also expanding North’s ideas on how writing centers can help students become better
writers.
4. Causation -> Demonstrates how one source discusses the effects of another source’s ideas.
Example:
While Healy (2001) notes the concerns of having primarily email appointments in writing centers, he also notes that
constraints like funding, resources, and time affect how online resources are formed. For writing centers, email is the most economical
and practical option for those wanting to offer online services but cannot dedicate the time or money to other online tutoring methods.
As a result, in Neaderheiser and Wolfe’s (2009) reveals that of all the online options available in higher education, over 91% of
institutions utilize online tutoring through email, meaning these constraints significantly affect the types of services writing centers
offer.
c. Theoretical Framework
Definition
Theoretical Framework is a collection of theories or interrelated concepts. It comprises
concepts and their definitions, as well as, a reference to existing theory and scholarly
literature that will be used in a particular study. It gives the reader a sense of the overall
structure of a research paper. It explains the subject matter and approaches to solving a
research problem.
You may arrange the theoretical framework according to this flow:
a. Refer to your research questions to create sections that deal with each question
separately.
b. Arrange by theory cluster

c. Order by date
d. Cite all your sources
d. Conceptual Framework
A conceptual framework is a representation of the relationship you expect to see between your variables, or the
characteristics or properties that you want to study. Conceptual frameworks can be written or visual and are generally developed based
on a literature review of existing studies about your topic.
Developing Conceptual Framework
Step 1: Choose your research question

Step 2: Select your independent and dependent variables
Step 3: Visualize your cause-and-effect relationship
Step 4: Identify other influencing variables
VI. Post Test
A. List down the things needed to know when creating the CHAPTER 2 of a Research paper.
B. What is the difference between Theoretical and Conceptual Framework?
C. What makes a resource valid and reliable?

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IMMACULADA CONCEPCION COLLEGE

of Soldier’s Hills Caloocan City, Inc.

Ms. Mary Joy Amaro

II. Table of Content

 Chapter 2 – Review of Related Literature and Studies (RRLS)

V. Lecture notes and lesson content

a. CHAPTER 2 – REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

Sample of RRLS Introduction

Tips on writing the literature review chapter

1. Criticize the theories

2. Support the gap

3. Emphasize the importance of the study

4. Write about everything

Synthesis may be form in different way:

You may arrange the theoretical framework according to this flow:

b. Arrange by theory cluster

Developing Conceptual Framework

Step 1: Choose your research question

VI. Post Test

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