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Ph3151 Physics Unit 3 Notes Eduengg
Ph3151 Physics Unit 3 Notes Eduengg
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PT Case )
Tota nherna Reflechon hon b> pethE yay toll
lhen a ght wave S
donsoY MOd IUm
while it tva vels efochecd to
ompletaly Ye flected
to amo they itself as Shown m
f 3)
dium
To one me
Is
from Snel's o
hS phonomonon
|mediAm, Ran
inte Yna I Yef loc ho 2 Sin 0
Cailed, total
Sine
CYihca ange be: Sin
mediAm
(en>2
Ei Condi hon 2
avelsS at he
The anfe of tn cidenco
he ligr wave sseas
Let Should be Ye atey
toYaYeY medium
itey face
den seY medium
HRe CYiHcal Ongle
Ca se)
dhen ho angle of incidene
o s s than Re cYitical oang e oterferen
A
ce:
(a) <c,e ray 1S hen hwo isht waVes
mIYYOY S
CAt Can of s.
Thus ka path d1fevenca
The eay
SIdo o f a s dote Ga.
beween ha tu waves. 1S eR ua
S IVeyod
mulh plo Of S Sem -
h integral a s s plcte
ConSkuchve poshally e focive
ave
e ng I6 (A), +Ro n, eu YS nd
he ight
eRuall ofloched
and fran smiHd
|Condition foY destmchve in tevferen o
unsion
Io tRis woy ca
by
in out of phase o
1 Waves ave
ampli u d o ta lcos plo
phase2
dfeeen Ces of
Cnd nave
T 30 S
C20t
PatA dijfevente
Cwheye n-o1,2,3
between tho u d
w a y es g equal
o e dd integsal mulbple f
h e n ostmchve iotesference occuYS
Pineipla
rodu cing interferenco pattem
bsplithn8 a
Rht beam into fuo *Monochromahc liGht rom Sourc2
Constu Ch vely
Be cauSe bo lh beams Oiginda cndihonS of
per he tollowing
pOint on tho diteren ce A
rom He Same palh
amd
Co hor ent he n
d i f j e r e n ce,
palh
wilh each ole ) A =o n o n o i o h e y f e reno patern)
ReYe fYa 1nteY fae
An inteyferena poten of
Construchve intey
(ii) A 202 -Ox
2 -fore nu3nsht PnnsA
dark and briaht Yi ngs or
miyYoY M2
he Ytuol maGe of
YingeS can be obSeyved
1two intefeing
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CHNNAI DEPARTMENT OF SCIENCE AND HUMANITIES
Subject Code/Title: PH 3151- Engg.phy Unit: Oscillaions, OphcS 6.LaseY
diffeence oteY
TRe pal
Cuyved Finges g
S mven
When M, and M Ore Inci nedooving lh miryOY
to each otheY, h e I m enclosed 2Cd+x)(mtn)
2d+2x =m A 4 + n ) - { 3
is wedge Shaped Then Cuwed
A = 2x
m
distoy tion
obtamed Space - imo
Inopicaaf
M I+ is used
Cohevenco t o m o a p
* Jt is ed in fbeY opthcS
When M IS moved
adisfance
toind t h aveleng'
More impoYhan tu
moves to he inciden Gght.
xeach faina can be uged
o m a g uYe
boh
ho aYYange mont Y ObseYUIng At point Gn,Reve
(n
aertge aAEmisSlon and Yefoctien
|tey feYen Le of ght top
The Yejo cted yay fTom top
haped aiy fen GShown
m
a i fm (Yoy 1 and he
ohe
bo tom
TGuve
doy
hday
ho Ta Yefocto d m
Fvin
ouY fitn have vaying
Roy' ofIte
( ) Reu 2tavel
path difevenca
more diglamo han Ya
unos up
By the tima Tay 2
two
wi h Yay 1, d Ras t ravelled
ona wavelenglh
widhs B or
difeena behuetn
Thug ho.pah
S One avelong
wed a and Ya2
On ge
Hhon At falls neYfere
Ycy
and yay 2
gets t |and
|S hoped im,tAin
Aey are 18o
|do9tuchuey, Since
of
poutYeflected om top
ansimiHed
ut of phase phenoMAMon OCCUTS
aiy 5lm, fRon Simila
he Thege
ouY jlm. TRe trans
Hough ha at point° F
agin Yefa cted
mited beam Congider the 17iangkog
lm Let us
at bottom oj fhe aiy fi AADE
ABG and
,
A
n
ve of Similar triang
Similar rian
Tho wedge ange property
haPropeyty
Ihe of
By
an d he t t i o
Yefocked
we have for he irst dayk frinsd
mall,
inteyfeve
Constm chue y or
Yys
dastnucively pvdu cin g altevnate
ond
dak fringes.
bnght 2t
Se Concd dark
Consicoa poins G andE S for lhe
Re magles
tohere ho glass-to- glass fYinge, o t us onsSieley
Ro aiY wedg
distamcag aCYoSS
AAcF and AADE,
ae and Nepechuel
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.
SHENNAI DEPARTMENTHUMANITIES
OF
e GEYSCIENCE AND
Subject Code/Title: PH 3151- Engg.phy Unit: Oscilahions, Optics u Laser
Shaped uy
twid B IS NouD CAWedge
Theinge f is fo med befween the
he dig a n a
define d as two laGS platos.
two Conge Cuhve
botweeen Thoght fran Sodium
from h
ware Tetocked
xperiment an d botfom Susfaco o
aYYange Ment op
The
experimental
fhe i m ,a r a e number o
Tha Jiue ave oimal
Sshoum vm nteteYen co inges
Ka
MicxOSCope
No by jocussing
are
microscope
he fringes
Observed and Yeadinhs
Giass plare. are tbulatad
From thus d of s
EiNSTEtN'S CoEFFICIENTS N Na
h
when a üsht raoduation E-E9E -h?
inidenat on the assemblyob aoms
N,
|STIMULATCO AsoR pitoN SPONTANtoUs CMicioN.
we Cam obseve hrethangs
STiMUA TED EMISSION
Stimula teed absorption
exited Photons tYjagers meajom
2 5Pontaneous mission level to make
|at higher Cneraq
3 Stimulated Cmisgion |tramci ion to lower Cnerqy level(E,)
cluins this 1amSition photon d
TIMUATED A8soR pTioN mitted. Thi kind
ergynY u
The Atbms in the Low er negu Stimudateo
Cmd 65 Emisgion is Knouon as
State (EN abtorbs raiation
Emnssion
isexited to the higher nergy E2 N
evel (E Thic ProLess is known
E = h
E h
as Stimulated absorption.
E, N
The rate of stimulated abgoption The rate o Stimulateel Cmission
Nab is iven by
Nst iveM by Ngt d N2 Q
Na d Ni
NANo atoms inthe lower nery
NSt baiNa
level B Ropo tionaGtj onstant
Enegy clensiby Incidert radiaio)||These Conctants A2, Bi2 B
Nab Bi2N 0 axe Calleel insteins A gB
Bi27 hoPortionali y
onstant Coegicients.
A+ euillibnum Condikion
SPaNTANeoUs EMISSION UPwand
The exited atoms Inthe
No.o douwnward SNo.o
Higher TremsiHons Transitions
nergyleyel E2 Retum to the
lower inergy level Ei by imitting NsPt Nst = Nab
we have
without any Sub ein O s i n
Photen of energy hY
external factOY This Protecs is
AaN2+Ba Na = Biz NiQ
nown as spom taneos tmission.
Rake micsionNsp N Bi2N Bai Na AvIN
NsP Ai N Az-nytant| G12N BaNa)R= AzjN2
|Na9atomg inthe Lites snte
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CHENNAL DEPARTMENT OF SCIENCE AND HUMANITIES
OY
Unit: O<Cil1ahonS, Opics Lasey
Code/Title: pH3IS1-Engg. Physies
Subject
SouDSTATE
A Na
Nd-VAG LASER LASERR
A OPtical pumPin
(B12) -1 Pompine methcd Cxenon Lamp)
B21/ N
-
e 1 Pul ecle) orhini
2) Notuue wowe torm
to Pance
w.k that aluordli ne
Wwe ensth: 1. ob Mm R-Yfior)
ner uation
RINIPLE
ek- vm atOms trom
The neocu mi
ghon h D
Comprin Nd-yA rod oPtically Pum pool
by Xenon (Yy P bn 4lash lamP
u r i ng he tangition trom
stimulated
m EmnHeol
SPontaneos f (ONCTRVLTION
Petwen
md i t a *The Nc YAT Cgpial
Cut Th the
to-eiueuts
Emiscion
froportional toY>° mol tme trdls
Homof cylënclev
mnssion is to be
Here, the Spontaneous
aNe hghyPouched So a
than
PrDdommnamt
thne
more OPtically flat Polished.
Stimulated migion.
-E intiatod
Leads to LasAN achion, awelengtm
Kept PoYallel Omol placed (1oboo X) Laser igRt
Yhside cA Yeflector Cauity
of 1 ob am
umiHed,
Encds ofthe Caviy Colred
G) These Photons Yeblecied.
by loo . amel ertially poluche| bacte omed or tn bet weun me
miYroYS whichats a
mirror bnoerqo AmifiCatjon
Resonator PARrAL KefuetiH henu high in tene laser liqht
MRRor,
INdYAU Kod.
mi He throush Poatially
FLAHLAMP
LACEN Poicheol mirobrs .
RerreuIH liPtica Cowity RADIATIoN
(Advamdage
MIRRo
w.l
H1gh nmergy O/P
WORKINu){ENeRUY LEVE DiACRAM Repetition raie as Vey hugh
CO N He 1 2 3
L
Active. mekium
Aectrode
/E n this mocde
OScil\ate. alonq the axis.but
all the Threa Octoms
fhe
fHeol ingide
Ci) Co, Na ,He
threeaatoms
the t b e in the raio
l: 2 3 nthis mode all the
e Na
Na 2f}icem
Power
xites tme Dund very H1k D/p
ciD exited Na
Cn he in O a p o l
O/p Pw
Stte CO molecule by
n CYe aki n tne tengh,h
by
instetrc Collisions.
tuhe
N CO Co
CGin)Aue to thm Po Pulotion DeMERi1S
Jode w
nUeNS1on iu aenM eAred inthe aorbon mo no x
0ye
Fy Leve Contcuw h o t e mu
y Stimulalecl mscion
on O Pe reti n lemp.
De pends
Molectes tom. make
o
XSince it u nIR e ion it i
Trcunsition om Ey to F3 &Ez
visi ble Ati dlental
whicn Cohevent o r Ceuue Sumne
hYDuch a
xposure
beam c Wave lengtn loum mel
Sene clamaçe
a6 m mitleol Ycspeetively
in the R Yegion .
APPICATlOnNS
q.6um
ame blooc
MicrD fy
P ah°oh,
*The civcut
Tt i broasly elawihed fint two infos ward biaed
AS sho wn
ypes, Jm
ene 9 e vel
Contueo BandaapP
hotes
*P-tyPe and
n-type SemitonductoAdv 9
COmbfned to torm p-n junctwn
o Smal and
tompae t
two elechodes Conneeted en Highy elkuent
Onerated witm lesspow e Conpared t
and bettom side. thes as ens
F0utnut is con Knuus þuliud
TELEGRAM: @eduengineeringDEPARTIME INSTITU1e
ECHNOLOeY
A
SCIENCE AND HUMANITIESs
Subject Code/Title: PH3IS Eraa Physics Unit:-Oscillahons, ophcs &LaseY
D adutage wekinD
output has laqe diverqence
sta bi t g wh em he layeu are fovuward
poo Cohemen e and
buas edl elechon and
age no o
Prcatn
we2d
heles Ame recombined.
b e s ontic CommLiCarta
ued Recombinati ou oroduco Jaqe
prtntes ye D playen oulput phoo ne
Heteo juncto Lasey he biasing voltage a
Tn thi, p- Juncteu
b mere than ou n-type
hovmeddivecty
and
Portional Eo He emisso
elechens
P-type materta
phe to nu rehlect ed by the
rle peiuhed ends and ge ampli h'ed
when the
P Junction diode A Conereut beam
o auer o
Hor uwarded bas ed waveleng h
the eleckpns and fooo A emesqes.
htes recombine to
roduce photm.
nstuteu: Band
p-tu p e E Uod
P-type pho ton
P-type
Ptype
N-ype (Advontaqes
*TE Pmdue
Continu ous uave fosm
End
haces are potu hed.
TELEGRAM: @eduengineering
DEPARTMENT OF ScIENCE AND HUMANITIES
Subject Code/Title: PH 3151 -Engg.Physies Unit: Oscillaions, ophes &asey
weldi n MeTAL E
loy CuHiry npl
dilin
J.ASeR Bean Alloyijons
-> Coatinh
CAceRweLpIN4
weldiy is joinine t two )
o7 more metal piezes in to
and S de noted b
distanCe moved by he parhcle
as thee
pahcle from ts maan PoSIHon I o)er
moves jrom
of Yest Tfthe payhcle
uS ConSI ceY parhca P to P t Se ton ds, han ha
of
between PoX S
Path of iven
movin n a CYCulay angle
wi th unijovm Veloci l Om
Yadius A'
Veloci ty C, with Sn-eOY Sn tot
and angulaY
contre of ha Crle = cot
Yespect to the LPOX =
Po =
O as Sho wn m f -
of Yeferena AaPO
A wE
Sin
Sin e Or) OP
A onc OP A
T2 Sin cot
ASin wt D
displace ment
A This eRn Yespresents
y'
ovibraing pahcle
TELEGRAM: @eduengineering SHENNAI DEPARTMENT OF
SCIENCE AND HUMANITIES
ECHNOTOCY
Subjeet Code/Title: PH3151-Engg-phy Unit: Os cillalionis, optics LaseY
Velociy
Velocity of he Vibyahng
le finod he
ic ag
.Velo ly (o dy
dt
dCAsinGut)
de
A o coscot 4
Ts ean NcepYe3ents the Veloci
Parhcle
o h a vibYahng
iiDAcCeleyahen
AcceeYahon
Subshtuhng e en
Acceleiation CA w coswt)
dE
da = A w(-cosinwE}
dt
-
A s i n wt
=
da -
eRn aspYeSenis he
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WEBSITE: www.eduengineering.net
TELEGRAM: @eduengineering
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INSTAGRAM: @eduengineering