Reviewer/Summary for the Contemporary Issues 10 on Violence and Discrimination

Violence - is the intentional use of physical force or power, threatened or actual, against a
group or community or community, that either results in or has a high likelihood of
resulting in injury, death, psychological harm, maldevelopment, or deprivation.

Categories of Violence

1. Self-Direct Violence - refers to violent acts a person inflicts upon him/herself.

Ex. Self-harm, overdosing oneself by using pills or illegal drugs.
2. Interpersonal Violence - refers to violence inflicted by another individual or by a small group
of individuals.
2.1. Family and Intimate Partner Violence - family and intimate partner violence the
violence largely between family members and intimate partners, usually, though not
exclusively, taking place in the home.
Ex. child abuse, intimate partner violence, and abuse of the elderly
2.2. Community Violence - violence between individuals who are unrelated, and who
may or may not know each other, generally takes place outside the home.
Ex. Youth violence, random acts of violence, rape or sexual assault by strangers,
and violence in institutional setting such as schools, workplaces, prisons and
nursing homes.
3. Collective Violence - defined as the instrumental use of violence by people who identify
themselves as members of a group against another group or set of individuals, to
achieve political, economic, or social objectives.
Ex. wars, terrorism, and other violent political conflicts that occur between states,
genocide, repression, disappearances, torture and other abuses of human rights
Types of Violence

1. Physical Violence - is the intentional use of physical force, used with the potential force
causing harm, injury, disability or death.
Ex. This includes, but is not limited to: scratching, pushing, shoving, grabbing, biting,
choking, shaking, slapping, punching, hitting, burning, use of a weapon, and use of
restraint or one’s body against another person.
2. Sexual Violence - involves a sexual act being committed or attempted against a victim who
has not freely given consent, or who is unable to consent or refuse.
Ex. This includes, but is not limited to: forced, alcohol/drug-facilitated or unwanted
penetration, sexual touching, or non-contact acts of a sexual nature.
3. Psychological Violence - also referred to as emotional or mental abuse) includes verbal and
non-verbal communication used with the intent to harm another
person mentally or emotionally or to exert control over another
person.
4. Neglect Violence - Neglect, or deprivation, is a type of abuse which occurs when someone
has the responsibility to provide care for an individual who is unable to
care for him- or herself but fails to do so, therefore depriving them of
adequate care.
Ex. failure to provide sufficient supervision, nourishment, or medical care, or the failure
to fulfill other needs for which the victim cannot provide themselves.

Other Types of Violence

5. Emotional Abuse
6. Spiritual Violence
7. Cultural Violence
8. Verbal Abuse
9. Financial Abuse

Discrimination - the unjust or prejudicial treatment of different categories of people, especially

on the grounds of ethnicity, age, sex, or disability.

Colorism - Skin color is the basis of how a person is treated by others despite coming from the
same ethnicity.
Possible Effects of Discrimination
1. Physical Effects

 loss or gain weight

 lack of energy or appetite eating
 difficulty in sleeping
 stress-related diseases
 headache, and
 lack of personal hygiene

2. Social Effects

 Disagreement because of beliefs or religion

 keeping distance from relatives, friends, or society
 communication problems with other people
 relying on others for support
 being alone
 non-recognition of rights
 lack of social service benefits,
 use of drugs and
 excessive drinking

3. Emotional Effects

 low self-esteem
 depression
 stress
 fear
 anger
 humiliation
 blaming of self and
 different behavior problems

4. Intellectual Effects

 lack of motivation to study or work

  lack of education or employment
 lack of skills and knowledge
 development of false beliefs
 narrow mindedness and
 lack of decision making

Cases of Discrimination

1. Holocaust - destruction or slaughter on a mass scale, especially caused by fire or nuclear

war.

Ex. Adolf Hitler’s Holocaust - the mass murder of some 6 million European Jews as
well as the members of some other persecuted groups, such as Gypsies and
homosexuals by the German Nazi regime during WW II. To anti-Semitic Nazi
leader, Adolf Hitler himself, he believes that Jew was an inferior race, an alien
threat to German racial purity and community.

2. Genocide - is a term used to describe violence against members of a national, ethnical,

racial, or religious group with the intent to destroy the entire group.

Ex. Genocide of Tutsi Minority - happened from April to mid-July 1994, members of
the Hutu majority in Rwanda murdered some 500,000 to 800,000 people and
most of the Tutsi minority with horrifying brutality and speed.

Genocide in Cambodia - as Khmer Rouge, a leader of Pol Pot attempted to form a

Communist peasant farming society and it resulted in the death of 25% of the
country’s population from starvation, overwork, and executions.

Forms of Discrimination

1. Discrimination on Workplace
2. Discrimination on Women
3. Discrimination on Older People
4. Discrimination on Disabled People
5. Discrimination on Indigenous People
Laws and Policies

1. R.A. 7610 - also known as the Special Protection of Children Against Abuse, Exploitation,
and Discrimination Act. It is an act providing for stronger deterrence and special
protection against child abuse, exploitation and discrimination, providing penalties
for its violation and for other purposes.
2. R.A. 9262 - also known as Anti-Violence Against Women and Their Children Act of 2004.
This is an act defining violence against women and their children, providing for
protective measures for victims, prescribing penalties therefore, and for other
purposes.
3. Senate Bill No. 1934 - SOGIESC-based Anti-Discrimination Act. It is to afford all Filipinos
and LGBT community (lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender) members the same
rights when it comes to work, schooling, receiving services from the government,
access to public establishments, and “not to be insulted in the streets.
4. R.A. 10627 - also known as the Anti-Bullying Act of 2013. It is an act requiring all elementary
and secondary schools to adopt policies to prevent and address the acts of
bullying in their institutions.