Human Anatomy (FAN 1101-3)

Head and Neck

2. Temporal bone
OUTLINE - Forms the inferior lateral aspects of the
cranium and part of cranial floor.
I. Bones - Landmarks:
A. Cranial Bones a. Mandibular Glenoid fossa
B. Facial Bones b. Articular tubercle (in front of m.g
C. Orbit fossa)
D. Nasal Cavity c. Mastoid process (can be palpated
E. Other Cranial Landmarks behind the ear)
F. Inferior view of the Skull d. Styloid process
G. Vault of the Skull e. External acoustic meatus
H. Base of the Skull f. Tympanic plate
I. Anterior Cranial Fossa g. Supra-meatal triangle
h. Supra-meatal crest and spine
J. Middle Cranial Fossa
• Single Bones
K. Posterior Cranial Fossa
3. Frontal bone
L. Hyoid bone
- forms forehead, roofs of the eye
M. Triangles of the Neck sockets, and most of the anterior part
II. Joints of the cranial floor
III. Muscles - Landmarks:
a. Superciliary arch - currigator
supercili, naka-attach
I. BONES b. Glabella
• Flat bones of the skull are made up of spongy bone c. Supra-orbital notch/foramen -
(dipole) sandwiched between two layers of compact pwedeng notch or foramen,
bone (external and internal tables, where internal because somewhat hindi naka-
tables are thinner) close foramen
• Bones are covered on the outer and inner surface with d. Nasion - at the root of the nose, at
periostium the boundary of fronto-nasal and
• There are 8 cranial bones inter-nasal sinuses
- 2 paired: Parietal, Temporal. e. Anterior nasal Aperture
- 4 single: Frontal, Occipital, Sphenoid, Ethmoid. - The opening of the skull in
- Also referred to as Cranium / Neocranium the middle sa nasal cavity.
o The upper portion is called Vault or Calvaria - bounded by nasal bones,
and the lower portion is simply the base of maxiallas sa lateral
the skull. 4. Occipital bone
• There are 14 facial bones - forms posterior part and most of the
- 6 paired: Maxillae, Zygomatic, Lacrimal, Nasal, base of the cranium
Inferior nasal conchae, Palatine 5. Sphenoid bone
- 2 single : mandible, vomer - lies at the middle part of the base of the
- Also called the viscerocranium skull
• Hyoid Bone - Called the keystone of cranial floor
- U-shaped because it articulates with all other
- Located midline and in close proximity w/ cranial bones, holding them together.
mandible - Joins anteriorly w/ frontal & occipital,
- Not attached to any other bones laterally w/ temporal bones,
- Secured by ligaments & muscles posteriorlly w/ occipital bone
A. Cranial Bones 6. Ethmoid Bone
• Paired Bones - This is a delicate bone located in the
1. Parietal bone anterior part of cranial floor medial to
- Forms the greater portion of the sides the orbits
and roof of the cranial cavity. - Sponge-like appearance
- Internal surface contains many - Forms part of anterior portion of
protrusion and depressions that cranial floor, medial wall of orbits,
accommodate blood vessels.
 superior portion of nasal septum, most
of superior sidewalls of nasal cavity.
- Forms extensive surface area in the
nasal cavity
- Major superior supporting structure of
the nasal cavity
B. Facial Bones
• Single
7. Mandible
- Also known as the lower jawbone, it is the
largest, strongest facial bone
- The ONLY moveable skull bone (other
than the small bones of the ear, that is)
- Landmarks:
a. Alveolar process - Lower teeth
insertion
b. Body of mandible
c. Ramus
d. Mental protuberance
e. Mental Foramen (the holes in front)
f. Oblique line
g. Angle of mandible
h. Coronoid process of mandible
i. Condyloid process of mandible -
participate in Temporomandibular
joint
j. Head of mandible
k. Neck of mandible
l. Mandibular notch
m. Symphysis menti - a junction, site of
synostosis/ mandibular fusion
n. Metopic suture
o. Mandibular Foramen
p. Lingula of mandible - act as spine
q. Mylohyoid line- under it is
submandibular fossa
r. Sublingual fossa
s. Digastric fossa
t. Superior and Inferior mental spines
or genial tubercles - Attach here are
the Genioglossus and geniohyoid
muscles
8. Vomer
- Roughly triangular bone on the floor of
the nasal cavity
- Articulates w/ ethmoid and sphenoid,
superiorly
- Articulates w/ maxillae and palatine
bones along midline, inferiorly
9. Maxillae
- The pair unites to for the upper
jawbone
- Articulates w/ every bone of the face
except the mandible
- Forms part of floors of the orbits, part
of lateral walls and floor of nasal cavity,
and most of the hard palate.
- Landmarks:
a. Anterior Nasal Spine ( sa gitna)
b. Infra-orbital foramen
c. Alveolar arch - upper teeth
insertion, arch of maxilla
d. Inter-maxillary suture - separates
the pair of maxilla
10. Zygomatic
- Commonly known as the cheek bones
- Articulate w/ the frontal, maxilla,
sphenoid, and temporal bones
- Form prominences of the cheeks
- Landmark:
a. Zygomatic arch- composed of
temporal process of zygomatic
and zygomatic process of
temporal bone
11. Lacrimal
- This pair is a thin and roughly resemble
a fingernail, in size and shape.
- Smallest bones of the face
- Posterior and lateral to nasal bones and
form a part of the medial wall of each
orbit
12. Nasal bone
- Small, flattened, rectangular-shaped
bones that form the bridge of the nose.
- Protects the upper entry to the nasal
cavity
- Provide attachment for a couple of thin
muscles of facial expression
- Form the resting place for the bridge of
glasses
13. Inferior nasal conchae
- A scroll-shaped, paired bone that rests
at the lateral wall of the nasal cavity.
- Nasal Conchae are sometimes referred
to as turbinates
14. Palatine
- Two L-shaped bones
- Forms the posterior portion of the hard
palate, part of the floor and lateral wall
of nasal cavity, and a small portion of
the floors of the orbits
C. Orbit
• Margin is bounded by the Frontal bone,
Maxilla, and Zygomatic
• Supra-orbital margin, we have the frontal
bone
• Lateral Boundary: Zygomatic
- Zygomatic bone, may pataas na process
pa punts sa frontal bone which is
refereed to as the Frontal Process of
Maxilla
- Pababa na process ng frontal bone is
the zygomatic process of frontal bone
- Pataas na process ng maxilla is the
Frontal process of maxilla
 • Wall of orbit: Roof - Frontal bone, Lateral -
zygomatic, the greater wing of sphenoid also
participates, floor- maxilla, medially - lacrimal,
also the lateral most part of ethmoid
• Openings:
- Orbital opening
- Supra-orbital notch or foramen
- Nasolacrimal canal (tears may flow
through here into nose)
- Infra-orbital canal
- Superior Orbital fissure (space between
lesser and greater wing of sphenoid)
- Inferior Orbital fissure (boundary
between maxilla and sphenoid)
- Optic Canal
- Pterygopalatine fossa/fissure is
continuation of inferior orbital fissure
(superior). It is the inferior end of the
space between maxilla and sphenoid.
D. Nasal Cavity
• medial wall; ethmoid and vomer
• Roof: nasal bone and frontal bone
• At the top, there are openings because it is
where the sinuses communicate with our
nasal cavity para magkaroon ng amplification
or resonation ng sound. Purpose of nasal and
frontal sinuses, para magkaroon ng
turbulence ung air na pumapasok, to
humidify, and clean. Kasi when there is dust
that goes in, tatama sila sa lining nung nasal
cavity, Kaya hndi pupunta sa baga.
• Posterior aspect: sphenoid
• Hard palate has a continuation behind which
is a soft tissue and is still part of nasal cavity.
After soft palate junction is pharynx region.
Katapat ng nasal cavity, nasopharynx.
• Cribriform plate on ethmoid
• Middle and inferior conchae, and even
superior and there are spaces in between.
There is middle(below middle nasal
conchae), inferior (below middle nasal
conchae), and superior meatus(below
superior nasal conchae)
E. Other Cranial Landmarks
• Superior and Inferior temporal lines
• Superior temporal fossa (lateral) and infra-
temporal fossa (under)
• Coronal suture
• Squamous suture
• Sphenofrontal suture
• Spheno-parietal suture
• Spheno-squamosal suture
• Pterion
• Asterion
• Occipito-femoral sulcus
• Vertex of the skull (highest point of skull)
F. Inferior View of the Skull
• Incisive fossa and foramen – Located in the
midline anteriorly
• Greater and Lesser Palatine Foramina –
Located postero-laterally
• Posterior Nasal Aperture – These are two
openings found at the back of the nasal
passage between the nasal cavity and the
throat.
- Inferior: Horizontal plates of Palatine
- Superior: Sphenoid
- Medial: Vomer
- Lateral: Sphenoid
• Choanae – It is located above the posterior
edge of the hard palate. It is separated from
each other by Vomer and Medial Pterygoid
Plates.
• Pterygoid Hamulus- It is the inferior end of
the medial pterygoid plate
• Spine of the Sphenoid – It is located
posterolateral to the foramen spinosum.
• Squamotympanic Fissure – It is the one
responsible for the separation of the
mandibular fossa from the tympanic plate.
• Carotid Canal’s opening – It can be found on
the inferior surface of the petrous part of the
temporal bone.
• Foramen Lacerum – it is composed of the
temporal bone, basilar part of the occipital
bone, and the greater wing of the sphenoid.
• Stylomastoid Foramen – It is located in
between the styloid and mastoid processes.
• Pharyngeal tubercle – It is a small
prominence on the undersurface of the
basilar part of the occipital bone in the
midline.
• Occipital Condyles – They articulate with the
superior aspect of the lateral mass of the first
cervical vertebra, the atlas.
• Hypoglossal canal – It is located superior to
the occipital condyle and responsible for the
transmission of the hypoglossal nerve.
G. Vault of the Skull
• Its internal surface shows the coronal, sagittal,
and lambdoid sutures.
• In the midline is a shallow sagittal groove that
lodges the superior sagittal sinus.
H. Base of the Skull
• It is divided into three cranial fossae: anterior,
middle, and posterior.
• The anterior cranial fossa is separated from
the middle cranial fossa by the lesser wing of
the sphenoid.
• The middle cranial fossa is separated from the
posterior cranial fossa by the petrous part of
the temporal bone.
I. Anterior Cranial Fossa
• It lodges the frontal lobes of the cerebral
hemisphere.
 • Inner surface of the frontal bone (anteriorly), a
crest for the attachment of the falx cerebri
(midline), lesser wings of the sphenoid
(posterior), frontal bone (laterally).
• Its median part is limited posteriorly by the
groove for the optic chiasma
• Its floor is formed by the ridged orbital plates
of the frontal bone laterally and by the
cribriform plate of the ethmoid medially.
• The crista galli is a projection of the ethmoid
bone in the midline for the attachment of the
falx cerbri.
J. Middle Cranial Fossa
• The median raised part is formed by the body
of the sphenoid
• The expanded lateral parts form concavities on
either side
• It is bounded anteriorly by the lesser wings of
the sphenoid
• It is bounded posteriorly by the superior
borders of the petrous parts of the temporal
bones
o Sphenoid Air Sinuses – it is contained by
the body of the sphenoid
o Superior Orbital Fissure – it is an opening
between the lesser and greater wings of
the sphenoid
o Foramen Rotundum – It perforates the
greater wing of the sphenoid and
transmits the maxillary nerve from
trigeminal ganglion to the
pterygopalatine fossa.
o Foramen Ovale – It perforates the
greater wing of the sphenoid and
transmits the large sensory root and
small motor root of the mandibular nerve
to the infratemporal fossa.
o Foramen Spinosum – It lies
posterolateral to the foramen ovale and
also perforates the greater wing of the
sphenoid.
o Foramen Lacerum – It lies between the
apex of the petrous part of the temporal
bone and the sphenoid bone.
K. Posterior Cranial Fossa
• It is deep and lodges the parts of the
hindbrain, namely, the cerebellum, pons,
and medulla oblongata.
• It is bounded anteriorly by the superior
border of the petrous part of the temporal
bone.
• It is bounded the posteriorly by the internal
surface of the squamous part of the occipital
bone.
• Its floor is formed by the basilar, condylar,
and squamous parts of the occipital bone
and the mastoid part of the temporal bone.
o Foramen magnum - It occupies the
central area of the floor and transmits
the medulla oblongata and its
surrounding meninges.
o Hypoglossal canal – It is situated above
the anterolateral boundary of the
foramen magnum and transmits the
hypoglossal nerve.
o Jugular Foramen – it lies between the
lower border of the petrous part of the
temporal bone and the condylar part of
the occipital bone.
o Internal Acoustic Meatus – It pierces
the posterior surface of the petrous
part of the temporal bone and it
transmits the vestibulocochlear nerve
and the motor and sensory roots of the
facial nerve.
o Internal Occipital Crest – It runs
upward in the midline posteriorly from
the foramen magnum to the internal
occipital protuberance.
o Transverse Sinus becomes the sigmoid
sinus after the groove passes onto the
mastoid part of the temporal bone.
Summary of the More Important Openings in the Base of
the Skull and the Structures That Pass Through Them
L. HYOID BONE
- has an irregular, elongated, and
quadrilateral body.
- Anterior surface is convex, faces
anterosuperiorly, crossed by a transverse
ridge with a slight downward convexity.
- Vertical median ridge bisects the upper part
of the body but rarely extenss to the lower
part
- Posterior surface is smooth and concave,
faces
 - Lesser Cornua: two small conical projections
at the junctions of the body and greater
cornua.
- Connected to the body by fibrous tissue and
occasionally to the greater cornu by a
synovial joint that occasionally becomes
ankylosed.

TRIANGLES OF THE NECK

• Anterior triangle
II. JOINTS C. Temporomandibular (Upper)
A. Cranial sutures • Synovial
• Fibrous • Diarthrosis
• Synarthrosis • Nonaxial
• Suture • Plane
1. Coronal D. Temporomandibular (Lower)
o Frontal • Synovial
o Parietal • Diarthrosis
2. Sagittal • Uniaxial
o Between 2 parietal • Hinge
3. Lambdoid o Condylar process of mandible
o Parietal o Articular tubercle/eminence at the
o Occipital mandibular fossa of temporal
4. Squamous - with articular disc
o Parietal - articulation between the disc and
o Squamous temporal lateral tubercle - plane
5. Metopic - articulation between head and disc -
A. Between frontal hinge
• Suture ligaments • Ligaments
1. Lateral temporomandibular ligament
• Articular tubercle/eminence at root
of zygomatic process of temporal
• Neck of mandible
2. Sphenomandibular ligament
• Spine of sphenoid
• Lingula of mandibular foramen
3. Stylomandibular ligament
• Styloid process of temporal
• Angle of mandible

B. Dentoalveolar
• Fibrous
• Synarthrosis
• Gomphosis
o Alveolar process of maxilla and mandible
o Teeth
• Periodontal ligament
III. MOINA
A. HEAD
• Epicranial Group (Scalp)

1. Occipitofrontalis
O:
I:
N: Temporal branch of CN VII (facial nerve)
(frontal belly) Posterior auricular branch of 1. Medial rectus
CN VII (facial nerve) (occipital belly) O:
A: Raises eyebrows, horizontal wrinkles I:
e.g. surprise (frontal belly) N: inferior division of CN III (oculomotor
Draws scalp posteriorly (occipital belly) nerve)
• Middle Ear A: Adduction of eyeballs
2. Lateral rectus
O:
I:
N: CN VI (abducens nerve)
A: Abduction of eyeballs
3. Superior rectus
O: Tendinous ring on posterior wall of
orbital cavity
I: Superior surface of eyeball just posterior
to corneoscleral junction
N: Superior division of CN III (oculomotor
nerve)
1. Tensor tympani A: Elevation, adduction and intorsion of
O: eyeballs
I: 4. Inferior rectus
N: Mandibular division of CN V (trigeminal O:
nerve) I:
A: Dampens sound N: Inferior division of CN III (oculomotor
2. Stapedius nerve)
O: A: Depression, adduction and extorsion of
I: eyeballs
N: CN VII (facial nerve) 5. Superior oblique
A: Dampens sound O:
• Extrinsic Muscles of the Eyeball I:
N: CN IV (trochlear nerve)
A: Depression, abduction and extorsion of
eyeballs
6. Inferior oblique
O:
I:
N: Inferior division of CN III (oculomotor
 nerve)
A: Elevation, abduction and intorsion of
eyeballs

1. Orbicularis oculi
O:
I:
N: Temporal and zygomatic branches of CN
VII (facial nerve.
A: Closes the eyelids
7. Levator palpebrae superioris 2. Corrugator supercilii
O: O:
I: I:
N: Superior division of CN III (oculomotor N: Temporal branch of CN VII (facial nerve)
nerve) Sympathetic (superior tarsal/ Muller A: Vertical wrinkles of forehead e.g.
muscle) frowning
A: Raises upper eyelids 3. Levator palpebrae superioris
• Intrinsic Muscles of the Eyeball O: Inferior surface of lesser wing of
sphenoid
I: Superior tarsal plate, skin of upper eyelid
N: Oculomotor nerve (CN III)
A: Elevates superior eyelid
• Nasal Group:

1. Sphincter pupillae of the iris

O:
I:
N: Parasympathetic from CN III (oculomotor
nerve)
A: Pupillary constriction
2. Dilator pupillae of the iris
O:
I:
N: Sympathetic
A: Pupillary dilation
3. Ciliary body/muscle
O:
I: 1. Procerus
N: Parasympathetic from CN III O:
(oculomotor nerve) I:
A: Pupillary constriction; makes lens more N: Temporal and zygomatic branches of CN
globular during near-accommodation VII (facial nerve
• Circumorbital and Palpebral Group A: Transverse wrinkles over the bridge of
the nose e.g. distaste
2. Nasalis
O:
I:
N: Buccal branch of the CN VII (facial nerve)
 A: Widens nasal aperture (dilator naris) O:
Compresses nasal aperture (compressor I:
nasi/naris) N: Zygomatic and buccal branches of CN VII
• Cheek and Mouth Area: (facial nerve)
A: Draws angle of mouth superiorly and
laterally e.g. smiling

1. Levator labii superioris alaeque nasi

O:
I:
N: Zygomatic and buccal branches of CN VII
4. Zygomaticus minor
(facial nerve)
O:
A: Raises upper lips
I:
N: Zygomatic and buccal branches of CN VII
(facial nerve)
A: Raises upper lip, exposing the maxillary
teeth

2. Levator labii superioris

O:
I:
N: Zygomatic and buccal branches of CN VII
(facial nerve) 5. Levator anguli oris
A: Raises upper lips O:
I:
N: Zygomatic and buccal branches of CN VII
(facial nerve)
A: Draws angle of mouth superiorly and
laterally e.g. sneering

3. Zygomaticus major
6. Risorius 9. Mentalis
O: O:
I: I:
N: Buccal branch of the CN VII (facial nerve) N: Mandibular branch of the CN VII (facial
A: Draws angle of mouth laterally e.g. nerve)
grimacing A: Elevates and protrudes lower lip, pulls
skin of chin up e.g. pouting, sulking

10. Buccinator
7. Depressor anguli oris
O:
O:
I:
I:
N: Buccal branch of the CN VII (facial nerve)
N: Buccal and mandibular branches of the
A: Compresses the cheek against the teeth
CN VII (facial nerve)
and gums e.g. in blowing, sucking, chewing
A: Draws angle of mouth inferiorly and
laterally

8. Depressor labii inferioris 11. Orbicularis oris

O: O:
I: I:
N: Mandibular branch of the CN VII (facial N: Buccal and mandibular branches of the CN
nerve) VII (facial nerve)
A: Depresses lower lips A: Closes and protrudes lips e.g. kissing
• Muscles for Mastication

1. Masseter
O: Zygomatic arch
I: Lateral ramus of mandible
N: Mandibular division of CN V (trigeminal
nerve)/V3
A: Mandibular elevation, protrusion
2. Temporalis
O: Floor of temporal fossa
I: Coronoid process of mandible 1. Genioglossus
N: Mandibular division of CN V (trigeminal O:
nerve)/V3 I:
A: Mandibular elevation, retrusion (posterior N: CN XII (hypoglossal nerve)
fibers), ipsilateral deviation A: Tongue protrusion;
with deviation to opposite side
(unilateral)
2. Styloglossus
O:
I:
N: CN XII (hypoglossal nerve)
A: Draws tongue superiorly and posteriorly
3. Hyoglossus
O:
I:
3. Medial pterygoid N: CN XII (hypoglossal nerve)
O: Tuberosity of maxillae, lateral pterygoid A: Tongue depression
plate
I: Medial angle of mandible
N: Mandibular division of CN V (trigeminal
nerve)/V3
A: Mandibular elevation, protrusion,
contralateral deviation
4. Lateral pterygoid
O: Greater wing of sphenoid, lateral
pterygoid plate
I: Neck of mandible
Articular disc
N: Mandibular division of CN V (trigeminal
nerve)/V3
A: Mandibular depression, protrusion,
contralateral deviation
• Tongue

4. Chondroglossus
 O:
I:
N: CN XII (hypoglossal nerve)
A: Tongue depression

2. Levator veli palatini

O:
I:
N: Pharyngeal plexus i.e. pharyngeal
branch of CN X (vagus nerve)
A: Elevates soft palate

5. Palatoglossus
O:
I:
N: Pharyngeal plexus i.e. pharyngeal
branch of CN X (vagus nerve)
A: Pulls the root of the tongue superiorly
and posteriorly, narrows oropharyngeal
isthmus 3. Musculus uvulae
• Intrinsic Muscles O:
1. (Longitudinal, Transverse, Vertical) I:
O: N: Pharyngeal plexus i.e. pharyngeal
I: branch of CN X (vagus nerve)
N: CN XII (hypoglossal nerve) A: Elevates uvula
A: Alters shape of the tongue
• Soft Palate

4. Palatopharyngeus
O:
I:
N: Pharyngeal plexus i.e. pharyngeal
1. Tensor veli palatini branch of CN X (vagus nerve)
O: A: Elevates the pharynx, forward and
I: medially
N: Mandibular division of CN V Approximates palatopharyngeal arches
A: Tenses soft palate
 O:
I:
N: Pharyngeal plexus i.e. pharyngeal branch
of CN X (vagus nerve)
A: Constricts lower part of pharynx’
2. Cricopharyngeus
O:
I:
N: Pharyngeal plexus i.e. pharyngeal branch
of CN X (vagus nerve)
A: Elevates pharynx

5. Palatoglossus
O:
I:
N:
A:
B. Pharynx

3. Salpingopharyngeus
O:
I:
N: CN IX (glossopharyngeal nerve)
A: Elevates larynx

1. Superior constrictor
O:
I:
N: Pharyngeal plexus i.e. pharyngeal branch
of CN X (vagus nerve)
A: Constricts upper part of pharynx
2. Middle constrictor
O:
I:
N: Pharyngeal plexus i.e. pharyngeal branch
of CN X (vagus nerve)
A: Constricts middle part of pharynx 4. Stylopharyngeus
• Inferior constrictor O: Styloid process (temporal)
I: Thyroid cartilage (larynx)
N:
A: elevate the larynx and pharynx,
swallowing

1. Thyropharyngeus
 5. Palatopharyngeus 2. Thyroepiglottic
O: Palatine aponeurosis and hard palate O:
I: Upper border of thyroid cartilage (blends I:
with constrictor fibers) N: Recurrent laryngeal nerve from CN X
N: (vagus)
A: Pulls pharynx and larynx upward A: Widens the laryngeal inlet
C. Larynx

1. Oblique arytenoid 3. Cricothyroid

O: O:
I: I:
N: Recurrent laryngeal nerve from CN X N: Recurrent laryngeal nerve from CN X
(vagus) (vagus)
A: Narrows the laryngeal inlet A: Tenses the vocal cords

4. Thyroarytenoid
 O:
I:
N: Recurrent laryngeal nerve from CN X
(vagus)
A: Relaxes the vocal cords

7. Transverse arytenoid
O:
I:
N: Recurrent laryngeal nerve from CN X
(vagus)
A: Approximates the arytenoid
D. Neck Muscles
• Anterior Group

5. Lateral cricoarytenoid
O:
I:
N: Recurrent laryngeal nerve from CN X
(vagus)
A: Adducts the vocal cords
1. Platysma
O:
I:
N: Cervical branch of CN VII (facial nerve)
A: Depresses mandible and angle of the
mouth e.g. “egad”, horror

6. Posterior cricoarytenoid
O:
I:
N: Recurrent laryngeal nerve from CN X
(vagus) 2. Rectus capitis anterior
A: Abducts the vocal cords O: Root of transverse process and anterior
surface of lateral mass of C1
I: Inferior basilar part of occipital bone
N: Ventral rami of C1-C2
A: Capital flexion
 I: tubercle on the anterior arch of the
C1
N: Ventral rami of C2-C6
A: Cervical flexion (bilateral) with
ipsilateral lateral flexion (unilateral
superior and inferior obliques)
b. Inferior oblique
O: anterior vertebral bodies of T1-
T2/T3
I: anterior tubercles of transverse
processes of C5-C6.
N: Ventral rami of C2-C6
A: Cervical flexion (bilateral) with
3. Rectus capitis lateralis contralateral rotation (unilateral
O: Transverse process of C1 inferior oblique)
I: Jugular process of occipital bone c. Vertical
N: Ventral rami of C1-C2 O: anterior vertebral bodies of the C5-
A: Capital flexion, ipsilateral flexion T3
I: anterior vertebral bodies of C2-C4
N: Ventral rami of C2-C6
A: Cervical flexion (bilateral)
• Lateral Group

4. Longus capitis
O: Anterior tubercles of transverse process
of C3-C6
I: Inferior basilar part of occipital bone
N: Ventral rami of C1-C3
A: Capital flexion
1. Sternocleidomastoid
O: Manubrium (sternal head)
Medial 1/3 of clavicle (clavicular head)
I: Mastoid process of temporal bone
Lateral ½ of superior nuchal line of occipital
bone
N: Spinal part of CN XI (accessory nerve)
Ventral rami of C2-C3
A: Capital extension and cervical flexion
(bilateral)
with ipsilateral lateral flexion, contralateral
rotation (unilateral)

5. Longus colli
a. Superior oblique
O: anterior tubercles of the transverse
processes of the C3-C5
 ▪ Transverse part (middle fibers):
nuchal ligament attached to the
spinous processes of C1-C6
vertebrae, spinous processes and
supraspinous ligaments of
vertebrae C7-T3
▪ Ascending part (inferior fibers):
spinous processes and
supraspinous ligaments of
vertebrae T4-T12
Insertion:
▪ Descending part (superior fibers):
2. Anterior scalene lateral third of clavicle
O: Transverse process of C3-C6 ▪ Transverse part (middle fibers):
I: 1st rib medial acromial margin, superior
N: Ventral rami of C4-C6 crest of spine of scapula
A: Cervical flexion (bilateral) with ▪ Ascending part (inferior fibers):
ipsilateral lateral flexion and rotation lateral apex of the medial end of
(unilateral) scapular spine
Elevates 1st rib Nerve:
3. Middle scalene • Motor: accessory nerve (CN XI)
O: Transverse process of C2-C7 • Motor/Sensory: ventral rami of
I: 1st rib spinal nerves C3-C4 (via cervical
N: Ventral rami of C3-C8 plexus)
A: Cervical flexion (bilateral) with Action:
ipsilateral lateral flexion and rotation • Descending part (superior fibers)
(unilateral) - Scapulothoracic joint: draws
Elevates 1st rib scapula superomedially
4. Posterior scalene - Atlanto Occipital joint: extension
O: Transverse process of C4-C6 of head and neck, lateral flexion of
I: 2nd rib head and neck (ipsilateral)
N: Ventral rami of C6-C8 - Altantoaxial joint: rotation of head
A: Cervical flexion (bilateral) with (contralateral)
ipsilateral lateral flexion and rotation • Transverse part (middle fibers)
(unilateral) - Scapulothoracic joint: draws
Elevates 2nd rib scapula medially
• Ascending part (inferior fibers)
• Posterior Group - Scapulothoracic joint: Draws
scapula inferomedially

1. Trapezius
2. Levator scapula
Origin:
▪ Descending part (superior fibers):
O:
medial third of the superior nuchal
I:
line, external occipital
N:
protuberance
A:
 occipital bone
N: Dorsal rami of C1
A: Capital extension (bilateral) with
ipsilateral lateral flexion and rotation
(unilateral)
b. Rectus capitis posterior minor
O: Tubercle on posterior arch of C1
I: Medial part of inferior nuchal line of
occipital bone
N: Dorsal rami of C1
A: Capital extension (bilateral)
c. Obliquus capitis inferior
3. Splenius capitis O: Spinous process and lamina of C2
O: Lower part of ligamentum nuchae I: Transverse process of C1
Spinous process of C7-T4 N: Dorsal rami of C1
I: Superior nuchal line of occipital bone A: Capital extension (bilateral)
Mastoid process of temporal bone d. Obliquus capitis superior
N: Dorsal rami of C2-C3 O: Transverse process of C1
A: Capital and cervical extension (bilateral) I: Between superior and inferior nuchal
with ipsilateral lateral flexion and rotation line of occipital bone
(unilateral) N: Dorsal rami of C1
A: Capital extension (bilateral)

4. Splenius cervicis
O: Lower part of ligamentum nuchae
Spinous process of T3-T6
I: Transverse process of C1-C4
6. Erector spinae
N: Dorsal rami of C4-C8
O:
A: Cervical extension (bilateral) with
I:
ipsilateral lateral flexion and rotation
N:
(unilateral)
A:

7. Transversospinalis
O:
I:
N:
A:
8. Interspinalis
O:
I:
N:
A:
5. Suboccipitals 9. Intertransversarii
a. Rectus capitis posterior major O:
O: Spinous process of C2 I:
I: Lateral part of inferior nuchal line of
 N: O:
A: I:
E. Hyoid Muscles N: Ansa cervicalis
• Suprahyoid A: Depresses hyoid
3. Sternohyoid
O:
I:
N: Ansa cervicalis
A: Depresses hyoid
4. Sternothyroid
O:
I:
N: Ansa cervicalis
A: Depresses larynx
•
1. Digastric
O:
I:
N: Mandibular division of CN V (trigeminal
nerve)/V3 (anterior belly) CN VII (facial
nerve) (posterior belly)
A: Mandibular depression, retrusion
(anterior belly) Elevates hyoid (both)
2. Geniohyoid
O:
I:
N: Ventral rami of C1
A: Elevates hyoid, mandibular depression
3. Stylohyoid
O:
I:
N: CN VII (facial nerve)
A: Elevates hyoid
4. Mylohyoid
O:
I:
N: Mandibular division of CN V (trigeminal
nerve)/V3
A: Elevates floor of the mouth and hyoid,
Mandibular depression
• Infrahyoid

1. Thyrohyoid
O:
I:
N: Ventral rami of C1
A: Depresses hyoid, Elevates larynx
2. Omohyoid
MUSCLES OF THE HEAD
MUSCLES OF THE EYE MOUTH MUSCLES

BONE CARTILAGE
CONTRIBUTORS
• BORRETA
• CATATA
• DELLOTA
• GONZALES
• RORALDO
• SARMIENTO

Noted by:

JM CORPUZ

REMINDERS
• This document is ergo exclusive to the Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila-College of Physical Therapy batch 2024
• The use of this document is allowed granted a prior notice to the publisher is made.
• Non-contributors are still allowed to use this document. However, contributing is highly appreciated and acknowledged.
• This document shall serve as an official transcript of notes to the block.