Validation of Default

Sample Condition
Standard Deviation in
ASTM D5340
Timothy Parsons, P.E.
Aaron Pullen
 Overview
• Introduction
• Comparison to defaults
• Comparison among different pavement
categories

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 Acknowledgements
• Data provided courtesy of the United
States Air Force
• POC: Mr. George Vansteenburg,
AFCEC/COSC

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 INTRODUCTION

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 Pavement Condition Index
• PCI
 Commonly used measure of pavement
condition
 ASTM D5340 for airfields

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 Sample Units
• Developed to reduce inspection effort
 5,000±2,000ft² (AC)
 10±8 slabs (PCC)
• Survey enough for confidence interval
of 95%±5 points.

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 Sampling

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 Sampling
• Need s to determine appropriate
number of samples
• Defaults given:
 AC: 10
 PCC: 15

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 Data Set
• United States Air Force
• Approximately 10000 data points
• 8364 useable
• Worldwide
• Oldest inspection 1984 with most data
after 1996
• 80% PCC
• 20% AC
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 Why Is This Important?
• If s is higher than default, we are under-
sampling and our results are not as
accurate as expected
• If s is lower than default, we are over-
sampling, wasting time and money

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 COMPARISON TO DEFAULTS

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 Standard Deviation for all Data
Points

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 Descriptive Statistics

Category Count Mean Median Maximum 95th %- % Rank % Rank

ile 10 15
All data 8364 7.17 6.01 45.15 18.74 0.73 0.89
Non-PCC Surface 1712 6.10 4.37 41.10 18.12 0.77 0.90
PCC Surface 6652 7.45 6.30 45.15 18.85 0.73 0.89
Aprons 3380 8.22 7.13 43.76 20.40 0.67 0.85
Runways 1871 5.59 4.43 31.94 15.24 0.83 0.95
Taxiways 2856 7.18 6.13 45.15 18.19 0.74 0.90
Primary 5411 6.94 5.91 38.64 17.82 0.75 0.91
Secondary 2579 7.52 6.06 45.15 20.31 0.71 0.88
Tertiary 374 8.23 6.94 42.51 20.73 0.67 0.83
Population s 3891 6.96 5.53 45.15 18.85 0.74 0.89
Sample s 4473 7.36 6.34 41.10 18.55 0.73 0.90
Slab Size ≤ 15 ft 1306 6.78 5.58 39.95 17.81 0.76 0.91
15 ft< Slab Size ≤ 20 ft 2380 6.21 4.99 45.15 16.37 0.80 0.93
15 ft< Slab Size ≤ 20 ft 2859 8.87 7.93 43.76 20.43 0.64 0.85
Slab Size > 25 ft 120 5.62 4.20 25.44 17.42 0.86 0.91

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 Descriptive Statistics

Category Count Mean Median Maximum 95th %- % Rank % Rank

ile 10 15
All data 8364 7.17 6.01 45.15 18.74 0.73 0.89
Non-PCC Surface 1712 6.10 4.37 41.10 18.12 0.77 0.90
PCC Surface 6652 7.45 6.30 45.15 18.85 0.73 0.89
Aprons 3380 8.22 7.13 43.76 20.40 0.67 0.85
Runways 1871 5.59 4.43 31.94 15.24 0.83 0.95
Taxiways
Primary
Category 2856
5411
7.18
6.94
Count Mean Median
6.13
5.91
45.15
38.64
18.19
17.82
0.74
0.75
Maxim
0.90
0.91
Secondary 2579 7.52 6.06 45.15 20.31 0.71 0.88
Tertiary 374 8.23 6.94 42.51 20.73 0.67 0.83
All data
Population s 3891 6.96 8364
5.53 45.15 7.17
18.85 6.01
0.74 0.89 45.15
Sample s 4473 7.36 6.34 41.10 18.55 0.73 0.90
Non-PCC Surface
Slab Size ≤ 15 ft 1306 6.78 1712
5.58 39.95 6.10
17.81 4.37
0.76 0.91 41.10
15 ft< Slab Size ≤ 20 ft 2380 6.21 4.99 45.15 16.37 0.80 0.93
PCC Surface
15 ft< Slab Size ≤ 20 ft 2859 8.87
6652
7.93 43.76
7.45
20.43
6.30
0.64 0.85
45.15
Aprons
Slab Size > 25 ft 120 5.62 3380
4.20 25.44 8.22
17.42 7.13
0.86 0.91 43.76
Runways 1871 5.59 4.43 31.94
Taxiways 2856 7.18 6.13 45.15
Primary 5411 6.94
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5.91 38.64
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Secondary 2579 7.52 6.06 45.15
 Descriptive Statistics

Category Count Mean Median Maximum 95th %- % Rank % Rank

ile 10 15
All data 8364 7.17 6.01 45.15 18.74 0.73 0.89
Non-PCC Surface 1712 6.10 4.37 41.10 18.12 0.77 0.90
PCC Surface 6652 7.45 6.30 45.15 18.85 0.73 0.89
Aprons 3380 8.22 7.13 43.76 20.40 0.67 0.85
Runways th 1871 5.59 4.43 31.94 15.24 0.83 0.95
Maximum
Taxiways
Primary
95 %- % Rank % Rank
2856
5411
7.18
6.94
6.13
5.91
45.15
38.64
18.19
17.82
0.74
0.75
0.90
0.91
Secondary
Tertiary
ile 10 2579
374
15 7.52
8.23
6.06
6.94
45.15
42.51
20.31
20.73
0.71
0.67
0.88
0.83
45.15 All
Population s 18.74 3891 6.96 0.735.53 45.15 0.89 18.85 0.74 0.89
Sample s 4473 7.36 6.34 41.10 18.55 0.73 0.90
41.10 AC
Slab Size ≤ 15 ft 18.12 1306 6.78 0.775.58 39.95 0.90 17.81 0.76 0.91
15 ft< Slab Size ≤ 20 ft
45.15PCC 18.85 2380 6.21 0.734.99 45.15 0.89 16.37 0.80 0.93
15 ft< Slab Size ≤ 20 ft 2859 8.87 7.93 43.76 20.43 0.64 0.85
43.76
Slab Size > 25 ft 20.40 120 5.62 0.674.20 25.44 0.85 17.42 0.86 0.91

31.94 15.24 0.83 0.95

45.15 18.19 0.74 0.90
38.64 17.82 0.75 0.91
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45.15 20.31 0.71
Pavement 0.88
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 Conclusion 1
• AC pavements are under-sampled
approximately 23% of the time
• PCC pavements are under-sampled
approximately 11% of the time

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 Actual Confidence Interval
• Based on quantile function of standard
normal distribution

Surface e for 95% CI CI for e=5

AC 95%±9.0 86.7%±5
PCC 95%±6.3 94.3%±5

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 COMPARISON AMONG
PAVEMENT CATEGORIES

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 Pavement Type
50

40

30
PCI Section σ

20

10

Non-PCC PCC
Inspected Surface
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 Pavement Use
50

40

30
PCI Section σ

20

10

APRON RUNWAY TAXIWAY

Use
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 Pavement Rank
50

40

30
PCI Section σ

20

10

Primary Secondary Tertiary

Rank
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 Surveying 100%
50

40

30
PCI Section σ

20

10

Population Sample
σ Type
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 Slab Size
50

40

30
PCI Seciton σ

20

10

0 < s ≤ 15 ft 15 ft < s ≤ 20 ft 20 ft < s ≤ 25 ft s > 25 ft

SLAB SIZE
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 Pavement Age

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 Conclusion 2
• Runways appear to have lower s
• Slight positive correlation between s and
pavement age
• Appears to be no significant return on
surveying more than recommended number
of samples
• Large slabs (>20 ft) appear to have greater
variability in condition

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 Summary of Conclusions
• Measured standard deviations are higher
than the default values provided in ASTM
D5340
• Standard deviation appears to be affected by:
 Surface type
 Use (runway or non-runway)
 Slab size (for PCC)
 Pavement age (to a lesser extent)

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