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Indian Government and Environmental Management
Indian Government and Environmental Management
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After reading this article you will learn about the role of Indian government in
environmental management.
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The reason for this being that the private market system fails to allocate
environmental resources efficiently due to the pervasiveness of pollution costs
external to private decision makers. Environmental quality is a public good and
the economic efficiency in environmental resource allocation necessitates the
intervention of the government. Generally, there are 2 approaches available for
pollution abatement policy.
They are:
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Ministry of Environment & Forests has taken several policy initiatives and
enacted environmental and pollution control legislations to prevent
indiscriminate exploitation of natural resources and to promote integration of
environmental concerns in developmental projects.
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The Manual has been designed to cover the whole gamut of issues like regulatory
requirements, the EIA methodology including baseline studies, identification of
key issues and consideration of alternatives, impact analysis and remedial
measures in a systematic way.
It also delineates the process of reviewing the adequacy of EIA and EMP reports
and post-project monitoring. To make the Manual comprehensive and self-
contained, information pertaining to legislative regime, base line data
generation and monitoring, thumb rules for pollution control measures etc. have
been annexed to the main text.
It has been our experience that EIA documents are often voluminous but much of
the base-line information included in these is not fully utilised in the impact
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Other measures that have been adopted by the government in environmental
management and currently in operation all over India include:
i. Effluent Charges:
It is one of the fiscal tools which when used correctly will induce the firm to
decrease output of effluents. This in turn helps remove the zero-price criteria of
the producers associated with the use of the natural resources of the country.
The imposition of these effluent charges firmly establishes the public ownership
of air and water resources and determines the price that must be paid for their
use.
The subsidies that can be offered by the government acts as an opportunity cost
in terms of foregone revenue and also has the effect of internationalizing the
social costs of waste discharges. The polluter treats waste reduction as another
marketable good and therefore, more firms try to improve their efficiency in
their effort to maximize their ‘subsidies’.
There is an increasing effort working to improve the legislation laws that protect
our environment supported by well drafted regulations and enforcement
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The legislative
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The environmentalist movement has been weak in India. This is so despite the
pro-nature, pantheism in Indian culture and the Gandhian outlook to life.
Though its antecedents are to be traced to it’s counterparts in the West and
developed countries elsewhere, like Japan, it came up in the seventies and
assumed recognizable proportions during the eighties.
Initially, after independence, the primary attention of the governments and the
people was riveted on development through a planned strategy. As the
development plans proceeded and development in some concentrated areas,
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environmental problems that arose in the wake of industrial development,
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urbanization and increase in the population of our country.
Uprooting of agricultural landholders from the villages in which they had settled
for generations due to irrigation and hydroelectric projects, water logging and
salinisation of agricultural lands due to continuous irrigation and fertilizer use,
unsettlement of the tribals on account of deforestation, the growth of slums and
extinction of greenery due to over-urbanization, pollution of air and water due
to industrial wastes, increase in noise pollution were some of the environmental
problems which cropped up all over the country and engaged the attention of the
planners and the people.
Thus, the rise of environmentalism in the country has been slow and belated to
meet the advances and pace of development in the country. The movement has
been localized, sporadic, transient and weak, and basically, treated
symptomatically.
Thus, the root of the problems lies in the fact that there has been a lot of
complacency in development planning, as the planners never figured out the
consequences of their plans would also have negative externalities which would
be devastating and wide spread.
The government should evince sympathy to their causes as they keep the
conscience of the people burning bright. This is the core element of development
planning for any country. Development and environmentalism are not opposed
to each other as some may conclude; they are complementary.
Any development oriented plans must perform its objectives without disturbing
the equilibrium of the regional ecosystem. Environmental planning and
management on the one hand and development planning on the other, are
interlinked as the former gives the solutions to a better surrounding and the
latter provides the solutions to a better way of living.
“Our future depends on our ability to resist the imposition of technology which
is obsolete or unrelated to our specific requirements and of policies which tie
us to systems which serve the purposes of others rather than our own, and on
our success in dealing with vested interests in our organizations;
governmental, economic, social and even intellectual which bind us to
outmoded systems and institutions.”
Time and again, it is stressed that the available natural resources are not
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prime importance for the national growth. Of all the energy sources, hydel
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energy ranks next to solar energy and wind energy in environmental friendly
option.
These are the natural resources that we can utilize efficiently and in our quest
for integrated development and growth for our country. Research and
development is of primary importance for any development plan and
investments must be made after performing an accurate cost-benefit analysis.
In recent years, in all the planning processes, emphasis has been placed on
integrated planning, but the concept of integrated area development and the
methods of achieving it have not yet been set forth clearly.
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