Lec#09. Connections For Steel Structures - Assingment 03

12/18/2022
Steel Structures
Engr. Dr. Muhammad Aslam
Assistant Professor,
Dept. of Civil Engineering
(Structural Engineering & Materials)
General Details
• Department of Civil Engineering.
• Course: Steel Structures.
• Instructor: Engr. Dr. Muhammad Aslam.
• Lecture No. 09.
• Week No. 09.
• Class: MSc Civil Engineering (Structural Engineering).
Institute of Southern Punjab (ISP), Multan Prepared by: Engr. Dr. Muhammad Aslam
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Connections for Steel

Structures
Engr. Dr. Muhammad Aslam
Assistant Professor,
Dept. of Civil Engineering
(Structural Engineering & Materials)
Course: Steel Structures
Text Books
1. Steel Structures – 3rd Edition. by Zahid Ahmad Siddiqi.
2. LRFD Steel Design Aids – 4th Ed. by Zahid Ahmad Siddiqi.
3. Steel Structures: Design and Behaviour by Charles, G.,
Salmon, J. and Johnson, E.
4. Steel Structures Design and Practice by N. Subramanian.
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Summary of Previous Lecture

1. What is Steel.
2. Steel treatments and Making processes.
3. Structural Steel Types, Built-up Sections, Modern Steels.
4. Types of Loads, Load Combinations, Various Design Methods.
5. Analysis & Design of Tension Members.
6. Compression Members.
7. Analysis & Design of Compression Members.
Contents
1. Connections.
2. Types of Connections.
3. Applications of Bolted & Welded Connections.
4. Welding, Types and Advantages of Welding.
5. Sizes of Welds.
6. Design Procedure for Welded Truss Connections.
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Connections
• Connections are the devices used to join elements of a structure together
at a point such that forces can be transferred between them safely.
• Connection design is very critical than the design of members because a
failure of connection usually means collapse of a greater part or of the
whole structure.
• In general, relatively more factor of safety is provided in the design of
connections.
• The rigid connections should provide sufficient strength and ductility.
• Ductility is very useful for redistribution of stresses and dissipation of
extra energy in the case of EARTHQUAKES etc.
Types of Connections
2.1.1. Based on Means of Connection
 Welded Connections.
 Riveted Connections.
 Bolted Connections.
2.1.2. Based on Forces to be Transferred
• The forces to be transferred affect the behaviour and use of a particular
type of connection. Following are the common types:
 Truss Connections.
 Moment Connection
i. Full Restrained (FR).
ii. Semi-rigid Connections / Partially Restrained Connections (PR).
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2.1.2. Based on Forces to be Transferred
• The forces to be transferred affect the behaviour and use of a particular
type of connection. Following are the common types:
 Truss Connections.
 Moment Connection
i. Full Restrained (FR).
ii. Semi-rigid Connections / Partially Restrained Connections (PR).
 Simple / Shear Connections.
 Splices.
 Brackets.
 Bearings.
2.1.3. Types of Joints Based on Placement of Parts to be Joined
• Types of joint depends on factors such as the size and shape of members
coming into the joint, the type of loading, the amount of joint area
available for welding, and the relative costs for various types of welds.
1. Butt Joints
• The butt joint is used mainly to join the ends of flat plates of the same or
nearly the same thickness.
• A gap or groove is left between abutting members, which is later on
filled with weld.
• The principal advantage of this type of joint is to eliminate the
eccentricity developed in single lap joints.
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2. Lap Joints
• The members are either overlapped with each other or with some
connecting plates like gusset plates, splice plates, etc.
• Eccentricity of load, and the moment may also be produced in these
joints.
• In welded lap joints, the minimum amount of lap is to be five times the
thickness of the thinner part joined, but not less than 25 mm.
• Figure shown on next slide.
1. Butt Joints
2. Lap Joints
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2. Lap Joints
Advantages of Lap Joints:
a. Plates of different thickness can easily be joined such as in a truss
connection (Figures below).
b. Ease of filling: Pieces being joined do not require the preciseness in
fabrication, as do the other types of joints. Pieces can be slightly shifted
to accommodate minor errors in fabrication or to make adjustments.
c. Ease of joining: The edges of the pieces being joined do not need
special preparation and are usually sheared or flame cut.
2. Lap Joints
Advantages of Lap Joints:
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3. Tee Joint
• In a tee joint, one member meets the other member at right angles, as
shown below.
4. Corner Joint
• A typical example of corner joint can be seen in figure.
5. Edge Joint
• In edge joints, the parts to be joined come parallel to each other from
one side and are joined at their edge (Figure).
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3. Truss Connections
• In truss connections, only axial forces are to be transferred amongst the
members. These are used in trusses and are the simplest type of
connections, which may either be welded or bolted.
4. Building / Frame / Beam Connections
• All frame connections have to transfer 100% shear force from the beams
to other members. However, amount to be transferred varies depending
upon the rotational restraint at the joint.
• All connections have some restraint, that is some resistance to changes
of the original angles between intersecting members at the joints.
Types of Connections – Moment Connections

4.1. Moment Connections
• A moment connection transfers considerable moment across the
connection. It has the following types:
1. Fully Restrained (FR)
• FR connections are also referred as rigid or continuous frame
connections. Knee joints are typical example.
• They are assumed to be sufficiently rigid keeping the original angles
between the members practically unchanged after the application of
loads. A FR moment connection transfers moment with a negligible
rotation between the ideally rigid connection besides the full transfer of
shear and other forces.
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• These connections are particularly useful when continuity between the
members of the building frame is required to provide more flexural
resistance and to reduce lateral deflection due to wind loads.
• Both the flanges and the web of the member are to be connected for this
type of connection.
• This type of connection must have sufficient strength and stiffness to
keep the angle between the adjoining members unchanged.
• End connections of restrained beams girders, and trusses are to be
designed for the combined effect of forces resulting from moment and
shear induced by the rigidity of the connections.

2. Semi-Rigid / Partially Restrained / PR Connections
• PR type connections have rigidity less than 90% compared with ideally
rigid connections.
• Although the relative rotation between the joining members is not freely
allowed, the original angles between the members may change within
certain limits.
• They transfer some percentage of moment less than 90% and full shear
between the members.
• PR connections should have sufficient strength, stiffness and
deformation capacity at the strength limit states.
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2. Semi-Rigid / Partially Restrained / PR Connections
• Semi-rigid connections provide rigidity in between fully restrained and
simple connections and approximately 20 to 90 percent moment
compared with the ideal rigid joint may be transferred.
• End moments may also be developed in the beams and the maximum
beam moment may be significantly reduced.
• LRFD specification states that a connection can only be considered as
semi-rigid if proper evidence is presented to prove that it is capable of
providing a certain end restraint. These are the commonly used types of
connections in practice because their performance is exceptionally well
under cyclic loads and earthquake loadings.

4.2. Simple / Shear / Flexible Connections
• Simple or shear connections have less than 20% rigidity.
• These types of connections of beams, girders and trusses can be
designed as flexible.
• These are allowed to be designed for the reaction shears only.
• They are considerably flexible and the beams become simply supported
due to the possibility of the large available rotation.
• Moment may not be transferred in larger magnitudes with the
requirement that the shear force is fully transferred.
• In these connections, primarily the web is to be connected because most
of the shear stresses are concentrated in it.
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4.2. Simple / Shear / Flexible Connections
• In these connections, primarily the web is to be connected because most
of the shear stresses are concentrated in it.
• Connections of beams, girders, or trusses are usually designed as flexible
joints to resist only the reaction shears. Flexible beam connections must
accommodate end rotations of unrestrained beams.
• A simple connection should possess rotation capacity equal to that
determined during the analysis of the structure considering a true simple
support.
• Some self-limiting deformation in the connection is allowed to
accommodate the end rotation of a simple beam.

5. Splices
• These are used to extend the length of a particular member. The two
sides of the member may have same or different cross-sections.
• Splice joint is a connection between two parts of the same member
whereas a regular joint is the connection of more than one members of
the structure.
6. Brackets
• Brackets are the connections used to transfer torque besides other types
of forces. The term bracket is generally used for an extra plate projecting
out of the column and acting like a seat for the beam.
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7. Bearing Joints of Compression Members
• There shall be sufficient connectors to hold all parts of the section
securely in place when columns rest on bearing plates.
• All compression joints shall be designed to provide resistance against
uplift and tension developed during the uplift load combination.
• The required strength of the connectors must be smaller of the
following:
i. 0.5𝑃 .
ii. Moment and shear resulting from a transverse load equal to 0.02𝑃 ,
assuming the member end to be pinned.
Application of Bolted & Welded Connections

• Pretensioned bolts and welds must always be used for the following:
1) Column splices in all structures over 38 m in height.
2) Connections of all beams and columns with each other or amongst
themselves on which the bracing of the structure is dependent in
structures over 38 m in height.
3) For roof truss splices, connections of trusses to columns, column
splices, column bracing, knee braces and crane supports for structures
carrying cranes of over 5 ton capacity.
4) Connections for supports of the machinery and other live loads that
produce impact or reversal of loads.
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Welding and Its Types

• Welding is a process in which metallic parts are connected together by
heating their surfaces to fluid state and allowing the parts to flow
together and join with or without the addition of other molten metal.
1. Gas Welding
• In gas welding a mixture of oxygen and acetylene is burned at the tip of
a torch or blowpipe held in the welder’s hand.
• Additional metal is introduced by a metal rod known as filler or welding
rod.
• Gas welding is a rather slow process as compared to other means of
welding and is normally used for repair and maintenance work and not
for the fabrication and erection of large steel structures.

2. Electric Arc Welding
• In arc welding an electric arc is formed between the pieces being welded
connected to negative terminal of battery and an electrode held in the
operator’s hand with some type of holder connected to positive terminal
of battery.
• The arc is a continuous spark which upon contact brings the electrode
and the piece being welded to the melting point.
• The resistance of the air or gas between the electrode and the piece being
welded changes the electrical energy into heat.
• A temperature of somewhere between 3100 and 5500 ºC is produced in
the arc.
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Advantages of Welding
1. Welded structures allow the elimination of a large percentage of the
gusset and splice plates necessary for riveted or bolted structures along
with the elimination of rivet or bolt heads.
2. In some bridge trusses it may be possible to save up to 15% or more of
the steel weight by using welding making the structure economical.
3. Welding requires appreciably less labor than does riveting because one
welder can replace the standard four persons riveting crew.
4. Welding has a much wide range of application than riveting or bolting.
5. Welded structures are more rigid because the members are often welded
directly to each other.

Advantages of Welding
5. Riveted or bolted structures are often made through connection
angles/plates which deflect due to loads (flexible structures).
6. Welding changes and repairs are quick and easy.
7. Welding are relative silence of operation.
8. Fewer pieces are used and as a result time is saved in detailing,
fabrication and field erection.
9. Welded connections are not recommended for temporary connections,
where bolts are preferred.
10. Welding gives truly continuous structures with smooth and clean
surfaces.
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Types of Welds Depending Upon Weld Shape

1. Groove Welds
• This type of weld is used in approximately 15% of construction. A
groove of one of the shapes (Figure) is formed between the adjoining
surfaces, which is then filled with weld.
2. Fillet Welds
• Fillet welds owing to their overall economy, ease of fabricating and
adaptability are the most widely used (80%). It is actually triangular
filling of weld around the overlapping edges.
3. Slot and Plug Welds
• Piece to be joined are placed one above the other and a hole or slot is
drilled in the top plate. This hole/slot is then filled with weld material.
Types of Welds Depending Upon Weld Shape

1. Groove Welds
2. Slot and Plug Welds
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Sizes of Welds
1. Minimum Weld Size for Fillet Welds
• The minimum fillet weld sizes for various thicknesses of thinner parts
joined are given by American Welding Society (AWS) are mentioned in
Table. According to AISC, minimum weld size is determined by the
thinner of the two parts joined.
Sizes of Welds
2. Minimum Weld Size for Groove Welds
• The minimum groove weld sizes for various thicknesses of thicker parts
joined are given by American Welding Society (AWS) are mentioned in
Table.
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Sizes of Welds
3. Maximum Fillet Weld Size
1. Along edges of material less than 6 mm thick,
(𝑡 ) =𝑡
Where: 𝑡 = thickness of thinner plate joined.
2. Along edges of material 6 mm or more in thickness.
(𝑡 ) =𝑡 −2
Where: 𝑡 = thickness of thinner plate joined.
Sizes of Welds
4. Practical Weld Size
• The smallest practical weld size is about 3 mm and the most economical
size is probably about 8 mm giving the best efficiency of welder.
• This 8 mm weld is the largest size that can be made in one pass with the
shielded arc welding process.
• Fillet weld terminations are allowed to be stopped short or extend to the
ends or be boxed, except in the following cases:
1. For connection where flexibility of the outstanding elements is
desirable.
2. Fillet welds are to be interrupted at the corners.
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Sizes of Welds
5. Minimum Length of Fillet Weld
• There is always a slight tapering off in the region where the fillet weld is
started and where it ends.
• Therefore, if the length is very small, large percentage difference is
created between actual and expected strengths.
• Hence, the minimum effective length of a fillet weld is specified as four
times its nominal size.
(𝐿 ) = 4𝑡
• If this requirement is not met, the size of the weld for calculating
strength should be considered to be one-fourth of the effective length
provided.
Sizes of Welds
5. Recommended Maximum Weld Length
• The value of maximum weld length given below is just a field practice.
𝐿 = 30 𝑡
• If the weld length is greater than this limit, it is better to use intermittent
weld at a clear spacing of 100 – 150 mm. When the fillet weld length
(𝐿 ) exceeds 100 times the weld size (𝑡 ), the effective weld length
shall be calculated by reducing the actual length by the factor 𝛽, where,
𝛽 = 1.2 − 0.002 𝐿 𝑡 ≤ 1.0
𝛽 = 0.6 𝑖𝑓 𝐿 > 300𝑡

Where: L = actual length of end-loaded weld.
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Sizes of Welds
6. Strength of Weld
• Strength of weld depends upon the following factors:
1. Size of weld (𝑡 ).
2. Length of weld (𝐿 , 𝐿 ).
3. Type of Electrode.
4. Type of Weld.
Electrode Types Minimum Tensile
5. Type of base metal. Strength (𝑭𝑬 ) MPa
E60 425
6. Thickness of plates.
E70 495
E80 550
E100 690
E110 760
Sizes of Welds
7. Stresses in Fillet Welds
• Fillet welds are subjected to shear stresses in case of connection of
tension and compression members.
• For the cases where fillet weld is subjected to direct tension /
compression, the failure is still expected at the maximum shear stress
plane due to the ductile nature of the weld material.
7.1. Effective Throat of Fillet Welds
• From testing, it was found that fillet welds are stronger in direct tension
and compression than in shear, so the controlling fillet weld stresses
given by the various specifications are the shearing stresses.
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Sizes of Welds
7.1. Effective Throat of Fillet Welds
Sizes of Welds
7.2. Adopted or Selected Weld Size (𝒕𝒘 )
• Three limiting weld sizes, (𝑡 ) , (𝑡 ) and (𝑡 ) are found as
discussed previously and are arranged in ascending or descending order.
• The middle value is then selected and is rounded to the nearest whole
number millimetre.
7.3. Selected Weld Length
• Selected weld length at any face of the member (𝐿 , 𝐿 and 𝐿 ) should
be greater than or equal to the calculated value but should be within
(𝐿 ) and (𝐿 ) .
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Sizes of Welds
7.3. Selected Weld Length
• Selected weld length at any face of the member (𝐿 , 𝐿 and 𝐿 ) should
be greater than or equal to the calculated value but should be within
(𝐿 ) and (𝐿 ) .
• Procedure to Select Weld Length
Sizes of Welds
8. Strength of Weld Material
• As discussed, the material of fillet weld is subjected to shear stresses
acting at the throat section.
• The nominal strength for stress on the effective area of the weld is 0.60
times the ultimate tensile strength of electrode (𝐹 or simply 𝐹 , the
X’s refer to suitable welding positions).
𝑅 = 0.60𝐹 ∗𝐴
𝐴 = 𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝐶𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 − 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑤𝑒𝑙𝑑 𝑚𝑚
Weld design Shear Strength = 𝜙𝑅 𝜙 = 0.75 𝐿𝑅𝐹𝐷
Weld Allowable Shear Strength = 𝑅 /𝛺 𝛺 = 2.00 (𝐴𝑆𝐷)
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Sizes of Welds
• The nominal strength of a particular weld is taken as the lower value out
of 𝑅 = 𝐹 𝐴 (where: 𝐹 𝐴 is the nominal strength of the weld) and
𝑅 =𝐹 𝐴 (where: 𝐹 𝐴 is the nominal strength of the base
material).
• The fillet welds are assumed to transmit loads by shear on the effective
area in design regardless of the direction of the loads or the position of
the welds at the connections. Various symbols used are:
𝐹 = Nominal strength of base material / area, MPa
𝐹 = Nominal strength of weld electrode / area, MPa
𝐴 ,𝐴 = Sectional Area of base (mm), and of weld (𝑚𝑚)
Sizes of Welds
• Alternatively, for a linear weld group loaded in-plane through the centre
of gravity, we have:
𝑅 =𝐹 𝐴
.
where: 𝐹 = 0.60𝐹 (1 + 0.5 sin 𝛳)
𝛳 = angle of loading measured from weld longitudinal axis, degrees
𝐴 = Effective area of weld.
• For fillet weld groups that are concentrically loaded where weld size is
same, 𝑅 can be taken larger of:
𝑅 =𝑅 +𝑅
𝑅 = 0.85𝑅 + 1.5𝑅 (𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑡𝛳)
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Sizes of Welds
 Weld Value (𝑹𝒘 ) Or Strength of Weld Per Unit Length
• It is strength or load carrying capacity in kN of a unit length of the weld
(1 mm) depending on weld/member strength, whichever is lesser.
𝑅 = lesser of the following two values:
𝜙𝑅
= 𝜙 ∗ 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑜𝑎𝑡 𝑡 ∗ 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ ∗ 𝑤𝑒𝑙𝑑 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ
𝜙𝑅 = 0.75 ∗ 0.707 ∗ 𝑡 ∗ 1 ∗ 0.60𝐹 /1000
𝜙𝑅 = 0.75 ∗ 0.6 𝐹 ∗ 𝐴 /1000
𝜙𝑅 = 0.75 ∗ 0.6𝐹 ∗ 𝑡 ∗ 1/1000
Where: t = thickness of base metal.
Sizes of Welds
9. Gusset Plate Thickness and Dimensions
• Thickness of gusset plate should usually be more than thickness of
joining members. The absolute minimum thickness is 6 mm with the
most common thickness of 10 mm. Size of the gusset plate is decided
based on the following factors:
1. It should accommodate weld lengths or rivets for all members.
2. It be as regular as possible with minimum sharp edges.
3. Edge of gusset plate intersecting the member should be perpendicular to
the longitudinal axis of member as far as possible.
4. Preferably the flaring angle with respect to the member should not be
less than 22.5º.
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Design Procedure for Welded Truss Connections

1. Write all known data including selected member sections, factored
member forces, etc.
2. In case of lap joints, the amount of lap shall be five times the thickness
of the thinner part joined, but not less than 25 mm.
3. Decide the gusset plate thickness such that it should be:
a. Same throughout the truss,
b. Comparable to greatest thickness of members joining with it,
c. Not less than 6 mm, and
d. Preferably kept at a minimum of 10 mm. This thickness is most
commonly used.
Size & Shape of gusset plate can be decided during drawing the joints.

4. In case of members with reversal of forces, only design for the greater
magnitude force and use the corresponding section capacity.
5. Find out the load carrying capacity of the member, 𝜙 𝑇 , or 𝜙 𝑃 if not
known.
6. Design factored force 𝐹 for a member discontinued at the joint is
taken as the greater of applied load and 50% of the section capacity.
7. If member is double angle section, consider 𝐹 as half of the above
force for one angle. Weld will be designed for one angle and the same
will be provided on the other side.
8. Find d and y for the section from the Table / LRFD Manual.
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9. Select size of weld (𝑡 ) considering (𝑡 ) , (𝑡 ) , and (𝑡 ) .
10. Decide the type of electrode to be used.
11. Find weld value 𝑅 as smaller of 𝜙𝑅 , and 𝜙𝑅 .
𝜙𝑅 = 𝜙 ∗ 𝑡 ∗ 1 ∗ 0.6𝐹 /1000
Where: 𝑡 = 0.707𝑡 : 𝜙 = 0.75
0.6𝐹
𝜙𝑅 =𝜙∗𝑡 ∗1∗
1000
for base plate subjected to shear, 𝜙 = 0.75
𝜙𝑅 = 𝜙 ∗ 𝐹 ∗ 𝑡 ∗ 1/1000
for base plate subjected to tension, 𝜙 = 0.90

12. Calculate total weld length required 𝑙 as follows:
𝐹
𝐿 = 𝑅
13. Calculate (𝐿 ) and (𝐿 ) .
14. Divide total weld length (𝐿 ) into 𝐿 and 𝐿 , which are weld lengths at
top and bottom of the member, considering 𝑙 = 0 into the start.
𝐿 = 𝐿 ∗ 𝑦/𝑑 and 𝐿 = 𝐿 ∗ 𝑑 − 𝑦/𝑑
Greater value is provided on that face of the member which is closer to the
centroidal axis.
15. Check lengths 𝐿 and 𝐿 for minimum and maximum limits and decide
the side weld length 𝐿 .
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15. Check lengths 𝐿 and 𝐿 for minimum and maximum limits and decide
the side weld length 𝐿 .

16. The connection length for a tension member must be such that a better
shear lag factor may be achieved. The preferred connection length may
be calculated as under:
For lap joints, the minimum amount of lap permitted is equal to 5 times the
thickness of the thinner part joined, but not less than 25 mm. The purpose
of this minimum lap is to prevent the joint against excessive rotation.
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17. Check block shear strength, for tension members only.

17. Check block shear strength, for tension members only.
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18. If more than one member is meeting at a joint, consider free body
diagram of each member separately, to design the weld. For example,
each member (Figure) is to be designed separately for its force.

19. If the top or bottom chord member is discontinued at a joint (Figure on
previous slide), splice plate should be used with the projected leg of the
member, perpendicular to the gusset plate. Thickness of this splice plate
must be approximately equal to thickness of the member. This type of
joint is called Spliced Joint.
20. In case of un-spliced and unloaded top or bottom chord joint (Figure),
the top or bottom chord weld is designed for the difference of forces on
the two sides.
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21. In case of loaded un-spliced joint, design is carried out as in step 20 but
an additional check as under is performed at the end. This is required
because the weld should provide extra strength to transfer perpendicular
load (V) from the member to the gusset plate.
𝑃 = 1.2𝑃 + 1.6𝑃
𝑉 = 𝑃𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
Calculate:
𝐹 𝑉
𝑅 = +
𝑙 𝑙
If: 𝑅 ≤𝑅

21. In case of loaded un-spliced joint, design is carried out as in step:
Otherwise:
i. Increase the weld length in steps and check.
ii. Increase the weld size, if it is lesser than 𝑡 .
22. Show results of weld design on a neat sketch using the standard weld
symbol.
Note:
Longer length out of 𝐿 and 𝐿 for connection of angle sections with gusset
plates is to be provided on that side of member, which is closer to the
centroidal axis.
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Assignment No. 09
1. What is Connections. Enlist all the types of
Connections.
2. Explain the design procedure for Welded Truss
Connections.
Thanks
31

Lec#09. Connections For Steel Structures - Assingment 03

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Lec#09. Connections For Steel Structures - Assingment 03

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12/18/2022

Engr. Dr. Muhammad Aslam

• Department of Civil Engineering.

• Course: Steel Structures.

• Instructor: Engr. Dr. Muhammad Aslam.

• Lecture No. 09.

• Week No. 09.

• Class: MSc Civil Engineering (Structural Engineering).

Connections for Steel

Course: Steel Structures

1. Steel Structures – 3rd Edition. by Zahid Ahmad Siddiqi.

2. LRFD Steel Design Aids – 4th Ed. by Zahid Ahmad Siddiqi.

3. Steel Structures: Design and Behaviour by Charles, G.,

Salmon, J. and Johnson, E.

4. Steel Structures Design and Practice by N. Subramanian.

Summary of Previous Lecture

2. Steel treatments and Making processes.

3. Structural Steel Types, Built-up Sections, Modern Steels.

4. Types of Loads, Load Combinations, Various Design Methods.

5. Analysis & Design of Tension Members.

7. Analysis & Design of Compression Members.

3. Applications of Bolted & Welded Connections.

4. Welding, Types and Advantages of Welding.

6. Design Procedure for Welded Truss Connections.

Types of Connections – Moment Connections

Types of Connections – Moment Connections

Types of Connections – Moment Connections

Types of Connections – Moment Connections

Types of Connections – Moment Connections

Types of Connections – Moment Connections

Types of Connections – Moment Connections

Types of Connections – Moment Connections

Application of Bolted & Welded Connections

Welding and Its Types

Welding and Its Types

Welding and Its Types

Welding and Its Types

Types of Welds Depending Upon Weld Shape

Types of Welds Depending Upon Weld Shape

𝛽 = 1.2 − 0.002 𝐿 𝑡 ≤ 1.0

𝛽 = 0.6 𝑖𝑓 𝐿 > 300𝑡

Design Procedure for Welded Truss Connections

Design Procedure for Welded Truss Connections

Design Procedure for Welded Truss Connections

Design Procedure for Welded Truss Connections

Design Procedure for Welded Truss Connections

Design Procedure for Welded Truss Connections

Design Procedure for Welded Truss Connections

Design Procedure for Welded Truss Connections

Design Procedure for Welded Truss Connections

Design Procedure for Welded Truss Connections

Design Procedure for Welded Truss Connections

Design Procedure for Welded Truss Connections

2. Explain the design procedure for Welded Truss

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