Maria Ysabel Canete

MATH 204- C
ACTIVITY 1
A. Define the following:
1. Statistics
- is the discipline that concerns the collection, organization, analysis, interpretation, and
presentation of data. In applying statistics to a scientific, industrial, or social problem, it is
conventional to begin with a statistical population or a statistical model to be studied. Statistics is
a branch of applied mathematics that involves the collection, description, analysis, and inference
of conclusions from quantitative data.
2. Descriptive Statistics
-Descriptive statistics describe, show, and summarize the basic features of a dataset found in a
given study, presented in a summary that describes the data sample and its measurements. It
helps analysts to understand the data better.
3. Inferential Statistics
-Inferential statistics are often used to compare the differences between the treatment groups.
Inferential statistics use measurements from the sample of subjects in the experiment to compare
the treatment groups and make generalizations about the larger population of subjects.
4. Levels of Measurements (define each level)
-Levels of measurement, also called scales of measurement, tell you how precisely variables are
recorded. In scientific research, a variable is anything that can take on different values across
your data set (e.g., height or test scores).
There are 4 levels of measurement:
Nominal: the data can only be categorized
Ordinal: the data can be categorized and ranked
Interval: the data can be categorized, ranked, and evenly spaced
Ratio: the data can be categorized, ranked, evenly spaced, and has a natural zero.
5. Quantitative Variable
- Quantitative variables are any variables where the data represent amounts (e.g. height, weight,
or age). Variables whose values result from counting or measuring something.
6. Qualitative Variable
- A categorical variable (also called qualitative variable) refers to a characteristic that can't be
quantifiable. Variables that are not measurement variables.
7. Population
- The whole number of people or inhabitants in a country or region. A population is the complete
set group of individuals, whether that group comprises a nation or a group of people with a
common characteristic.
8. Sample
- A sample is the specific group that you will collect data from. sample statistic is a figure that is
computed from a sample of data
9. Statistics
- is the discipline that concerns the collection, organization, analysis, interpretation, and
presentation of data. In applying statistics to a scientific, industrial, or social problem, it is
conventional to begin with a statistical population or a statistical model to be studied. Statistics is
a branch of applied mathematics that involves the collection, description, analysis, and inference
of conclusions from quantitative data.
10. Parameter
-a numerical or other measurable factor forming one of a set that defines a system or sets the
conditions of its operation.
MATHEMATICS-a quantity whose value is selected for the particular circumstances and in
relation to which other variable quantities may be expressed.
STATISTICS-a numerical characteristic of a population, as distinct from a statistic of a sample.
11. Simple Random Sampling
- Simple random sampling is a type of probability sampling in which the researcher randomly
selects a subset of participants from a population. Each member of the population has an equal
chance of being selected. Data is then collected from as large a percentage as possible of this
random subset.
12. Systematic Random Sampling
- Systematic sampling is a probability sampling method where researchers select members of the
population at a regular interval – for example, by selecting every 15th person on a list of the
population. If the population is in a random order, this can imitate the benefits of simple random
sampling.
13. Stratified Random Sampling
- Stratified random sampling is a method of sampling that involves the division of a population
into smaller subgroups known as strata. In stratified random sampling, or stratification, the strata
are formed based on members' shared attributes or characteristics, such as income or educational
attainment.
14. Cluster Random Sampling
cluster sampling is a sampling plan used when mutually homogeneous yet internally
heterogeneous groupings are evident in a statistical population. It is often used in marketing
research. In cluster sampling, researchers divide a population into smaller groups known as
clusters. They then randomly select among these clusters to form a sample. Cluster sampling is a
method of probability sampling that is often used to study large populations, particularly those
that are widely geographically dispersed.
B. Answer the following
a. Give 5 types of nonprobability sampling
- Non-probability sampling is a sampling method that uses non-random criteria like the
availability, geographical proximity, or expert knowledge of the individuals you want to research
in order to answer a research question.
Non-probability sampling is used when the population parameters are either unknown or not
possible to individually identify. For example, visitors to a website that doesn’t require users to
create an account could form part of a non-probability sample.
There are five common types of non-probability sampling:
 Convenience sampling
- Convenience samples are sometimes called “accidental samples,” because participants can
be selected for the sample simply because they happen to be nearby when the researcher is
conducting the data collection.
 Quota sampling
- In quota sampling, you select a predetermined number or proportion of units, called a quota.
Your quota should comprise subgroups with specific characteristics (e.g., individuals, cases,
or organizations) and should be selected in a non-random manner.
Your subgroups, called strata, should be mutually exclusive. Your estimation can be based on
previous studies or on other existing data, if there are any. This helps you determine how
many units should be chosen from each subgroup. In the data collection phase, you continue
to recruit units until you reach your quota.
 Self-selection (volunteer) sampling
- Self-selection sampling (also called volunteer sampling) relies on participants who
voluntarily agree to be part of your research. This is common for samples that need people
who meet specific criteria, as is often the case for medical or psychological research.
 In self-selection sampling, volunteers are usually invited to participate through
advertisements asking those who meet the requirements to sign up. Volunteers are recruited
until a predetermined sample size is reached.
Self-selection or volunteer sampling involves two steps:
Publicizing your need for subjects
Checking the suitability of each subject and either inviting or rejecting them
 Snowball sampling
- Snowball sampling is used when the population you want to research is hard to reach, or
there is no existing database or other sampling frame to help you find them. Research about
socially marginalized groups such as drug addicts, homeless people, or sex workers often
uses snowball sampling.
To conduct a snowball sample, you start by finding one person who is willing to participate
in your research. You then ask them to introduce you to others.
 Purposive (judgmental) sampling
- Purposive sampling is a blanket term for several sampling techniques that choose
participants deliberately due to qualities they possess. It is also called judgmental sampling,
because it relies on the judgment of the researcher to select the units (e.g., people, cases, or
organizations studied).
Purposive sampling is common in qualitative and mixed methods research designs, especially
when considering specific issues with unique cases.
b. Give 3 Types of collection of data
- 1. Observational Method
For example, observational studies are good for uncovering facts about specific people or groups
because they allow close examination of behavior over time.
However, they are not as effective in measuring attitudes or beliefs since it is difficult to ask
people what their thoughts are.
It is also hard to use observational studies to predict the future since you can’t give people a
scenario and see how they will react.
2. Questionnaire Method
In contrast, questionnaire studies work well for exploring attitudes and beliefs because they only
require respondents to answer questions without having to be observed in a specific situation.
On the other hand, questionnaires might not be good at observing behavior since you have no
way of keeping track of how a person behaves outside of a survey.
3. Survey and Interviews Method
Data collection techniques are methods that people can use to collect data, The two main data
collection techniques are interviews and surveys.
These two types of data collection techniques have a couple of things in common: Interviews and
surveys both come from a group of people, both gather the same type of information from a
group of people for statistical purposes.
There are many different types of surveys and questionnaires in a survey, The primary objectives
of a survey are to gather a large amount of data.
The selection of survey questions depends on the objectives, The respondents answer the
questions based on personal knowledge, thoughts, preferences, etc.
In the below Categories of Data Collection, there are more methods are described and the dive
view of Survey Method has given so go through each method in different categories.
c. Give 3 types of presentation of Data
-There are generally three forms of presentation of data:
• Textual or Descriptive presentation
- Textual presentation is also called descriptive presentation because the information regarding
the dataset is represented paragraphically and is descriptive in nature. Textual presentation of
data means presenting data in the form of words, sentences and paragraphs.
• Tabular presentation
- Tabular presentation means, a statistical table in which systematic organization of data in rows
and columns. It is a table that helps to represent even a large amount of data in an engaging, easy
to read, and coordinated manner. The data is arranged in rows and columns. This is one of the
most popularly used forms of presentation of data as data tables are simple to prepare and read.
• Diagrammatic presentation.
- It is a technique of presenting numeric data through pictograms, cartograms, bar diagrams, and
pie diagrams. It is the most attractive and appealing way to represent statistical data. Diagrams
help in visual comparison and they have a bird’s eye view.