BASIC LINUX COMMAND

ANGGRAHITO, S.ST., S.T., M.B.A

HISTORY of LINUX

Ken Thompson and Dennis Ritchie was developed the

Unix Operating Systemat AT&T Laboratories in 1969 and
first released in 1970.

In 1977 the University of California, Berkeley released a

free UNIX system that called BSD (Berkeley Software
Distribution).

Ken Thompson (left) and Dennis Ritchie (right),

creators of the Unix operating system

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HISTORY of LINUX
in 1991, while studying computer science at University of Helsinki,
Linus Torvalds began a project that later became the Linux kernel. He
wrote the program specifically for the hardware he was using and
independent of an operating system because he wanted to use the
functions of his new PC with an 80386 processor. Development was
done on MINIX using the GNU C Compiler.

Trovalds made the code of Linux freely for everyone.

People can freely created modifications their own versions Linux

Linux is therefore an example of Open-source Software, the

copyright holder provides the rights to study, change, and
distribute the software to anyone and for any purpose.
Linus Torvalds
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Linux
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LINUX File System

/bin/ Essential user command binary

/boot/ Static files of the boot loader
/dev/ Device files
/etc/ Host specific system configuration
/home/ User home Directories
/lib/ Shared Libraries
/ /media/ Removable Media
/mnt/ Mounted Filesystem
/opt/ Add-on ApplicationSoftware package
/sbin/ System Binaries
/srv/ Data for service from system
/tmp/ Temporary Files
/usr/ User Utilities and Applications
/proc/ Process Information
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BASIC COMMANDS
Command for
• Working in Directories
• Working in Files
• Working in File Content
• Working in System Information
• Networking
• Package Manager
• Text Editors
• Problems

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 COMMAND FOR
WORKING IN DIRECTORIES

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LS
• list directories or files.
• By default “ls” Commands will show the list of files in current directory excluding any hidden files.
ls

• List the files in current directory and showing the hidden files
ls -a

• List the files in current directory with their size

ls –l

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CD
Change Directory to the home Directory
Cd ~

Change current working Directory

cd [directory_name]

Back to up directory
cd ..

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 TREE
Tree is used to recursively list or display the
content of a directory in a “tree-like” format.
Command:
tree -a
tree -f

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MKDIR
Create new Directory
Commnad:
mkdir new-folder

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PWD
Current Directory
Command:
pwd

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RMDIR
Current Directory
Command:
rmdir < directory >

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 COMAND FOR
WORKING IN FILES

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CREATE FILE
Create a text file:
• Touch file creates an empty file.
sudo touch file1.txt

• Append the txt into file using command

ifconfig > file1.txt

• Open and view the file

nano file1.txt
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RM
Removes file or folder
Command:
• rm -i : will ask first, before deleting file.
• Consider using rm -I instead, which will only ask once and
only if you are trying to delete three or more files.
• rm -r : recursively delete a directory and all its contents. By
default, “rm” will not delete directories,
• rmdir : only delete empty directories.
• rm -f : delete files without asking

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CP
Copy file and folder
Command:

cp /dir/file1 /dir/file2

Will be asking first before copy the

files
cp -i

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MV
Move file or folders, and change
name of file or folder
Command:
mv file1 file2
mv folder 1 folder2

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COMMAND FOR WOKRING
IN FILE CONTENT

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HEAD
Print the first 10 lines of each
FILE to standard output
Command:
head < file name >

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TAIL
Print the last 10 lines of each
FILE to standard output
Command:
tail < file name >

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CAT
Concatenate FILE(s) to standard output. Cat used to view the content of
the file without open the file using editor
Command:
cat ping.txt

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ECHO
Echo the STRING(s) to standard output.
Command:
echo < text >

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MORE
More is similar with cat
Command:
more ping.txt

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LESS
Less is a program similar to more(1), but it has many more
features. Less does not have to read the entire input file before
starting, so with large input files it starts up faster than text editors
like vi(1).

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VIEW FILE
• cat file Show entire contents of file.
• more file Show one page at a time. Space bar for next page
and (q) to exit.
• head file Show the first 10 lines.
• head -15 file Show the first 15 lines.
• tail file Show the last 10 lines.
• tail -15 file Show the last 15 lines.
• tail -f file Useful when viewing the output of a log file.

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 COMMAND FOR
SYSTEM INFORMATION

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UPTIME
uptime gives a one line display of the following information. The current time, how long the
system has been running, how many users are currently logged on, and the system load averages
for the past 1, 5, and 15 minutes.

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FREE
free displays the total amount of free and used physical and swap memory in the system, as well as
the buffers and caches used by the kernel. The information is gathered by parsing /proc/meminfo.

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PS

ps displays information about a selection of the

active processes. If you want a repetitive
update of the selection and the displayed
information, use top instead.

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DF
df displays the amount of disk space available on the file system containing each file name argument. If no file
name is given, the space available on all currently mounted file systems is shown. Disk space is shown in 1K
blocks by default.

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FDISK
fdisk is a dialog-driven program for creation and
manipulation of partition tables

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HOSTNAMECTL
hostnamectl may be used to query and change the system
hostname and related settings

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NETWORKING

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IFCONFIG

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IP

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PACKAGE MANAGER

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SUDO
sudo allows a permitted user to execute a command as the superuser or another user, as specified by the
security policy. The invoking user's real (not effective) user-ID is used to determine the user name with which to
query the security policy.

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APT
apt provides a high-level commandline interface for the package management system. It is intended as an end
user interface and enables some options better suited for interactive usage by default compared to more
specialized APT tools like apt-get(8) and apt-cache(8).

Command :
apt –get update
apt-get install
apt-get upgrade
apt-get remove
apt search

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TEXT EDITORS

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EDITORS
• nano – CLI
• vi, vim - CLI
• gedit – GUI

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NANO COMMAND
Nano
• ctrl v Next page.
• ctrl y Previous page.
• ctrl w Where is (find).
• ctrl k Cut that line of test.
• ctrl x Exit editor.

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VIM Command
Editing Commands (double)
d à delete the characters from the cursor position up the position given by the next command (for example d$ deletes all character from the current
cursor position up to the last column of the line).
C à change the character from the cursor position up to the position indicated by the next command.
Y à copy the characters from the current cursor position up to the position indicated by the next command.
p à paste previous deleted or yanked (copied) text after the current cursor position.
Note: Doubling d, c or y operates on the whole line, for example yy copies the whole line.

Cursor Movement Commands

Cursor keys - to move the cursor anywhere in file.
Ctrl + e - 1 line up
Ctrl + d - 1/2 page up
Ctrl + f - 1 page up
Ctrl + y - 1 line down
Ctrl + u - 1/2 page down
Ctrl + b - 1 page down

% - use with '{','}','(',')' to jump with the matching one.

0 - first column of the line
$ - jump to the last character of the line

Undo and Redo

u - you can undo almost anything using u in the command mode.
Ctrl+r - undo is undoable using Ctrl-r.

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VIM Command

External commands
In Vim it’s easy to include the output of external commands or to filter the whole line or just a part
through an external filter.
To issue an external command type ':'
Searching and Replacing
:s/old/new/gc
:s/old/new/g

Save the file

:wq

Exit file without saving the changes

:q!

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OTHER BASIC COMMAND

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Searching File, Permissions
Searching File
• find [dir] [options]
• locate < filename>
• which < binary location >

Permissions
• chmod <options> <filename>
• chown <user:group> <filename>

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Enable Service, File Utilities
Enable Service
• Web server / http : systemctl start apache2
• SSH : systemctl start ssh
• MySQL: systemctl start mysql
• PostgreSQL: systemctl start porstgresql

File Utilities (extract file)

• unzip filename.zip
• tar xzvf filename.tar.gz
• tar xjvf filename.tar.bz2
• tar czvf file/dir

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PROBLEMS

• Install “htop” packet application

• Install Penetration test tool “The Harvester”

• Source Github: https://github.com/laramies/theHarvester
• Install Github

• Running “theHarverster” tool, send the output into file. Choose your Domain
target. “Example: manchester.ac.uk”
• Monitoring the process using tail -f

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THANK YOU

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