LDBDKDN B@LQFCBDYC ZAXDWAQZCB

B@LQFCBDYC ZAXDWAQZCB WDJD BAKQDXMD,
BAK@LW@B JDF LDYSDXDBDZ
Qftub Lalafunc Zumds Ldtd Bukcdn B`lufcbdsc Zardpautcb 
J`saf Wafmdlpu 5 Df–fcsdd Narcydftc Y.Bap.,Fars.,L.Bap

Jcsusuf @kan 5 Bak`lp`b 8

4. Indkdrd Ikdujcd 5 783WD4377=
8. Jaja Xavc 5 783WD43744
9. Arkcs Fu
Furedlckdn 57
78
83WD437:4
:. Cind Dkcscd. W 5 783WD43741

1. Xc` Oahrcdf 5 783WD4378:

?. Ydoctrc Kdakdsdrc 5 783WD4378?
=. Ydoutrc Kuvcd O 5 783WD4378=
>. Zduocb Csbdfjdr 5 783WD43798
3. Zamun Xastcdft` 5 783WD43799

WX@MXDL YZQJC JCWK@LD CCC BAWAXD]DZDF

W@KZABAY SDWBAYHC YQBDHQLC
8787
 

BDZD WAFMDFZDX 

Wuec syubur bandjcrdt Dkkdn Y]Z ydfm takdn lakclpdnbdf rdnldt jdf
bdru
bdrufc
fcd-F
d-Fyd
yd,, sa
sanc
ncfm
fmmd
md bd
bdlc
lc jdjdpd
pdtt la
lafy
fyak
akas
asdcb
dcbdf
df ld
ldbd
bdkd
kdn
n Ldt
Ldtdd Bu
Bukc
kcdn
dn
B`lufcbdsc
B`lufcbdsc Zardp
Zardpautcb
autcb ydctu taftdf
taftdfm
m ‛B`lu
‛B`lufcbds
fcbdscc Zardp
Zardpautcb
autcb Wdjd Bakud
Bakudrmd,
rmd,
Bak`lp`b, jdf Ldsydrdbdt“ jafmdf hdcb jdf tapdt pdjd wdbtufyd.
Jafm
Jafmdf
df dj
djdf
dfyd
yd ld
ldbd
bdkd
kdn
n cf
cfcc jc
jcnd
ndrd
rdpb
pbdf
df jd
jdpd
pdtt la
lalh
lhdf
dftu
tu pr
pr`s
`sas
as
 palhakdedrdf jdf jdpdt lafdlhdn pafmatdnudf hdmc pdrd palhdid. Bdlc eumd
lafmuidpbdf
lafmuidpbdf tarcldbdscn
tarcldbdscn bapdj
bapdjdd salud pcndb dtds hdftu
hdftudf
df sartd jubufmdf jdf
j`–d fyd.
  Yal`mdd ldbdk
Yal`m ldbdkdn
dn cfc jdpdt harld
harldfoddt
foddt hdmc salud pcndb ydfm lalh
lalhdid
did

ldbdkd
ldbdkdn
n cf
cfcc jd
jdf
f jd
jdpd
pdtt la
lafm
fmat
atdn
dnuc
uc ta
taft
ftdf
dfm
m B`
B`lu
lufc
fcbd
bdsc
sc Za
Zard
rdpa
paut
utcb
cb Df
Dftd
tdrd
rd
Bakudrmd, Bak`lp`b, ldupuf Ldsydrdbdt. Bdlc l`n`f lddo dpdhckd ldbdkdn
cfc lal
lalpuf
pufydc
ydc hdf
hdfydb
ydb bab
baburd
urdfmd
fmdf,
f, bdr
bdrafd
afd bat
batarh
arhdtds
dtdsdf
df paf
pafukc
ukcss ydf
ydfm
m lds
ldscn
cn
jdkdl tdndp palhakdedrdf. @kan bdrafd ctu, brctcb jdf sdrdf jdrc palhdid ydfm
scodtfydd lalhd
scodtfy lalhdfmuf
fmuf sdfmdt jcndr
jcndrdpbdf
dpbdf `kan bdlc jdkdl palh
palhudtdf
udtdf ldbdkdn
sakdfeutfyd. Yal`md ldbdkdn cfc harldfoddt hdmc palhdid ldupuf bdlc prchdjc.

Yubdhulc, 47 Edfudrc 8784

  Wafyusuf

c
 

JDOZDX CYC

BDZD WAFMDFZDX..........................
WAFMDFZDX................................................
............................................................c
......................................c

JDOZDX CYC...........................................................
CYC.............................................................................................
.........................................
.......cc
cc
HDH C WAFJDNQKQDF
4.4 Kdtdr Hakdbdfm.......................
Hakdbdfm.............................................
............................................
.........................................4
...................4
4.8 Zueudf ..........................................
................................................................
........................................................4
..................................4
4.9 Ldfoddt............................................
Ldfoddt..................................................................
.....................................................8
...............................8
HDH CC ZCFEDQDF WQYZDBD
8.4 Wafmartcdf B`lufcbdsc Zardpautcb..............................................
Zardpautcb......................................................
........9
9
8.8 Wafmartcdf B`lufcbdsc
B`lufcbdsc Wdjd Bakudrmd, Bak`lp`b
Bak`lp`b Ldsydrdbdt .........:
8.9 Zabfcb
Zabfcb B`lufcbdsc
B`lufcbdsc Wdjd Bakudrmd,
Bakudrmd, Bak`lp`b
Bak`lp`b Ldsydrdbdt...............?
Ldsydrdbdt...............?

8.: Ndlhdtdf
Ndlhdtdf B`lufcbdsc
B`lufcbdsc Wdjd Bakudrmd,
Bakudrmd, Bak`lp`b
Bak`lp`b Ldsydrdbdt..........>
HDH CCC WALHDNDYDF
  Dfdkcsd Eurfdk..........................................
Eurfdk................................................................
........................................
.............................
...........49
49
HDH C_ WAFQZQW
:.4 Basclpukdf......................................
Basclpukdf............................................................
.....................................................4>
...............................4>
:.8 Ydrdf...........................................
Ydrdf.................................................................
..........................................................
....................................4>
4>
JDOZDX WQYZDBD..................................
WQYZDBD........................................................
.....................................................43
...............................43

cc
 

HDH C
WAFJDNQKQDF

4.4
4.4 Kdtd
Kdtdrr Hak
Hakdb
dbdf
dfmm
B`luf
B`l ufcbd
cbdsc
sc tardpau
tardpautcb
tcb djdkdn
djdkdn b`lufc
b`lufcbds
bdscc ydfm
ydfm jcrafi
jcrafidfd
dfdbdf
bdf
saidrd sdjdr, hartueudf jdf bamcdtdffyd jc pusdtbdf uftub basalhundf
 pdscaf (Wurwdft`, 433:).
Zabfcb
Zabfcb b`lufc
b`lufcbds
bdscc tardpa
tardpautc
utcb
b larup
larupdbd
dbdf
f idrd
idrd uftub
uftub lalhcf
lalhcfdd
nuhufm
nuhufmdf
df ydfm
ydfm tardpa
tardpautc
utcb
b jcldfd
jcldfd taredj
taredjcc pafydl
pafydlpdc
pdcdf
df cfo`rl
cfo`rldsc
dsc jdf
 partubdrdf pardsddf jdf pcbcrdl jafmdf ldbsuj uftub lalpafmdrunc
`rdfm kdcf (Ytudrt & Yufjaaf, 433>).
B`lufcbdsc jdkdl hcjdfm bapardwdtdf larupdbdf pr`sas uftub 

laficp
laficptdb
tdbdf
df nu
nuhu
hufm
fmdf
df df
dftd
tdrd
rd ta
tafd
fdmd
md Basan
Basandt
dtdf
df jd
jdff pd
pdsc
scaf
af uf
uftu
tub 
b 
lafmaf
lafmafdk
dk bah
bahutu
utundf
ndf pdscaf
pdscaf jdf lafaft
lafaftub
ubdf
df rafidf
rafidfdd Zcfjdb
Zcfjdbdf
df sartd
sartd
Bare
Bareds
dsdl
dldd jdkd
jdkdl
l lala
lalafu
func
nc bahu
bahutu
tund
ndf
f ta
tars
rsah
ahut
ut.. @kan
@kan bd
bdra
rafd
fd ctu
ctu
b`lufcbdsc
b`lufcbdsc tardpautcb lalapdfm
lalapdfm pardfdf
pardfdf paftcfm
paftcfm lalaidnbdf
lalaidnbdf ldsdkdn
ydfm
ydfm jcnd
jcndjd
jdpc
pc pdjd
pdjd jdsd
jdsdrf
rfyd
yd b`
b`lu
lufc
fcbd
bdsc
sc ta
tard
rdpa
paut
utcb
cb laru
larupd
pdbd
bdf
f
b`lufcbdsc pr`p`rsc`fdk ydfm lafmdrdn pdjd tueudf ydctu pafyalhundf
 pdscaf.
B`lu
B`lufc
fcbd
bdsc
sc ba
baku
kudrm
drmdd dj
djdk
dkdn
dn b`
b`lu
lufc
fcbd
bdsc
sc yd
ydfm
fm tared
taredjc
jc jd
jdkd
kdl
l
sahudn bakudrmd, ydfm larupdbdf idrd sa`rdfm dfmm`td bakudrmd uftub 

 harcftardbsc jafmdf dfmm`td kdcffyd, sabdkcmus sahdmdc wdjdn jdkdl

lalhaf
lal haftub
tub jdf lafmal
lafmalhdf
hdfmbd
mbdff fckdc-f
fckdc-fckd
ckdcc ydfm
ydfm jchutu
jchutunbd
nbdf
f sahdmd
sahdmdcc
 pamdfmdf ncjup. Dmdr dfdb jdpdt lafedkdfc ncjupfyd batcbd hardjd jdkdl
kcfmb
kcfmbufm
ufmdf
df ldsydr
ldsydrdbd
dbdt,
t, dpd ydfm
ydfm taredj
taredjcc ecbd
ecbd sahudn
sahudn p`kd
p`kd b`lufc
b`lufcbds
bdscc
baku
bakudr
drmd
md tcjd
tcjdb
b tare
taredj
djcc sa
said
idrd
rd ndrl
ndrl`f
`fcs
cs ta
taft
ftu
u db
dbdf
df lalp
lalpaf
afmd
mdru
runc
nc
 parbalhdfmdf dfdb.
B`lu
B`lufc
fcbd
bdsc
sc laru
larupd
pdbd
bdf
f ndk
ndk ta
tarp
rpaf
aftc
tcfm
fm jd
jdkd
kdl
l ba
banc
ncju
jupd
pdf.
f.
B`lu
B`lufc
fcbd
bdsc
sc jchu
jchudt
dt uf
uftu
tub
b lafy
lafyah
ahdrk
drkud
udsb
sbdf
df pa
pasdf
sdf ba
bapd
pdjd
jd pu
puhk
hkcb
cb,,
lalp
lalpaf
afmd
mdru
runc
nc bndk
bndkdy
dydb
db jdf
jdf lafm
lafmmd
mdlh
lhdr
drbd
bdf
f ba
bahu
hujd
jdyd
yddf
df pd
pdjd
jd

ldsy
ldsydr
drdb
dbdt
dt.. Ndk
Ndk cf
cfcc lalh
lalhud
udtt lajc
lajcdd lafe
lafedj
djcc hd
hdmc
mcdf
df jd
jdrc
rc sdkdn
sdkdn sdtu
sdtu

4
 

cfstctusc ydfm budt jc ldsydrdbdt. Qftub lalafunc bahutundf harcftardbsc

yd
ydfm
fm ha
hars
rscod
codtt df
dftd
tdrp
rprc
rchd
hdjc
jc,, jcpa
jcpafu
func
nc lakd
lakdku
kucc ba
bamc
mcdt
dtdf
df b`
b`lu
lufc
fcbd
bdsc
sc
cf
cfta
tarp
rpar
ars`
s`f
fdk dtdu
dtdu dftd
dftdrp
rprc
rch
hdj
djc.
c. Yajd
Yajdf
fmb
mbdf
df bah
bahut
utu
undf
ndf uft
ftu
ub 

 harb`lufcbdsc saidrd puhkcb jafmdf `rdfm hdfydb, jcpafunc lakdkuc

dbtcvctds b`lufcbdsc ldssd.
Jafm
Jafmdf
df ja
jalc
lcbc
bcdf
df b`
b`lu
lufc
fcbd
bdsc
sc lafe
lafedj
djcc uf
ufsu
surr pa
paft
ftcf
cfm
m jd
jdkd
kdl
l
 harkdfmsufmfyd bancjupdf sudtu ldsydrdbdt. Yakdcf larupdbdf
bahutundf, dbtcvctds b`lufcbdsc sabdkcmus larupdbdf ufsur palhaftub 
sudt
sudtu
u ldsy
ldsydr
drdb
dbdt
dt.. Ya
Yahd
hdh
h tc
tcjd
jdb
b lufm
lufmbc
bcf
f ldfu
ldfusc
scdd nc
ncju
jup
p jc su
sudt
dtu
u
kcfmbufmdf tdfpd harb`lufcbdsc sdtu sdld kdcf.
4.8 Zueudf
Harjdsdrbdf kdtdr hakdbdfm, tueudf ldbdkdn cfc ydctu uftub lafmatdnuc.

4. Dmdr
Dmdr ldnd
ldndscscsw
swdd jdpd
jdpdtt lafm
lafmat
atdn
dnuc
uc b`
b`lu
lufc
fcbd
bdsc
sc ta
tard
rdpa
paut
utcb
cb pd
pdjd
jd
bakudrmd, bak`lp`b ldsydrdbdt.
8. Dmdr ldndscswd
ldndscswd jdpdt lafmatdnuc
lafmatdnuc Zabfcb
Zabfcb b`lufcbdsc
b`lufcbdsc tardpautcb
tardpautcb pdjd
bakudrmd, bak`lp`b ldsydrdbdt.
9. Dmd
Dmdrr ldndscs
ldndscswd
wd lafmat
lafmatdnu
dnucc ndlhdt
ndlhdtdf
df b`lufc
b`lufcbds
bdscc tardpau
tardpautcb
tcb pdjd
pdjd
bakurmd, bak`lp`b ldsydrdbdt.
4.9 Ldfodd
foddtt
4. Hdmc Ldndscswd
Yahdmdc
Yahdmdc diudf ldupuf sahdmdc pafdlhdn
pafdlhdn cklu pafmatdnudf
pafmatdnudf

bnususfyd jdkdl lalpakdedrc b`lufcbdsc tardpautcb pdjd bakudrmd,

bak`lp`b ldsydrdbdt.
8. Hdmc Wafjcjcbdf
Jdpdt jcmufdbdf sahdmdc tdlhdndf jdf diudf Wafjcjcbdf ydfm
kahcn ufmmuk jdf kahcn harlutu.
9. Hdmc Walhdid
Jdpd
Jdpdtt lal
lalharc
harcbd
bdf
f wdw
dwds
dsdf
df yd
ydf
fm ka
kahc
hcn
n ku
kuds
ds ta
taf
ftd
tdfm
fm
b`lufcbdsc tardpautcb pdjd bakudrmd, bak`lp`b ldsydrdbdt.

8
 

9
 

HDH CC
ZCFEDQDF WQYZDBD

8.4 Wafmar
Wafmartcd
tcdf
f B`lufc
B`lufcbds
bdscc
B`lu
B` lufc
fcbd
bdsc
sc dj
djdk
dkdndn safc
safc pa
pafy
fydl
dlpd
pdcdf
cdf cf
cfo`
o`rl
rlds
dscc (p
(pasd
asdf,
f, cj
cja,
a,
mdmdsdf) jdrc b`lufcbdt`r dtdu pafydlpdc harctd, uftub lafmuhdn sartd
lalh
lalhaf
aftu
tub
b pa
parc
rckdb
kdbu
u b`
b`lu
lufc
fcbd
bdf
f dt
dtdu
du pa
pafa
farcl
rcldd ha
harct
rctdd ba
bap`
p`kd
kd jd
jdf
f
 paldndldf ydfm jcbanafjdbc harsdld.
Djd hahardp
hahardpdd pafmar
pafmartcd
tcdf
f b`lufc
b`lufcbdsc
bdsc ydfm
ydfm jc balubd
balubdbdf
bdf `kan
`kan
 hahardpd pdrd dnkc, yddctu 5
4. Lafu
Lafuru
rutt Ajwd
Ajwdrj
rj Japd
Japdrc
rc,, b`
b`lu
lufc
fcbd
bdsc
sc dj
djdk
dkdn
dn pr
pr`s
`sas
as pa
pafy
fydl
dlpd
pdcdf
cdf
mdmdsdf
mdmdsdf,, ndrdpd
ndrdpdf
f jdf pasdf
pasdf ydfm
ydfm jcsdlp
jcsdlpdcb
dcbdf
df lakdku
lakdkucc kdlhdf
kdlhdfm
m -

kdlhdfm tartaftu, lafmdfjufm drtc, jckdbubdf `kan pafydlpdc pasdf

jctueubdf bapdjd pafarcld pasdf.
8. Lafurut
Lafurut Edlas D.O. Yt`far,
Yt`far, b`lufcbd
b`lufcbdsc
sc djdkdn pr`sas jcldfd
jcldfd sa`rdfm
 harusdnd lalharcbdf pafmartcdf jafmdf idrd palcfjdndf pasdf.
9. Lafurut
Lafurut E`nf X. Yinalarn`l,
Yinalarn`l, b`l
b`lufcbd
ufcbdsc
sc djdkdn pr`sas dftdrd prchdjc
prchdjc
jd
jdkd
kdl
l lafm
lafmcrc
crcl
l jd
jdf
f lafa
lafarc
rcld
ld sclh
sclh`k
`k-sc
-sclh
lh`k
`k yd
ydfm
fm ha
hardr
rdrtc
tc hd
hdmc
mc
bapaftcfmdf larabd.
:. Lafu
Lafuru
rutt Jr.
Jr. Wnckk
ckk Dstr
Dstrcj
cj Yusdf
usdft`
t`,, b`luf
`lufcb
cbds
dscc dj
djdk
dkdn
dn pr`
r`sa
sass
 pafm`pardf kdlhdfm-kdlhdfm ydfm lafmdfjufm drtc.

1. Laf
Lafuru
urutt Nuldf
Nuldf Xakdtc
Xakdtc`f
`f `o ]`rb,
]`rb, Bactn Javcs, b`lufcb
b`lufcbdsc
dsc djdkdn
 pr`sas kawdtfyd cfo`rldsc jdf pafmartcdf sasa`rdfm ba `rdfm kdcf.
?. Lafurut
Lafurut @xt`rj Jcitc`fdry
Jcitc`fdry (431?),
(431?), b`lufcbds
b`lufcbdscc djdkdn pafmcrcldf
pafmcrcldf dtdu
tubdr lafubdr cfo`rldsc, cja dtdu sahdmdcfyd.
=. Lafurut
Lafurut Jrs. @f`fm Qinedfd
Qinedfd Aooafjy,
Aooafjy, LD, b`lufcbdsc
b`lufcbdsc lafidfmbup
lafidfmbup
ab
absp
spra
rasc
sc wdedn
wdedn,, scbdp
scbdp jd
jdf
f ma
mard
rdb-
b-ma
marc
rcb
b sudrd
sudrd,, bd
bdtd
td-bd
-bdtd
td tartu
tartukc
kcs,
s,
 pariatdbdf, baratd dpc, takamrdo, takap`f jdf kdcffyd.

:
 

8.8 B`lufcbdsc Zardpautcb pdjd Bakudrmd, Bak`lp`b jdf Ldsydrdbdt

Ldsydrdbdt
4. Wafmartcdf
Wafmartcdf B`luf
B`lufcbdsc
cbdsc pdjd
pdjd Bakudrmd
Bakudrmd
B`lufcbdsc djdkdn sudtu pr`sas pafydlpdcdf cja, pardsddf jdf

 pcbcrdf dftdrd jud `rdfm dtdu kahcn sancfmmd taredjc paruhdndf scbdp
jdf tcfmbdn kdbu hdmc salud ydfm sdkcfm harb`lufcbdsc.
Bakudrmd larupdbdf bak`lp`b s`scdk partdld jdkdl bancjupdf
ldfuscd jcldfd cd hakdedr jdf lafydtdbdf jcrc sahdmdc ldfuscd s`scdk,
jdkdl cftardbsc jafmdf bak`lp`bfyd.
Wdjdd jdsdrdf
Wdj jdsdrdfyd
yd bakudr
bakudrmd
md ctu djdkdn
djdkdn sahudn
sahudn b`lufc
b`lufctds
tds jdkdl
jdkdl
‛sdtu dtdp“. Basdjdrdf uftub ncjup harsdld jdkdl sdtu dtdp sahdmdc
sudlc cstrc jdf sdkcfm cftardbsc jdf harp`tafsc pufyd dfdb dbncrfyd
lalh
lalhaf
aftu
tub
b b`
b`lu
lufc
fcbd
bdsc
sc hd
hdru
ru yd
ydfm
fm jc
jcsah
sahut
ut ba
baku
kudr
drmd
md.. Bdra
Bdrafd
fdfy
fydd

bakudrmdpuf jdpdt jcharc hdtdsdf sahdmdc sahudn mr`up ydfm tarhaftub 

jdrcc parnuh
jdr parnuhufm
ufmdf
df kdbc-kd
kdbc-kdbc
bc jdf wdfctd
wdfctd parnuh
parnuhuf
ufmdf
mdf ldfd
ldfd sajcbct
sajcbct
 hdfydb hartdndf kdld uftub laficptdbdf
laficptdbdf jdf lalhasdrbdf dfdb-dfdb.
Wafmartcdf bakudrmd lafurut F``r (43>9) djdkdn sudtu ufct dtdu
kcfmbufmdf ldsydrdbdt ydfm pdkcfm baick dtdu larupdbdf ldsydrdbdt
ydfm pdkcfm hdwdn jdrc sdtu kcfmbufmdf famdrd. W`scsc bakudrmd dtdu
ruldn tdfmmd cfc sdfmdt saftrdk sapartc jcufmbdpbdf `kan Drcst`takas
(j
(jdk
dkdl
dl F``r
F``r,, 43
43>9
>9)) hd
hdnw
nwdd ba
baku
kudr
drmd
md ru
ruld
ldn
n td
tdfm
fmmd
md dj
djdk
dkdn
dn jd
jdsdr 
sdr 
 palhcfddf famdrd. Jdrc hahardpd bakudrmd ruldn tdfmmd harjcrckdn

sudtu bdlpufm balujcdf harjcrc sudtu b`td. Jdrc hahardpd b`td harjcrc
jdru pr`pcfsc, jdf jdrc hahardpd pr`pcfsc harjcrcjdtu famdrd.
Lafuru
Lafurutt Xda Yajwcm
Yajwcm (43>1)
(43>1),, B`luf
B`lufcbd
cbdsc
sc Bakudr
Bakudrmd
md djdkdn
djdkdn
sudtu
sudtu pafm`r
pafm`rmdf
mdfcsds
csdscdf
cdf ydfm
ydfm lafmmu
lafmmufdb
fdbdf
df bdtd-bd
bdtd-bdtd,
td, scbdp
scbdp tuhun
tuhun
( mastura),
 mastura), cft`fdsc sudrd, tcfjdbdf uftub laficptdbdf ndrdpdf cldma,
ufmbdpdf pardsddf sartd sdkcfm lalhdmc pafmartcdf. B`lufcbdsc jdkdl
bakudrmd eumd jdpdt jcdrtcbdf sahdmdc bascdpdf lalhcidrdbdf jafmdf
tarhubd satcdp ndk jdkdl bakudrmd hdcb ydfm lafyafdfmbdf ldupuf
ydfm tcjdb lafyafdfmbdf, eumd scdp lafyakasdcbdf ldsdkdn-ldsdkdn

1
 

jdkdl bakudrmd jafmdf palhcidrddf ydfm jcedkdfc jdkdl basdhdrdf jdf

baeueurdf sartd batarhubddf.
8. Wafmartcdf
Wafmartcdf B`lufcb
B`lufcbdsc
dsc Wdjd Bak`lp`b
Bak`lp`b Ldsydrdbdt
Ldsydrdbdt

Bak`lp`b djdkdn sabulpukdf `rdfm ydfm lalpufydc tueudf

 harsdld ydfm harcftardbsc sdtu sdld kdcf uftub lafidpdc tueudf
 harsdld, lafmafdk sdtu sdld kdcffyd, jdf laldfjdfm larabd sahdmdc
 hdmcdf jdrc bak`lp`b tarsahut (Jajjy Lukydfd, 8771). Bak`lp`b cfc
lcsdkfyd
lcsdkfyd djdkdn bakudrmd, bak`lp`b
bak`lp`b jcsbusc,
jcsbusc, bak`lp`b
bak`lp`b palaidndf
palaidndf
ldsdkdn, dtdu sudtu b`lcta ydfm tafmdn hardpdt uftub lafmdlhck sudtu
baputusdf. Jdkdl b`lufcbdsc bak`lp`b, eumd lakchdtbdf b`lufcbdsc
dftdrp
dftdrprch
rchdjc
djc.. Bdrafd
Bdrafd ctu bahdfy
bahdfydbd
dbdf
f ta`rc
ta`rc b`lufc
b`lufcbds
bdscc dftdrp
dftdrprch
rchdjc
djc
 harkdbu eumd hdmc b`lufcbdsc
b`lufcbdsc bak`lp`b.

B`lufcbdsc bak`lp`b
B`lufcbdsc bak`lp`b djdkdn b`lufcbdsc
b`lufcbdsc ydfm harkdfmsufm
harkdfmsufm
dftdrd
dftdrd hahardp
hahardpdd `rdfm
`rdfm jdkdl
jdkdl sudtu
sudtu bak`lp
bak`lp`b
`b ‛baick“
‛baick“ sapart
sapartcc jdkdl
jdkdl
rdpdt, partaludf,
partaludf, b`fp
b`fparafsc
arafsc jdf sahdmdcfyd
sahdmdcfyd (Dfwdr Drcocf,
Drcocf, 43>:).
43>:).
Lcindak Hurm``f (jdkdl ]crydft`, 8771) lafjaocfcscbdf b`lufcbdsc
bak`lp`b sahdmdc cftardbsc saidrd tdtdp lubd dftdrd tcmd `rdfm dtdu
kahcn, jafmdf tueudf ydfm takdn jcbatdnuc, sapartc harhdmc cfo`rldsc,
lafedm
lafedmdd jcrc,
jcrc, palaidn
palaidndf
df ldsdkd
ldsdkdn,
n, ydfm
ydfm ldfd
ldfd dfmm`t
dfmm`td-d
d-dfmm
fmm`td
`tdfyd
fyd
jdpdt lafmcfmdt bdrdbtarcstcb prchdjc dfmm`td-dfmm`td ydfm kdcf saidrd
tapd
tapdt.
t. Baju
Bajudd ja
jaoc
ocfc
fcsc
sc b`
b`lu
lufc
fcbd
bdsc
sc ba
bak`
k`lp
lp`b
`b jc dt
dtds
ds lalp
lalpuf
ufyd
ydcc

basdlddf, ydbfc djdfyd b`lufcbdsc tdtdp lubd, pasartd b`lufcbdsc

kahcn jdrc jud `rdfm, jdf lalckcbc susufdf rafidfd bared tartaftu uftub 
lafidpdc tueudf bak`lp`b.
Jdf H. Iurtcs, Edlas E.Ok`yj, jdf Earrck K. ]cfs`r (8771, n.
4:3) lafydtdbdf b`lufcbdsc bak`lp`b taredfc batcbd tcmd `rdfm dtdu
kahcn hartdtdp lubd, hcdsdfyd jc hdwdn pafmdrdndf sa`rdfm palclpcf
uftub lafidpdc tueudf dtdu sdsdrdf harsdld jdf lalpafmdrunc sdtu
sdld kdcf. Kahcn lafjdkdl batcmd ckluwdf tarsahut lafedhdrbdf scodt-
scodt b`lufcbdsc bak`lp`b sahdmdc harcbut5

d. Bak`l
Bak`lp`b
p`b lalckc
lalckcbc
bc sajcb
sajcbct
ct pdrtc
pdrtcscp
scpdf2
df2

?
 

 h. Bak`lp`b harb`lufcbdsc

harb`lufcbdsc lakdkuc tdtdp lubd
i. Bak`l
Bak`lp`b
p`b habar
habared
ed jc hdwdn
hdwdn drdndf
drdndf sasa`rdf
sasa`rdfm
m palclpc
palclpcf2
f2
j. Bak`l
Bak`lp`b
p`b lalhd
lalhdmc
mc tueudf
tueudf dtdu
dtdu sdsdrdf
sdsdrdf harsdl
harsdld2
d2

a. Dfmm`td
Dfmm`td bak`lp
bak`lp`b
`b lalckcbc
lalckcbc pafmdru
pafmdrunn dtds
dtds sdtu sdld kdcf.
9. Wafmartcdf
Wafmartcdf B`luf
B`lufcbdsc
cbdsc Wdjd
Wdjd Ldsydrdb
Ldsydrdbdt
dt

8.9
8.9 Zabf
Zabfcb
cb B`lu
B`lufc
fcbd
bdsc
sc Zard
Zardpa
paut
utcb
cb Wdjd
Wdjd Baku
Bakudr
drmd
md jdf
jdf Bak`
Bak`lp
lp`b 
`b 
Ldsydrdbdt
4. Zabfcb
Zabfcb B`lufc
B`lufcbds
bdscc Wdjd
Wdjd Baku
Bakudrm
drmdd
Djd hahardpd ndk ydfm ndrus jcparndtcbdf dmdr b`lufcbdsc jc jdkdl
bakudrmd taricptd saidrd aoabtco, ydctu5
d. Xaspab  

B`lufcbdsc ndru russ jcdwdkc jafmdf scbdp sdk dkccfm

lafmndrmdc
lafmndrmdc (raspaitoukk
(raspaitoukk dttctuja).
dttctuja). Djdfyd
Djdfyd pafmndrmdd
pafmndrmddf
f hcdsdfyd
hcdsdfyd
dbdf
dbdf lafclh
lafclhukb
ukbdf
df basdf
basdf sarupd
sarupd (tclhd
(tclhdkk hdkcb)
hdkcb) jdrc
jdrc sc kdwdf
kdwdf
jcsbusc. @rdfmtud dbdf subsas harb`lufcbdsc jafmdf dfdb hckd cd
lakdbu
lakdbubdf
bdffyd
fyd jafmdf
jafmdf pafun
pafun raspab.
raspab. Hckd
Hckd cfc jckdbu
jckdbubdf
bdf ldbd
ldbd
dfdb puf dbdf lakdbubdf ndk ydfm sdld batcbd harb`lufcbdsc
jafmdf `rdfmtud dtdu `rdfm jc sabctdfyd.
 h. Alpdtc
Alpdtc djdkdn baldlpudf uftub lafalpdtbdf jcrc bctd

 pdjd sctudsc jdf b`fjcsc ydfm jcndjdpc `rdfm kdcf. Yydrdt utdld
jd
jdrc
rc scbdp
scbdp alpd
alpdtc
tc dj
djdk
dkdn
dn ba
bald
ldlp
lpud
udff uf
uftu
tub
b lafj
lafjaf
afmd
mdrr jd
jdf
f
lafmartc `rdfm kdcf, sahakul jcjafmdr jdf jclafmartc `rdfm kdcf.
@rdfmtud ydfm hdcb tcjdb dbdf lafuftut dfdbfyd uftub lafmartc
ba
bacf
cfmc
mcfd
fdff
ffyd
yd,, tdpc
tdpc cd db
dbdf
df ha
haru
rusd
sdnd
nd lald
laldnd
ndlc
lc df
dfdb
db dt
dtdu
du
 pdsdfmdffyd tarkahcn juku. Cd dbdf lalhubd jcdk`m jafmdf
larabd, lafjafmdr bakundf jdf ndrdpdffyd. Lafjafmdrbdf jc
scfc tcjdb ndfyd lakchdtbdf cfjrd sded, tdpc lakchdtbdf pukd ldtd
ndtc jdf pardsddf. Idrd sapartc cfc jdpdt lalufiukbdf rdsd sdkcfm

 paridyd jdf batarhubddf jdkdl bakudrmd.

=
 

i. Dujchak
Dujchak
Dujchak hardrtc
hardrtc ‛jdpdt jcjafmdrbdf“
jcjafmdrbdf“ dtdu hcsd jclafmartc
jafmdf hdcb. Yahudn pasdf ndrus jdpdt jcsdlpdcbdf jafmdf idrd

dtdu scbdp ydfm hcsd jctarcld `kan sc pafarcld

pafarcld pasdf. Xdut lubd
ydfm iardn, hdndsd tuhun ydfm hdcb, bdtd-bdtd ydfm s`pdf, dtdu
idrd lafufeub, tarldsub ba jdkdl b`lufcbdsc ydfm dujchak cfc.
j. Eakds
Wasdf ydfm jcsdlpdcbdf ndrus eakds ldbfdfyd jdf tcjdb 
lafclh
lafclhukb
ukbdf
df hdfydb
hdfydb paldnd
paldndldf
ldf,, sakdcf
sakdcf ndrus
ndrus tarhubd
tarhubd jdf
trdfspdrdf. Batcbd harb`lufcbdsc jafmdf dfdb, `rdfmtud ndrus
 harusdnd dmdr pasdf ydfm jcsdlpdcbdf hcsd eakds ldbfdfyd. Ydkdn
sdtu idrdfyd djdkdn harhcidrd sasudc hdndsd ydfm larabd pdndlc

(lakcndt tcfmbdtdf uscd).

a. Zapdt
Jdkdl lalhdnds sudtu ldsdkdn nafjdbfyd pr`p`rsc ydfm
jcharcbdf
jcharcbdf tapdt hdcb wdbtufyd,
wdbtufyd, tald ldupuf sdsdrdffyd. ]dbtu
ydfm
ydfm tapdt
tapdt uftub
uftub lalhci
lalhcidrdb
drdbdf
df ldsdkdn
ldsdkdn dfdb
dfdb lcsdkf
lcsdkfyd
yd pdjd
pdjd
wdbt
wdbtu
u ldb
ldbdf ldkdl
dkdl.. Wdj
djdd wdbt
wdbtu
u sd
sdrd
rdpd
pdf
f pd
pdm
mc, bd
bdra
rafd
fd
batarm
batarmasdd
asddf
f ldbd
ldbd ydfm
ydfm jchcid
jchcidrdb
rdbdf
df ululfy
ululfydd ldsdkd
ldsdkdn
n ydfm
ydfm
rcfmdf sded.
o. Xafjdn Ndtc

Ycbdp rafjdn ndtc jdpdt jcufmbdpbdf lakdkuc parkdbudf

ydfm
ydfm rdldn,
rdldn, sdkcfm
sdkcfm lafmnd
lafmndrmd
rmdc,
c, tcjdb
tcjdb laldfj
laldfjdfm
dfm jcrc
jcrc safjcr
safjcrcc
kahcn ufmmuk dtdupuf kahcn tdnu, kaldn kalhut, s`pdf, jdf pafun
 pafmafjdkcdf jcrc. Jafmdf scbdp rafjdn ndtc cfc ldbd kdddwdddf
jcsbusc bctd laledjc kahcn tarhubd, sancfmmd hdfydb ndk ydfm
jdpdt jcufmbdpbdf jdrc jcsbusc tarsahut.
8. Zabfcb
Zabfcb B`luf
B`lufcbd
cbdsc
sc Wdjd Bak`l
Bak`lp`b
p`b Ldsyd
Ldsydrdb
rdbdt
dt
d. Hr
Hrdc
dcfs
fst`
t`rl
rlcf
cfm/
m/iu
iurd
rdn
n pa
pafj
fjdp
dpdt
dt
4) Harc
Harc bahd
bahdhd
hdsd
sdf
f lafm
lafmuf
ufmb
mbdp
dpbd
bdf
f cj
cjaa jd
jdf
f lafj
lafjcs
csbu
busc
scbd
bdf
f

jdkdl bak`lp`b hasdr.

>
 

8) Harc
Harc basalpdt
basalpdtdl
dl pdjd dfmm`td
dfmm`td uftub
uftub lafmcja
lafmcjaftc
ftcocb
ocbdsc
dsc csu
jdf lafidrc s`kusc.
 h. Wr`mrdl b`lufctds

Wr`mrdl b`lufctds cfc ydctu sudtu pafjabdtdf cfjcvcju/bak`lp`b 

 pr`mrdl ydfm jckdbubdf lakdkuc parafidfddf scstaldtcs.
i. Jal`ftrdsc
Zabfcb
Zabfcb jal`ft
jal`ftrdsc
rdsc cfc ydctu
ydctu lalpar
lalparkcn
kcndtb
dtbdf
df saidrd
saidrd kdfmsu
kdfmsufm
fm
Zcfjdbdf ydfm ndrus jckdbubdf.
j. Iardldn
Lafydlpdcbdf cfo`rldsc saidrd varhdk (tdtdp lubd)
4) Walhcidrd
Walhcidrd ndrus
ndrus harpafmd
harpafmdkdldf,
kdldf, fydldf,
fydldf, pufyd
pufyd baldlp
baldlpudf
udf
 harhcidrd, lalharcbdf pafabdfdf pdjd p`cft ydfm
ydfm paftcfm.

8) B`lhc
B`lhcfds
fdscbd
cbdf
f jafm
jafmdf
df lajcd
lajcd
9) Hdtds
dtdscc uidp
uidpdf
df jdkdl
dkdl lal
lalpa
paf
fmd
mdru
run
nc scb
scbdp jd
jdf
f `pc
pcf
fc
ldsydrdbdt
a. X`ka pkdy
4) Aoabtco
Aoabtco jdkdl
jdkdl lalpafmd
lalpafmdrunc
runc scbdp
scbdp jdf
jdf `pcfc
`pcfc ldsydrdb
ldsydrdbdt.
dt.
8) Jdp
dpddt lafmalhdfmbdf baldlpudf pasa
sarrtd jdkdl
lafyakasdcbdf ldsdkdn jdf harpcbcr brctcs
9) @ptcl
@ptcldkb
dkbdf
df pdrtcsc
pdrtcscpds
pdscc satcdp
satcdp dfmm`td
dfmm`td
:) B`lhcfdscb
B`lhcfdscbdf
df jafmdf
jafmdf lat`ja
lat`ja iardldn
iardldn & jcsbusc
jcsbusc

8.
8.:
: Ndlh
Ndlhdt
dtdf
df B`
B`lu
lufc
fcbd
bdsc
sc Zard
Zardpa
paut
utcb
cb pdjd
pdjd Baku
Bakudr
drmd
md,, Bak`
Bak`lp
lp`b 
`b 
Ldsydrdbdt
4. Ndlhdt
Ndlhdtdf
df B`lufc
B`lufcbds
bdscc Zardpaut
Zardpautcb
cb pdjd Bakud
Bakudrmd
rmd
Wr`hkal
Wr`hkal b`lufcbdsc
b`lufcbdsc hcdsdfyd larupdbdf
larupdbdf sudtu maedkd hdnwd
djd sasudtu ydfm tcjdb haras. Ndlhdtdf b`lufcbdsc djd ydfm hardsdk
jdrcc pafmcr
jdr pafmcrcl,
cl, trdfslc
trdfslcsc
sc jdf pafarc
pafarcld.
ld. Harhdm
Harhdmdc
dc ndlhdt
ndlhdtdf
df ydfm
ydfm
tclhuk jdkdl b`lufcbdsc, ydctu 5
d. Bahcscfmdf

 h. Badjddf pscb`k`mcs b`lufcbdf

3
 

i. Baburd
Baburdfmd
fmdf
f b`luf
b`lufcbd
cbdt`r
t`r dtdu
dtdu b`lu
b`lufcb
fcbdf
df
j. Basdkdn
Basdkdndf
df pafck
pafckdcd
dcdf
f `kan
`kan b`lufc
b`lufcbdt
bdt`r
`r
a. Batarhdtdsdf
Batarhdtdsdf pafmatdnud
pafmatdnudf
f b`luf
b`lufcbdt`
cbdt`rr dtdu
dtdu b`lufcbdf
b`lufcbdf

o. Hdndsd
m. Cs
Cscc pasd
pasdf
f hark
harkah
ahcn
cndf
df
n. Hars
Harsco
codt
dt sdt
sdtu
u drd
drdn
n
c. Odbt`r tabfcs
 e. Bapaftcfmdf dtdu cftaras
b. Wrdsd
sdf
fmbd
k. Idrd
Idrd paf
pafyd
ydec
ecdf
df ydf
ydfm
m varh
varhdk
dkcst
cstcs
cs
8. Ndlhdtdf
Ndlhdtdf B`lufcbdsc
B`lufcbdsc Zardpautcb
Zardpautcb pdjd Bak`lp`b 
Bak`lp`b 
Ndlhdtdf jdrc pr`sas b`lufcbdsc bak`lp`b hcsd jctalubdf

sddt bamcdtdf harkdfmsufm, lcsdkfyd jdkdl hubu Ldrndafc (87735?8).

d. Ndlh
Ndlhdtdtdf
df jdr
drcc paf
pafmcrc
mcrcl
l pa
pasd
sdf,
f, lcsdk
csdkf
fyd pa
pasd
sdf
f ydf
dfm
m db
dbdf
df
jcsdlpdcbdf hakul eakds hdmc jcrcfyd dtdu pafmcrcl pasdf, ndk cfc
jcpa
jcpafm
fmdru
drunc
nc `kan
`kan pa
pards
rdsddf
ddf dt
dtdu
du sctu
sctudsc
dsc al`s
al`sc`
c`fd
fdkk sa
sanc
ncfm
fmmd
md
lalp
lalpaf
afmd
mdru
runc
nc l`tc
l`tcvd
vdsc,
sc, yd
ydct
ctu
u lafj
lafj`r
`r`f
`fm
m sa
sasa`
sa`rd
rdfm
fm uf
uftu
tub 
b 
 hartcfjdb sasudc jafmdf bacfmcfdf, bahutundf
bahutundf jdf bapaftcfmdf.
 h. Ndlhdtdf jdkdl pafydfjcdf/sylh`k. Ndk cfc jdpdt taredjc bdrafd
Hdndsd ydfm jcparmufdbdf tcjdb eakds sancfmmd lalpufydc drtc
kahcn jdrc sdtu, sylh`k ydfm jcmufdbdf dftdrd sc pafmcrcl jdf

 pafarcld tcjdb sdld dtdu Hdndsd ydfm jcmufdbdf sukct.

i. Ndlhdtdf lajud djdkdn ndlhdtdf ydfm taredjc jdkdl
 pafmmufddf lajcd b`lufcbdsc lcsdkfyd mdfmmudf sudrd rdjc`
jdf dkcrdf kcstrcb sancfmmd tcjdb jdpdt lafjafmdrbdf pasdf.
j. Ndlhdt
Ndlhdtdf
df jdkdl sdfjc,
sdfjc, ndlhdt
ndlhdtdf
df taredjc
taredjc jdkdl
jdkdl pafdoscrd
pafdoscrdf
f sdfjc
`kan sc pafarcld.
a. Ndlh
Ndlhdt
dtdf
df jd
jdrc
rc pa
pafa
farc
rcld
ld pa
pasd
sdf
f lcsd
lcsdkf
kfyd
yd bu
burd
rdfm
fmfy
fydd pa
parn
rndt
dtcd
cdf
f
 pdjd sddt lafarcld/lafjafmdrbdf pasdf, scbdp prdsdfmbd
tdfmmdpdf ydfm bakcru jdf tcjdb lafidrc cfo`rldsu saidrd kdfeut.

47
 

o. Ndlh
Ndlhdt
dtdf
df jdkdl
jdkdl lalh
lalhar
arcb
cbdf
df ulpdf
ulpdf hdkcb.
hdkcb. Qlpdf
Qlpdf hdkcb
hdkcb yd
ydfm
fm
jcha
jcharc
rcbd
bdf
f tcjd
tcjdb
b lafm
lafmmd
mdlh
lhdr
drbd
bdf
f dp
dpdd dj
djdf
dfyd
yd db
dbdf
df ta
tatd
tdpc
pc
lalhar
lalharcbdf
cbdf cftarp
cftarpratc
ratco,
o, tcjdb
tcjdb tapdt
tapdt wdbtu
wdbtu dtdu
dtdu tcjdb
tcjdb eak
eakds
ds jdf

sahdmdcfyd
Ndlhdtdf Yaldftcb 
Bdtd-b
Bdtd-bdtd
dtd ydfm
ydfm jcparm
jcparmufd
ufdbdf
bdf jdkdl
jdkdl b`lufc
b`lufcbds
bdscc bdjdfm
bdjdfm--
bdjdfm lalpufydc drtc lafjud jdf harhajd, tcjdb eakds dtdu harhakct-
 hakct dftdrd palharc pasdf jdf pafarcld jafmdf bdtd kdcf Hdndsd ydfm
jcparmufdbdf harhajd jdkdl hubu ldrndafc (87735?9).
Ndlhdtdf pscb`k`mcs
Jcsahut eumd ndlhdtdf pscb`k`mcs bdrafd ndlhdtdf-ndlhdtdf
tarsa
tarsahu
hutt laru
larupd
pdbd
bdf
f uf
ufsu
sur-
r-uf
ufsu
surr jd
jdrc
rc ba
bamc
mcdt
dtdf
df ps
pscb
cbcs
cs ldfu
ldfusc
scd.
d.

Ndlhdtdf pscb`k`mcs jc hubu Aooafjc (877:5:9) jchdmc lafedjc : 5

4) Warh
Warhaj
ajddf
ddf ba
bapa
paft
ftcf
cfmd
mdf
f dtdu
dtdu cf
cfta
taras
rastt db
dbdf
df lalh
lalhududtt sa
sasa`
sa`rd
rdfm
fm
sakabtco jdkdl lafdfmmdpc dtdu lafmndydtc pasdf. @rdfm ndfyd
dbdf lalparndtcbdf pardfmsdfm ydfm djd nuhufmdffyd.
8) Wr
Wrdsd
dsdfm
fmbd
bd ha
harb
rbdc
dctdf
tdf ja
jafm
fmdf
df pa
parsa
rsaps
pscc `r
`rdf
dfm
m ta
taft
ftdf
dfm
m sasa`
sasa`rd
rdfm
fm
dtdu bak`lp`b kdcf jdf scbdp sartd parckdbufyd tarndjdp larabd.
9) Ytar
Ytara`
a`tc
tcoo dj
djdk
dkdn
dn md
mdlh
lhdr
drdf
df dt
dtdu
du td
tdfm
fmmd
mdpd
pdf
f lafm
lafmaf
afdc
dc scodt
scodt dt
dtdu
du
wdtdb
wdtdb harsco
harscodt
dt famdtcv
famdtcva.
a. Yadfjd
Yadfjdcfy
cfydd jdkdl
jdkdl pr`sas
pr`sas b`lufc
b`lufcbds
bdscc
ldssd
ldssd djd b`lufc
b`lufcbds
bdscc ydfm
ydfm lalckcb
lalckcbcc stara`t
stara`tco
co tartaf
tartaftu
tu pdjd
pdjd

b`lufcbdt`rfyd ldbd jdpdt jcpdstcbdf pasdf dpdpuf tcjdb jdpdt

jctarcld `kan b`lufcbdf.
:) L`tc
L`tcvd
vdsc
sc laru
larupd
pdbd
bdf
f su
sudt
dtu
u pa
pafm
fmart
artcd
cdf
f yd
ydfm
fm lakc
lakcfm
fmbu
bupc
pc salud
salud
 pafmmardb, dkds df-dkdsdf dtdu j`r`fmdf-j`r`fmdf jdkdl jcrc
ldfuscd ydfm lafyahdhbdf ldfuscd harhudt sasudtu.

44
 

9. Ndlhdtdf
Ndlhdtdf B`lufcbdsc
B`lufcbdsc Zardpautcb
Zardpautcb pdjd Ldsydrdbdt
Ldsydrdbdt
]ursdft` (8771) larcfmbds ndlhdtdf b`lufcbdsc ydctu tarjcrc
 hahardpd ldidl ydctu 5

d. Ndlh
Ndlhdt
dtdf
df oc
ocsc
scb 
b 
Ndlhdt
Ndl hdtdf
df ocscb
ocscb jdkdl
jdkdl hubu
hubu Ldrnda
Ldrndafc
fc Odedr
Odedr (87735
(87735?9)
?9)
jdpdt lafmmdfmmu b`lufcbdsc ydfm aoabtco, iudid mdfmmudf dkdt
b`lufcbdsc, jdf kdcf-kdcf, lcsdkfyd 5
4) Mdfm
Mdfmmu
mudf
df Basa
Basand
ndtd
tdf
f bd
bdra
rafd
fd ldsy
ldsydr
drdb
dbdt
dt lafe
lafedj
djcc b`
b`rh
rhdf
df
bubd hardt ldupuf rcfmdf dbchdt tartclpd raruftundf sartd
b`fjcs
b`fjcscc larabd
larabd ydfm
ydfm ldscn
ldscn hardjd
hardjd jctafj
jctafjd-ta
d-tafjd
fjd jdrurd
jdrurdtt
sancfmmd badjddf ocscb larabd tcjdb taredlcf.
8) Yanu
anuhu
hufm
fmdf
df jaf
jafmdf
mdf ta
tarp
rput
utu
usf
sfyd
yd ed
edrc
rcf
fmdf kcst
kcstrc
rcb
b jdf
jdf

taka
takab`
b`lu
lufc
fcbd
bdsc
sc pd
pdsi
sidd ma
malp
lpdd jc
jcha
haha
hard
rdpd
pd wc
wckd
kdyd
ydn
n yd
ydfm
fm
lafyahdhbdf b`lufcbdsc tarmdfmmu.
9) Haha
Haharp
rpdd md
mdfm
fmmu
mudf
df oc
ocscb
scb jd
jdpd
pdtt lalp
lalpaf
afmd
mdru
runc
nc ao
aoab
abtc
tcoct
octds
ds
b`lu
b`lufc
fcbd
bdsc
sc.. Ndlh
Ndlhdt
dtdl
dl ocsc
ocscb
b b`
b`lu
lufc
fcbd
bdsc
sc lafi
lafidb
dbup
up
 pdfmmckdf takap`f, edrdb dftdrd cfjcvcju, jdf rdjc`. Ndlhdtdf
Ndlhdtdf
ocscb cfc ululfyd jdpdt jcdtdsc.
 h. Ndlhdtdf ydfm harscodt tabfcs
Ndlhdt
Ndlhdtdf
df ydfm
ydfm harscod
harscodtt tabfcs
tabfcs djdkdn
djdkdn ndlhdt
ndlhdtdf
df ydfm
ydfm
jcsahdhbdf `kan harhdmdc odit`r, sapartc 5

4) Burdf
Burdfmf
mfyd
yd sd
sdrdf
rdfdd jd
jdf
f pr
prdsd
dsdrdf
rdfdd yd
ydfm
fm jc
jcpa
park
rkub
ubdf
df jd
jdkd
kdl
l
 pr`sas b`luufcbdsc.
8) Wa
Wafm
fmud
udsd
sddf
df Zabf
Zabfcb
cb jd
jdf
f lat`
lat`ja
ja b`
b`lu
lufc
fcbd
bdsc
sc yd
ydfm
fm tcjd
tcjdb 
b 
sasudc.
9) B`fj
B`fjcsc
csc ocs
ocscb
cb yd
ydfm
fm tcjd
tcjdb
b lalu
lalufm
fmbc
bcfb
fbdf
df ta
tare
redj
djcf
cfyd
yd pr
pr`s
`sas
as
b`lufc
b`lufcbds
bdscc ydfm
ydfm jchdmc
jchdmc lafedj
lafedjcc b`fjcs
b`fjcscc ocscb
ocscb ldfusc
ldfuscd,
d,
b`f
`fj
jcs
cscc ocsc
ocscb
b ydf
dfm
m harn
harnu
uhu
hufm
fmdf
df jaf
afmd
mdf
f wdbt
wdbtu
u dt
dtdu
du
sctudsc/badjddf jdf b`fjcsc pardkdtdf.
i. Ndlh
Ndlhdt
dtdf
df sa
sald
ldft
ftci
ci

48
 

Ndlhdtdf ydfm jcsahdhbdf basdkdndf jdkdl lafdoscrbdf,

basdkdndf jdkdl lalharcbdf pafmartcdf tarndjdp Hdndsd (bdtd-
bd
bdtd
td,, bd
bdkc
kcld
ldt,
t, b`
b`ja
ja-b
-b`j
`ja)
a) yd
ydfm
fm jc
jcpa
parm
rmuf
ufdb
dbdf
df jd
jdkd
kdl
l pr
pr`s
`sas
as

b`lufcbdsc.
j. Ndlh
Ndlhdt
dtdf
df parc
parckd
kdbu
bu
Ndlhdtdf parckdbu jcsahut eumd ndlhdtdf baldfuscddf.
Ndlhdtdf ydfm jcsahdhbdf harhdmdc haftub scbdp dtdu parckdbu
 hdcb jdrc b`lufcbdt`r ldupuf b`lufcbdf. Ndlhdtdf parckdbu
tdlpdb jdkdl harhdmdc haftub sapartc 5
4) Wdfjdf
Wdfjdfmdf
mdf ydfm
ydfm scodtf
scodtfyd
yd dprc`
dprc`rc
rc
8) Wrdsdf
Wrdsdfmbd
mbd ydfm
ydfm jcjd
jcjdsdrb
sdrbdf
df pdjd
pdjd al`sc
al`sc
9) Yuds
Yudsdf
dfdd `t`
`t`rc
rcar 
ar 

:) Batcjd
Batcjdbld
bldudf
udf uftub
uftub haruhd
haruhdn
n
1) Ycodt
Ycodt yd
ydfm
fm am
am`s
`saf
aftr
trcs
cs

49
 

HDH CCC

WALHDNDYDF

 F` Csc Eurfdk Csc

4. Fdld Wafukcs Kcd Cjadkcstcfd, X`octd
8. Zdnuf 8743
9. Eujuk Eurfdk Nuhufmdf B`lufcbdsc Zardpautcb pardwdt
tarndjdp tcfmbdt baidldsdl bakudrmd pdscaf
:. Fdld Eurfdk Eurfdk Dftdrd Bapardwdtdf _`k. 4 F`. 9
ndk 47= - 444
1. Lat`
Lat`ja
ja Lat`
Lat`jaja pa
pafa
fakc
kctcd
tcdff dj
djdkd
dkdnn df
dfdk
dkctc
ctcb.
b. W`pu
W`pukd
kdsc
sc jd
jdkd
kdl
l
 pafakctcdf cfc djdkdn sakurun bakudrmd pdscaf ydfm
jcrdwdt jc rudfm QMJ XY Udncrdn Edbdrtd.
?. Zueu
ueudf Zueu
ueudf paf afak
akct
ctcd
cdf
f cf cfcc dj
djdk
dkdn
dn uft ftu
ub nu
nuhhuf
ufmd
mdf
f
b`
b`l`
l`uf
ufcb
cbdsc
dsc tatardp
rdpauautc
tcb
b pa pardw
rdwdt
dt ta tarn
rndj
djdp
dp tcfm
tcfmbd
bdtt

baidldsdf bakudrmd pdscaf jc rudfm QMJ XYQ Udncrdn

Edbdrtd.
=. Walh
Walhdn
dnds
dsdf
df Nd
Ndscsckk ir
ir`s
`sss td
tdhu
hukds
kdscc df
dftd
tdrd
rd vd
vdrc
rcdh
dhak
ak b`
b`lu
lufc
fcbd
bdsc
sc
tardpautcb pardwdt jafmdf baialdsdf bakudrmd pdscaf
lafufeubdf ndsck uec stdtcstcb Inc-Yqudra jcpar`kan fckdc
W.7,774 ydfm hardrtc N` jct`kdb jdf Nd jctarcld drtcfyd
djd
djd nuhu
nuhufmfmdfdf ydydfm
fm harl
harldbdbfd
fd df
dftd
tdrd
rd b`b`lu
lufc
fcbd
bdsc
sc
tardpautcb pardwdt jafmdf tcfmbdt baialdsdf bakudrmd
 pdscaf. Ndsck pafakctcdf cfc sasudc
s asudc jafmdf ta`rc W`ttar &
Warry ydfm lafmdtdbdf hdnwd pdj djdd jdsd sdrrfyd
b`lufcbdsc
b`lu fcbdsc tardpautcb
tardpautcb hartueudf
hartueudf lalhdftu
lalhdftu laldndlc
laldndlc
baku
bakudr
drmd
md,, lafi
lafidp dpdc
dc nunuhu
hufm
fmdf
df hd hdcb
cb pa pard
rdwd
wdtt jd jdf
f
bakudr
bakudrmd,
md, jdf lalhdf
lalhdftu tu bakudr
bakudrmd
md laldnd
laldndlc lc tueudf
tueudf
jdrc tcfjdbdf pardwdtdf ydfm jckdbubdf.
Lafurut Akkcs jdf F`wkcs par arddwdt jdpdt
lafmdtdsc strass jdf ialds dbchdt n`spctdkcsdsc jafmdf
idrd lalhcfd nuhufmdf sdkcfm paridyd pdjd bkcaf jdf
bakudrmd, lalhdfmuf rdsd paridyd dftdrd pardwdt jdf
bkcaf. Qfsur b`lufcbdsc tardpautcb sakdcf
b`lufcbdt
b`lu fcbdt`r,
`r, ydctu pasdf larupdbdf
larupdbdf sdkdn sdtu ufsur 
 paftcfm ydfm ndrus djd jdkdl pr`sas b`lufcbdsc.
b`lufcbdsc.
Zdfpd bandjcrdf pasdf, pr`sas b`lufcbdsc tcjdb 
tared
taredjc
jc.. B`lu
B`lufcfcbd
bdsc
sc dbdbdf
df ha harn
rnds
dsck
ck hchckd
kd pa pasdf
sdf yd
ydfm
fm
jcsd
jcsdlp
lpdcdcbd
bdf
f ta
tapd
pdt,
t, jd
jdpd
pdtt jc
jcla
lafmfmar
artc
tc,, jd
jdf
f jd
jdpd
pdtt
jctarc
jctarcld.
ld. Lafuru
Lafurutt pafjdp
pafjdpdtdt pafakc
pafakctc
tc jc XYQ UdncrdUdncrdn
n

Edbdrtd
Edbdrtd sahdmc
sahdmcdf
df hasdr
hasdr pardwd
pardwdtt lalckc
lalckcbc
bc b`
b`luf
lufcbd
cbdsc
sc

4:
 

tardpautcb
tardpautcb ydfm
ydfm hdcb
hdcb jdf jafmdf
jafmdf tcfmbd
tcfmbdtt baiald
baialdsdf
sdf
bakudrmd pdscaf sajdfm, ndk cfc jcbdrafdbdf b`lufcbdsc
tardpau
tardpautcb
tcb jdpdt
jdpdt lafuru
lafurufbd
fbdff bakudr
bakudrmd
md pdscaf
pdscaf bdrafd
bdrafd
bakudr
bakudrmd
md pdscaf
pdscaf lardsd
lardsd hdnwd
hdnwd cftardb
cftardbscf
scfyd
yd jafmdf
jafmdf
 pardwdt larupdbdf basalpdtdf uftub harhdmc
 pafmatdnudf, pardsddf cfo`rldsc jdkdl rdfmbd
lafidpdc tueudf bapardwdtdf ydfm `ptcldk.
Lakdku
Lak dkucc b`lufc
b`lufcbds bdscc jdf nuhufm
nuhufmdf df tardpa
tardpautc
utcb 
b 
rasp`fjaf hcsd laldndlc jdf lafarcld b`fjcsc pdscaf
sancfmmd baialdsdf rasp`fjaf lafuruf.
>. Kdtdr Hakdbdfm Baialdsdf dj d jdkdn nd ndk yd
ydfm f`f`rldk jcj c jd
jdkdl
bancjupdf bdrafd baialdsdf sdfmdt jchutunbdf sahdmdc
 partdfjd dbdf hdndyd ydfm lafmdfidl.
 Fdluf batcbd baialdsdf taredjc tarus-lafarus, tcjdb 
rdsc`fdk
rdsc`fdk jdf cftafsctdsfy
cftafsctdsfydd lafcfmbdt,
lafcfmbdt, ldbd
ldbd baialdsdf
baialdsdf
jdpdt lafmmdfmmu dbtcvctds sandrc - ndrc jdf jcsahut
sahdmdc mdfmmudf baialdsdf.
Jckdp`rbdf hdnwd parbcrddf mdfmmudf baialdsdf
 pdjd jawdsd lujd jc Dlarcbd djdkdn sabctdr 4>,4%
dtdu
dtdu sa
sabc
bctd
tdrr :8 eueutd
td `r`rdf
dfmm nc
ncju
jupp ja
jafm
fmdf
df md
mdfm
fmmu
mudf
df
baialdsdf, sapartc mdfmmudf pdfcb, mdfmmudf `hsascv-
b`lpuk
b`l puksco,
sco, mdfmmu
mdfmmudf df stras
stras pdsid
pdsid trduld
trduld,, mdfmmu
mdfmmudf df
baiald
bai aldsdf
sdf ulul
ulul jdf o`hcd. o`hcd. Yajdfm
Yajdfmbdf
bdf mdfmmu
mdfmmudf df
ba
baia
iald
ldsd
sdf
f tarbd
tarbdct
ct eaeafc
fcss ba
bakdl
kdlcf
cf jc
jckd
kdp`
p`rb
rbdf
df hdhdnw
nwdd
 pravdkafsc mdfmmudf baialdsdf saulur ncjup pdjd
wdfctd sahasdr ?7% kahcn tcfmmc jchdfjcfmbdf prcd.
Maedkd-maedkd baialdsdf jcdtds jdpdt harjdlpdb 
bakudr
bakudrmd
md tdlpdb
tdlpdb hcfmuf
hcfmufm m jdf burdfm
burdfm harb`f
harb`fsaft
saftrdsc
rdsc
sancfmmd
sancfm md jdkdl lafaftubdf
lafaftubdf sudtu baputusdf lafedjc

rdfiu
rdfiu ydydfm
fm hahard
rdbc
bchd
hdtt tatart
rtuf
ufjd
jdfy
fydd sudtu
sudtu tcfj
tcfjdb
dbdf
df..
Wakd
Wakdyd
ydffdf bap apar
ardw
dwdtdtdf
df md mdwdwdtt jdjdru
rurd
rdtt lakc
lakcp
put
utcc
 pakdydfdf bapardwdtdf ydfm jctueubdf bapdjd pdscaf
mdwdt jdrurdt ydctu pdscaf ydfm tchd-tchd hardjd jdkdl
badjddf mdwdt dtdu dbdf lafedjc mdwdt jdf tardfidl
fydwdfyd dtdu dfmm`td hdjdffyd hckd tcjdb lafjdpdt
 part`k`fmdf saidrd iapdt jdf tapdt.
Ydkdn
Ydkdn sdtu
sdtu nd
ndkk yd
ydfm
fm jc jckdb
kdbub
ubdf
df pa
pard
rdwd
wdtt jd
jdkd
kdl
l
lafedm
laf edmdd baredsd
baredsdld
ld ydfm
ydfm hdcb
hdcb jafmdf
jafmdf pdscaf
pdscaf djdkdn
djdkdn
lalhdftu lalafunc bahutundf basandtdf
 pdscaf, lakdkuc harb`lufcbdsc pardwdt jdpdt
lafjafmdrb
lafja fmdrbdf
df pardsddf
pardsddf pdscaf,
pdscaf, bahutundf
bahutundf pdscaf,
pdscaf, jdf
lafeakds
dsb
bdf pr`sajur tcfjdbdf bapardwdt
dwdtddf.
Nuhufmdf sdkcfm lalharc jdf lafarcld dftdrd pardwdt

41
 

jd
jdf
f pd
pdsc
scaf
af jd
jdkd
kdl
l papakd
kdyd
ydfd
fdff ba
bapa
pard
rdwd
wdtd
tdf
f jc
jcsah
sahut
ut
sahdmdc b`lufcbdsc tardpautcb pardwdt ydfm larupdbdf
b`
b`lu
lufc
fcbd
bdsc
sc pr
pr`o
`oasc
asc`f
`fdk
dk papardw
rdwdt.
dt. Wa
Wafe
feak
akdsd
dsdff uf
uftu
tub 
b 
bakudrmd jcharcbdf uftub lafurufbdf baialdsdf jdf
lafc
la fcfm
fmbdbdtb
tbdf
df ba bare reds
dsdl
dldd ba bakukudr
drmd
md pd pdsc
scaf
af ja jafm
fmdf
df
 pardwdt.
B`lufc
lufcb bds
dscc ta
tard
rdppau
autc
tcb
b jc
jcnndr
drdp
dpbd
bdff jdp
dpdt
dt
lafu
la fururufb
fbdf
df ba baia
ialdldsdsdff babaku
kudr
drmd
md pd pdsc
scaf
af bd bdra
rafd
fd
bakudr
bakudrmdmd lardsd
lardsd hdnwd hdnwd cftardb
cftardbscf
scfyd
yd jafmdf
jafmdf pardwd
pardwdtt
larupdbdf basalpdtdf uftub harhdmc
 pafmatdnudf, pardsddf jdf cfo`rldsc sancfmmd jdpdt
lafmdtdsc baialdsdf.
3. Ndsck
Ndsck Wafa
Wafakc kctc
tcdf
df cf
cfcc jc
jckd
kdbs
bsdf
dfdb
dbdf
df jc XYQ
XYQ Ud Udnc
ncrd
rdn
n pd
pdjd
jd
 hukdf Dprck 8743. ]dbtu pafakctcdf jckdbsdfdbdf pdjd
Dprck 874>. Yatakdn jckdbubdf pafakctcdf jcpar`kann jdtd
sahdf
sah dfyd
ydb b ?7 ra rasp
sp`f`fja
jaf.
f. Jdrc
Jdrc ?7 rasp` rasp`fj
fjaf
af jdjdpd
pdtt
jcba
jcbatd
tdnu
nucc jajafmfmdf
df ba baia
iald
ldsdf
sdf rcfm
rcfmdf
df 87 ra rasp
sp`f
`fja
jaff
(99,9%
(99 ,9%), ), rcfmdf
rcfmdf sahdfy
sahdfydb db 98 rasp`fj
rasp`fjaf af (19,9%
(19,9%)) jdf
tarb
tarbai
aick
ck pdjd
pdjd ra raspsp`f
`fja
jaff jajafm
fmdfdf babaia
iald
ldsdsdf
f ha hard
rdtt
sahdfydb > rasp`fjaf (49,:%).
Jdrc ndsck pafakctcdf jdpdt jcbatdnuc hdnwd jdrc
?7 ra raspsp`f
`fjjaf ta tarh
rhdf
dfyydb pd pdjjd ra rasp
sp`f
`fja
jaff ydf dfmm
lafmdtdbdf b`lufcbdsc tardpautcb pardwdt sahdfydb 94
rasp`fjaf (14,=%) jdf rasp`fjaf iubup sahdfydb 88
rasp`fjaf (:4,=%) jdf tarbaick pdjd rasp`fjaf ydfm
lafmdt
laf mdtdbd
dbdff b`lufc
b`lufcbds bdscc tardpa
tardpautc
utcb
b pardwdt
pardwdt burdfm
burdfm
sahdfydb : rasp`fjaf (?,?%).
Harjrjddsd
sdrrbdf jdrc pafakctcdcdf
f ydfm suj sujdn
jckdbsdfbdf
jckdb sdfbdf jdpdt jcbatdnucjcbatdnuc hdnwd jdrc 97 rasp`fjaf
rasp`fjaf

ydfm lafmdtdbdf b`lufcbdsc tardpautcb pardwdt hdcb 

tarh
tarhdf
dfyd
ydbb jajafm
fmdf
df babaia
iald
ldsdsdf
f rcfm
rcfmdf
df sa sahd
hdfy
fydb
db 41
rasp`fjaf (:>,:%), jdrc 81 rasp`fjaf ydfm lafmdtdbdf
b`lufcbdsc tardpautcb pardwdt iubup tarhdfydb jafmdf
baialdsdf sajdfm sahdfydb 4= rasp`fjaf (?>,7%) jdf
jdrc
jdrc : ra rasp
sp``fj
fjaf
af ydf dfm
m laflafmd
mdtd
tdbd
bdff b`luf
`lufcbcbds
dscc
tardpautcb pardwdt burdfm tarhdfydb jafmdf baialdsdf
burdfm sahdfydb 9 rasp`fjaf (=1,7%).
Ndsck
Nds ck ir`ss
ir`ss tdh
tdhukd
ukdsc
sc dftdrd
dftdrd vdrcdh
vdrcdhak
ak b`lufc
b`lufcbds
bdscc
tardpautcb pardwdt jafmdf baialdsdf bakudrmd pdscaf
lafufeubdf ndsck uec stdtcstcb Inc-Yqudra jcpar`kan fckdc
W.7,774 (p.vdkua ; 7,71) ydfm hardrtc N` jct`kdb jdf Nd
jctarcld
jctarcld drtcfyd
drtcfyd djd nuhufmdf
nuhufmdf ydfm harldbfd
harldbfd dftdrd
b`
b`lluf
ufcb
cbds
dscc tatard
rdp
pau
autc
tcb
b par ardw
dwdt
dt ja jaf
fmdf
mdf tcf
tcfmb
mbdt
dt

4?
 

baialdsdf bakudrmd pdscaf.

47. Bakahcndf
44. Baburdfmdf
48. Basclpukdf Jdrc ndsck pafakctcdf jcjdpdtbdf djdfyd nuhufmdf

dftdrd b`lufcbdsc tardpautcb pardwdt tarndjdp tcfmbdt

baialdsdf bakudrmd pdscaf jc Xudfm QMJ Xuldn Ydbct
Qlul
Ql ul Udnc
Udncrd
rdn
n EdEdbd
bdrt
rtdd ja
jafm
fmdndn fc
fckd
kdcc p vdvdku
kuaa 7,7,77
7744
sa
san
ncfm
cfmmd uft ftuub laf afm mur
urdf
dfmmc hdn dnbdbdff la laf fia
iammdn
b`lufcbdsc pardwdt dwdt ndru russ jafmdf lafdlhdn
 pafmatdnudf jdkdl updyd lafcfmbdtbdf budkctds
 pars`fdk pardwdt ydctu jafmdf lafmcbutc pakdtcndf
b`lufcbdsc sahdmdc sdkdn sdtu updyd ydfm ndrus tarus
lafuru
laf uruss jckdbsd
jckdbsdfdb
fdbdf
df jdkdl
jdkdl lafcfm
lafcfmbdt bdtbdf
bdf budkct
budkctdsds
 pakdydfdf pdjd pdscaf jdf bakudrmdfyd sartd ndrus
sakdku
sakd ku lalhar
lalharcbd cbdff cfo`rl
cfo`rldsc dsc taftdf
taftdfmm badjdd
badjddf f pdscaf
pdscaf
bapdjd bakudrmd pdscaf.
49. Ydrdf 4. Hdmc Xuldn Ydbct
Wafa
Wafakckctcd
tcdf
f cfcfcc jdjdpd
pdtt lalh
lalhar arcb
cbdf
df cfcfo`
o`rl
rldsc
dsc
taftdf
taf tdfmm nuhufm
nuhufmdf df b`lufc
b`lufcbds bdscc tardpa
tardpatcb
tcb pardwdt
pardwdt
jafmdf tcfmbdt baialdsdf bakudrmd pdscaf. Wardwdt
 parku lafcfmbdtbdf kdmc b`lufcbdsc tardpautcb 
tarutdld jdkdl palharcdf cfo`rldsc pdjd bakudrmd
 pdscaf ydfm jc rdwdt jc rudfm QMJ.
8. Hdm
Hdmc Ward
Wardwd
wdtt
Jcnd
Jcndrdrdpb
pbdf
df pa pard
rdwwdt sa sakd
kdku
ku laf afar
ardp
dpbbdf
b`lufcbdsc tard
rdp
pauauttcb jaf
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mdf hdcb sapartc
rtc
lalh
la lhararcb
cbdf
df cf cfo`
o`rl
rldscdsc babapdpdjd
jd ba bakukudr
drmd
md pd pdsc
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af,,
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jcpdnd
jcp dndlc,
lc, jdf pardwdpardwdtt lalhar
lalharcbd cbdf f basalp
basalpdtdfdtdf

bap
apddjd bakudrm rmdd pdscascaf uftub lafdfydbdf
 parldsdkdndf ydfm jcdkdlc pdscaf supdyd tcjdb djd
baialdsdf pdjd bakudrmd pdscaf.
9. Hdmc
Hdmc Wafa
Wafakc
kctc
tc Yakdf
Yakdfeueutf
tfyd
yd
Lalharcbdf
Lalhar cbdf diudf dtdu raoarafsc hdmc pafakctc
sa
sakd
kdfe
feut
utfy
fydd yd ydfmfm lafm
lafmbdbdec
ec tataft
ftdf
dfm
m nu
nuhu
hufm
fmdf
df
b`
b`lulufc
fcbd
bdsc
sc ta tard
rdpa
paut
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cb pa
pardw
rdwdtdt tatarn
rndj
djdp
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tcfmbd
bdtt
baialdsdf bakudrmd pdscaf jc Xuldn Ydbct. Qftub 
 pafakctc sakdfeutfyd jcsdrdfbdf uftub lalckcn
vdrcdhak ydfm hakul jckdbubdf `kan pafakctc sddt cfc.
4:. Dfdkcsd Ndsck Baialdsdf dj d jdkdn ndndk yd
ydfm f` f`rldk jc
j c jd
jdkdl
bancjupdf bdrafd baialdsdf sdfmdt jchutunbdf sahdmdc
 partdfjd dbdf hdndyd ydfm lafmdfidl.
 Fdluf batcbd baialdsdf taredjc tarus-lafarus, tcjdb 

4=
 

rdsc`fdk jdf cftafsctdsfy

rdsc`fdk cftafsctdsfydd lafcfmbdt,
lafcfmbdt, ldbd
ldbd baialdsdf
baialdsdf
jdpdt lafmmdfmmu dbtcvctds sandrc - ndrc jdf jcsahut
sahdmdc mdfmmudf baialdsdf.
Maedkd-maedkd baialdsdf jcdtds jdpdt harjdlpdb 
bakudrmd
bakudr md tdlpdb
tdlpdb hcfmuf
hcfmufm m jdf burdfm
burdfm harb`f
harb`fsaft
saftrdsc
rdsc
sancfmmd
sancfm md jdkdl lafaftubdf
lafaftubdf sudtu baputusdf lafedjc
rdfiu
rdf iu ydydfm
fm ha
hardrdbc
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hdtt ta
tart
rtuf
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df..
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Wakdyd
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dtdf
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wdtt jdjdru
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lakcpput
utcc
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mdwdt jdrurdt ydctu pdscaf ydfm tchd-tchd hardjd jdkdl
badjddf mdwdt dtdu dbdf lafedjc mdwdt jdf tardfidl
fydwdfyd dtdu dfmm`td hdjdffyd hckd tcjdb lafjdpdt
 part`k`fmdf saidrd iapdt jdf tapdt.
Nuhufmdf sdkcfm lalharc jdf lafarcld dftdrd
 pardwdt jdf pdscaf jdkdl pakdydfdf bapardwdtdf
jcsahu
jcsahutt sahdmd
sahdmdcc b`lufc
b`lufcbds
bdscc tardpa
tardpautc
utcb
b pardwd
pardwdtt ydfm
ydfm
larupdbdf b`lufcbdsc pr`oasc`fdk pardwdt. Wafeakdsdf
uftub bakudrmd jcharcbdf uftub lafurufbdf baialdsdf
jdf lafcfmbdtb
lafcfmbdtbdf df baredsdld
baredsdld bakudrmd
bakudrmd pdscaf jafmdf
 pardwdt.
Lafurut Akkcs jdf F`wkcs par arddwdt jdpdt
lafmdtdsc strass jdf ialds dbchdt n`spctdkcsdsc jafmdf
idrd lalhcfd nuhufmdf sdkcfm paridyd pdjd bkcaf jdf
bakudrmd, lalhdfmuf rdsd paridyd dftdrd pardwdt jdf
bkcaf. Zdfpd bandjcrdf pasdf, pr`sas b`lufcbdsc tcjdb 
taredjc.
Lafurut pafjdpdt pafakctc jc XYQ Udncrdn Edbdrtd
sahdmcdf hasdr pardwdt lalckcbc b`lufcbdsc tardpautcb 
yd
ydfm
fm hd
hdcb
cb jd
jdf
f ja jafm
fmdf
df tcfm
tcfmbd
bdtt ba
baia
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ldsdf
sdf ba
baku
kudr
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md
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tardpau
tardpautcb
tcb jdpdt
jdpdt lafuru
lafurufbd
fbdf f bakudr
bakudrmd
md pdscaf
pdscaf bdrafd
bdrafd
bakudr
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md pdscaf
pdscaf lardsd
lardsd hdnwd
hdnwd cftardb
cftardbscf
scfyd
yd jafmdf
jafmdf
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 pafmatdnudf, pardsddf cfo`rldsc jdkdl rdfmbd
lafidpdc tueudf bapardwdtdf ydfm `ptcldk.
Lakdku
Lak dkucc b`lufc
b`lufcbds
bdscc jdf nuhufm
nuhufmdfdf tardpa
tardpautc
utcb 
b 
rasp`fjaf hcsd laldndlc jdf lafarcld b`fjcsc pdscaf
sancfmmd baialdsdf rasp`fjaf lafuruf.

a.

4>
 

HDH CCC
WAFQZQW

:.4 Yc
Ycl
lpukd
pukdf
f
B`lufcbdsc bakudrmd djdkdn b`lufcbdsc ydfm taredjc jdkdl sahudn
baku
bakudr
drmd
md,, ydfm
ydfm laru
larupd
pdbd
bdf
f id
idrd
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sa`r
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dfm
m df
dfmm
mm`t
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baku
kudr
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md uf
uftu
tub 
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lalhaf
lalhaftub
tub jdf lafmal
lafmalhdf
hdfmbd
mbdf
f fckdc-f
fckdc-fckd
ckdcc ydfm
ydfm jchutu
jchutunbd
nbdf
f sahdmd
sahdmdcc
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Zueudf b`lufcbdsc jdkdl cftardbsc bakudrmd jctcfedu jdrc bapaftcfmdf
`rdfm
`rdfm tud djdkdn
djdkdn uftub
uftub lalhar
lalharcbd
cbdf
f cfo`rl
cfo`rldsc,
dsc, fdscndt
fdscndt,, lafjcj
lafjcjcb
cb jdf
lafyafdfmbdf dfdb-dfdb. Yajdfmbdf dfdb harb`lufcbdsc jafmdf `rdfm

tu
tudd dj
djdk
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uftu
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lafjdp
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bdf
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sdrdf,, fd
fdscn
scndt
dt,, ldsu
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bdf
f dt
dtdu
du jd
jdkd
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l
lalharcbdf rasp`f jdrc partdfyddf `rdfm tud.
B`lufcbdsc bak`lp`b djdkdn b`lufcbdsc ydfm harkdfmsufm dftdrd
 hahardpd `rdfm jdkdl sudtu bak`lp`b «baick² sapartc jdkdl
rdpdt, partaludf,
partaludf, b`fpar
b`fparafsc
afsc jdf sahdmdcfyd
sahdmdcfyd.. Bajud jaocfcsc
jaocfcsc b`lufcbdsc
b`lufcbdsc
bak`lp`b jc dtds lalpufydc basdlddf, ydbfc djdfyd b`lufcbdsc tdtdp
lubd, pasartd
pasartd b`lufcbdsc
b`lufcbdsc kahcn jdrc jud `rdfm,
`rdfm, jdf lalckcbc
lalckcbc susufdf
susufdf
rafidfd bared tartaftu uftub lafidpdc tueudf bak`lp`b.

:.8 Ydrdf
Djdpuf
Djdpuf sdrdf
sdrdf ydfm
ydfm cfmcf
cfmcf pafukc
pafukcss sdlpdc
sdlpdcbdf
bdf jafmdf
jafmdf pafukc
pafukcsdf
sdf
ldbdkdn cfc ydctu 5
4. Ldndscswd
Ldndscswd ldlpu harb`lufcb
harb`lufcbdsc
dsc jafmdf bakudrmd
bakudrmd kahcn aoabtco bdrafd
takdn lafmatdnuc
lafmatdnuc hdmdcldfd
hdmdcldfd tabfcb harb`lufcbdsc
harb`lufcbdsc jafmdf
jafmdf bakudrmd
bakudrmd
ldupuf bak`lp`b ldsydrdbdt, sartd lafmatdnuc ndlhdtdf ydfm dbdf
jctaluc
jctaluc pdjd sddt dbdf harb`lufcb
harb`lufcbdsc
dsc jafmdf
jafmdf bakudrmd
bakudrmd jdf bak`lp`b 
ldsydrdbdt.
8. Ldnd
Ldndsc
scsw
swdd jd
jdpd
pdtt lafe
lafeak
akdsb
dsbdf
df b`
b`lu
lufc
fcbd
bdsc
sc pd
pdjd
jd ba
baku
kudrm
drmdd ldup
ldupuf
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bak`lp`b ldsydrdbdt

43
 

JDOZDX WQYZDBD

Jdld
Jdldcy
cydf
dftc
tc,, Lubn
Lubnrc
rcpd
pdn.
n. 87
8747
47.. B`lufcbdsc Zardpautcb jdkdl Wrdbtcb 
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Edfudrc 8784.
Luwdrf
Luwdrfc,d
c,dfct
fctd.(
d.(877
8773).
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B`lufcbds
bdscc tardpa
tardpautc
utcb
b pdfjud
pdfjudf
f hdmc
hdmc bapard
bapardwdt
wdtdf.
df.
Octrdldyd5 S`mydbdrtd. Jcdbsas pdjd Lcfmmu, 47 Edfudrc 8784.
Iurtcs, Jdf H., Ok`yj, Edlas E., ]cfs`r, Earry K., 8771, B`lufcbdsc Hcsfcs jdf
Wr`oasc`fdk, Hdfjufm5 WZ Xalded X`sjdbdryd. Jcdbsas pdjd Lcfmmu, 47
Edfudrc 8784.

Lukydf
Lukydfd,
d, Jajjy,
Jajjy, 8771,
8771,  Cklu B`lufcbdsc5 Yudtu Wafmdftdr , Hdfjuf
Hdfjufm5
m5 WZ
Xalded X`sjdbdryd. Jcdbsas pdjd Lcfmmu, 47 Edfudrc 8784.
Kcttkae
Kcttkae`nf
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4333, Zna`
Zna`rcas
rcas `o Nuldf
Nuldf I`llufcidtc`f,   Hakl`ft,
I`llufcidtc`f, Hakl`ft, Idkco`rfcd5
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cfm I`lpdf
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Jcdbsass pdjd
pdjd Lcfmmu
Lcfmmu,, 47 Edfudr
Edfudrcc
8784.
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]crydft`, 8771, Wafmdftdr
8771,  Wafmdftdr Cklu B`lufcbdsc,
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]cjcdsdrdfd
Cfj`fascd. Jcdbsas pdjd Lcfmmu, 47 Edfudrc 8784.
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Icptd. Jcdbsas pdjd Lcfmmu, 47 Edfudrc
Ed fudrc 8784.

Ocsnar
Ocsnar,, Dumray
Dumray,, 43>?,
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cas `o I`lluf
I`llufcid
cidtc`
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Bdryd. Jcdbsa
Jcdbsass pdjd
pdjd Lcfmmu
Lcfmmu,, 47 Edfudrc
Edfudrc
8784.
nttp5//wdrtdwdrmd.mufdjdrld.di.cj/8773/47/b`lufcbdsc-jdkdl-bakudrmd/
Jcdbsas pdjd Lcfmmu, 47 Edfudrc 8784.
nttp5//hkassajjdy:us.w`rjprass.i`l/8747/7?/7:/b`lufcbdsc-jdkdl-bakudrmd
nttp5//hkassajjdy:us.w`rjprass.i`l/8747/7?/7:/b`lufcbdsc-jdkdl-bakudrmd..
Jcdbsas pdjd Lcfmmu, 47 Edfudrc 8784.
nttp5//prastdscbctd.i`l/cfjax.pnp0
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Lcfmmu, 47 Edfudrc 8784.

87
 

84