READING & WRITING Reviewer
1st Semester, 1st Quarter
11-STEM | PROF. Rey Alinsunurin | SEM 1 2022
Narration
● Reading & Writing
● Narrative Writing
- Elements of Story
● Patterns of Narrative Writing
- Introduction (Hook, Thesis)
- Body (Transitional Sentences)
- Conclusion (Moral, Revelation &
Prediction)
Reading - construction through interaction
of reader, text and context that involves
word recognition, comprehension, fluency,
and motivation.
Writing - systematic skill that is based on
vocabulary, grammar, semantics, and
system of signals in the form of formal
alphabet.
Narrative Writing - focuses on telling a
fictional story – one that is made up – of a
real-life story where the author follows a
plot structure.
● often anecdotal, experiential, and
personal
● narrates; informs; entertains;
criticizes
Elements of a story
● settings - when and where the
story happens
● plot - sequence of events
● character - people involved in the
story
● theme - subject talk or the basic
idea of the story
● mood - tone of piece
Thesis - sets up the action in the
introduction; expresses the main idea of
the essay and states the structure of the
information
Transition Sentences - connect events
and guide the reader
Conclusion - ends the story action and
provides a moral, prediction, or revelation.
Introduction (Beginning) - establishes the
narrator’s tone, mood, voice, and point of
view; the introduction must contain a hook
and a thesis.
Narrative Hook - introductory part or
opening of the essay; grabs the attention
and helps the mood of the reader.
Body (Middle) - contains most of the
supporting information which is the plot;
can be arranged in numerous ways
“Chronological Order” means events must
be ordered according to time
Transitional Sentences - to signal the end
of the action in one paragraph; and to
provide link to the action of the next
paragraph
Conclusion (Ending) - brief statement of
the main point
● it can deliver the moral of the story;
it can make a prediction or
revelation
Description
Descriptive Writing
● used to describe place, people,
objects, events using appropriate
details
● contains elaboration of details to
communicate the meaning of the
subject being described
● applies to have 5 senses; looks,
feels, smells, tastes, sounds;
known as the sensory details.
Description may be objective or
subjective.
Objective - informative and factual and it
appeals to the intellect; aims primarily to
present word pictures of a person, scene,
or an object.
Subjective - used blended with exposition
or narration as in creative writing;
stimulates the imagination, appeals to the
emotions, and gives pleasure as well.
Spatial Order - pattern of organization.
Topic Sentence - most important sentence
in a paragraph
1
READING & WRITING Reviewer
1st Semester, 1st Quarter
11-STEM | PROF. Rey Alinsunurin | SEM 1 2022

● Controlling Idea - gives an overall

impression of the place that the
author or the writer is describing.
Topic - tells your audience what the
paragraph will be about and connects to
the thesis.
● controlling idea - tells them how
you will explain it in this particular
paragraph
Supporting Sentence - serves as the
“meat” of the paragraph; in a descriptive
readers will clearly imagine the subject
you are describing.
A good paragraph has the characteristics
of unity, coherence, and emphasis.
Unity - unit of composition that established
oneness because it develops a central
and main idea on its structure; must be
unified on its structure
Coherence - considered as the continuity.
Emphasis - composition in which the
important ideas are made to stand.
Classification / Exemplification
Classification
● action or process of classifying
something according to shared
qualities or characteristics
● formal piece of writing designed to
showcase your skills in
categorizing and generalization.
● sort ideas
Exemplification
● exemplify;
● give an example of
● illustrate by giving an example
● an argumentative essay that
provides examples to prove a
point;
● begins with a generalization about
the topic.
● narrowed details or specific
examples
TRANSITIONAL: another instance of;
another example of; to illustrate another;
illustration of; here are few examples
Comparison / Contrast
Comparison-Contrast
● analyzes two subjects by either
comparing them, contrasting them,
or both.
TRANSITIONAL comparison: in the same
way; both, neither; similarly like; and, also,
in addition, the same, as well as, each of,
too
TRANSITIONAL contrast: although;
however; in contrast; yet; conversely; on
the other had; whereas; while; unlike; but
TECHNIQUES:
Basis of Comparison
● specific basis
● justify their similarities and
differences
Alternating Method
● allows you to take turns in
discussing the characteristics of
the first topic, followed by the
second one.
Block Method
● developing your ideas in chunk
● present all arguments
Cause and Effect
Cause and Effect - method of
development explains why something
happens, what causes it or what are the
effects, how it is related to something else.
Effect: “What happened?”
Cause: “Why did it happen?”
TRANSITIONAL cause: since; as; for;
because; resulted from; was the result of;
due to/because of
Persuasion
Persuasive Essay - presents your
personal point of view in a certain topic or
issue.
● evidence

2
READING & WRITING Reviewer
1st Semester, 1st Quarter
11-STEM | PROF. Rey Alinsunurin | SEM 1 2022

Persuasive essay it closely related to ● too

Argumentative Essay ● what is more
COMPARISON
Argumentative Essay - present not just a ● compared with
one-sided argumentation but also the ● in comparison with
opposing viewpoint in order to create fair ● similarly
counterclaims ● likewise
● again
● also
Properties of Well Written Text
CONTRAST
● besides
Paragraph ● but
● “a group of sentences” ● however
● support one main idea ● in contrast
● group of at least five sentences ● instead
Paragraph coherence - every sentence in ● conversely
the paragraph sticks together, linking ● it may be the case that
together in a continuous line of thought ● certainly
that establishes unity of idea. ● naturally
● nevertheless
PARAGRAPH DEVELOPMENT PATTERN ● of course
Narrative Paragraph ● on the contrary
● tells a story ENUMERATION
● chronological order ● firstly, secondly, etc.
Descriptive Paragraphs ● finally
● tell what something looks like ● in the (first) place
physically ● last
● spatial ordering ● to begin with
Expository Paragraphs ● more important
● explain something ● on top of that
● logical ordering - supporting ● next
sentences of follow a logical ● then
pattern CONCESSION
● although it is true that it may
Cohesion - all the supporting sentences appear
connect to each other and to the topic ● regardless
sentence. ● certainly
● granted that
Cohesive Devices - linking words, ● naturally
connectors, discourse markers, or ● it is true that
transitional words. ● i admit that
● of course
ADDITION ● it may be the case that
● again EXEMPLIFICATION
● also ● as (evidence of)
● and ● for example
● and then ● for instance
● equally ● thus
● further ● such as
● in addition ● to show what
● indeed ● specifically
● in fact ● let us
● moreover

3
READING & WRITING Reviewer
1st Semester, 1st Quarter
11-STEM | PROF. Rey Alinsunurin | SEM 1 2022

INFERENCE PLACE/POSITION
● if not ● above
● in (that) case ● beyond
● otherwise ● in the back
● that implies ● nearby
● then ● adjacent
SUMMARY/CONCLUSION ● there
● in all
● in brief
● in summary
● in short
● in conclusion
● therefore
● on the whole
● to sum up
● basically
TIME/SEQUENCE
● after
● afterward
● at first
● at last
● finally
● in the end
RESULT
● accordingly
● as a result
● consequently
● since
● as a consequence of
● for that reason
● hence
REFORMULATION
● in other words
● rather
● briefly
● that is
● to put it more
● basically
REPLACEMENT
● again
● alternatively
● (better) still
● on the other hand
● The alternative is..
TRANSITION
● to turn to
● with (reference) to
● with regard to
● concerning
● as far as..is concerned
● as for..
● incidentally
● now