- It is wise to maintain a

LESSON 1: moderate speed to enable

the listeners to follow the
PUBLIC presentation and grasp the
message more clearly
SPEAKING 4. pause
- refers to the temporary
stop in the vocal delivery
What is Public Speaking?
5. Animation
● one form of communication
- refers to the liveliness of
wherein one delivers a message/
the voice
speech in front of an audience.
- make the presentation
● a skilled public speaker can get
dynamic
across his message effectively to
6. Vocal Clarity
an interested audience
- proper pronunciation
● Efficient and effective delivery
- utter the words properly
requires the use of both audible
and clearly
and visible codes.
- avoid disruptive speech
sounds such as uh, well,
Element of Vocal Delivery
um, and you know
1. Pitch
7. Vocal quality
- highness or lowness of the
- refers to the distinct
tone of the voice
characteristic of one’s
2. Volume
voice
- loudness or softness of the
- thin, hoarse, hinky, rough,
sound
or airy, etc.
- Modulation
- important for the speaker
- The speaker should be
to explore the beauty of
sensitive enough to notice
his/her own voice, knows
whether or not his/her
its strengths and
voice is audible
weaknesses, and optimize
3. Rate
it to his/her advantage
- refers to the speed at
which words are spoken
Physical Delivery
- rate must be adapted to
1. Facial Expression- facial
the type of audience with
expressions must be reflective of
which the speaker
the message they wish to express
communicates
to the audience
 2. Eye contact- Effective eye contact
will establish a connection with
the audience
3. Gestures- Too much gestures
might be overkill; too little of
them might make the
presentation dull
4. Posture- Standing straight and
tall, with both feet flat and
slightly apart, chin up, and
shoulders relaxed, coupled with
that charming smile can make up
a good posture
5. Movement- Knowing when to
move to and fro must be clear to
every speaker. Effective
movements must be purposeful,
that is, the speaker moves only
when making or emphasizing a
point.
6. Appearance- Dress appropriately
for both your audience and the
occasion.
Preparation for a Better Speech
I. Speaker
➢ Draw from experience
➢ Make use of hobbies
➢ Use knowledge from high
school and college
➢ Pick a current event
➢ Choose a controversial
topic
II. Occasion
➢ Time - The audience may
have different moods and
feel according to the time
the speech is delivered
➢ Place - The place of
gathering may be a factor
in the success of your
speech. You should
consider the venue of your
speaking engagement.
➢ Program- Your role in the
program will determine the
length of your speech
III. Audience
➢ the audience’s attention
should be focused on the
topic of your speech.
➢ the speaker should
consider the common
characteristics of the
audience
IV. Gathering Materials
Yourself as the speaker. Think of your
own ideas and experience regarding the
topic.
More materials. Interview some experts
who are more knowledgeable about the
topic.
Library. Make sure to take note of the
sources from the library where you
gather your materials and organize
them as well.
Organizing the Speech Content
1. Creating a speech outline
 4. Creating the Conclusion.
● Challenge
● Problem or Question
● Summary
● Citing Back the Important Points
● Suggestion to Action
● Prediction
● Anecdote
● Quotation
2. Creating the introduction- Get the ● Conclusion
audience’s attention

The following are some methods of LESSON 2:

beginning speech.
● Personal Reference or Greetings SPEECHES
● Anecdote
● Question ACCORDING TO
● Quotation of Proverbs, Poem, or
Popular Statements PURPOSE
● Current Event and Controversial
Issues
I. Informative Speech
● Directly Say Your Purpose
- serves to provide interesting and
● Interesting Story
factual information to the
● Illustrations
audience
● Historical Background
● Definition
Examples:
● Arousing the Curiosity of the
● College professor lecturing on a
Audience
specific topic during a class
● Expression of Pleasure
● Guest speaker presenting
● Reference to the Special Interest
information to a group of
of the Audience
students about how to apply for
college.
3. Collation and Integration of
● Company president presenting
Materials (Body of Speech)
information about last quarter’s
● Organized series of 3-5 main
sales to a group of board
ideas
members
● Support in the form of testimony,
illustrations, examples, statistics
Main elements in writing an informative
speech
1. Knowledge- Expertise and
knowledge of the subject is
shown when the information is
adequate.
2. Key Points- Repeat all key points
to ensure knowledge retention.
3. Interest - Convey your speech
with confidence and include
unusual facts about the subject
II. Demonstrative speech
- is written to explain and show
people step-by-step instruction
on how to do something
Examples
● How to write a speech
● How to bake a cake
● A step-by-step instruction on how
to assemble a miniature house
Elements in writing a demonstrative
speech
1. Instructions- Provides clear and
concise instructions to your
audience.
2. Task Breakdown- The task must
be understandable in a logical
way, step-by-step
3. Key Points- This must be
emphasized including safety
issues.
III. Persuasive speech
- is written to persuade or convince
your audience of the validity of
your argument
- involves persuading someone to
change their opinion or take into
account some elements that have
not been considered before
Examples:
● Become an organ donor
● Become a volunteer and change
the world m
Elements of writing a persuasive speech
1. Credibility
- Establish your credibility
by demonstrating
expertise, evidence and
knowledge of your subject.
- Present factual
information, statistics
combined with your
personal experience to
make your argument even
more believable
2. Passion
- Convey the subject with
confidence, passion and
conviction to appeal to the
emotions of the audience.
Eight Persuasive techniques
● Appeal to authority
● Appeal to reason
● Appeal to emotion
● Appeal to trust
● Plain folks
● Bandwagon
● Rhetorical question
● Repetition
IV. Entertaining Speech
- sole purpose is to have your LESSON 3:
audience enjoy the presentation
- make your audience laugh, relax, SPEECHES
enjoy and even laugh their heads
off. ACCORDING TO
How? DELIVERY
● Tell jokes
● Tell funny stories
A. Improptu Speaking
● Over dramatize an anecdote
- the presentation of a short
message without advance
Guidelines in creating an entertaining
preparation
Speech
- often occur when someone
1. Choose an appropriate topic- The
is asked to “say a few
topic shouldn’t be too dense,
words” or give a toast on a
complicated or heavy. Your
special occasion
audience came to have a good
- Advantage: spontaneous
time, not to have a greater
and responsive in an
understanding of anything.
animated group context
2. Enjoy yourself- It is hard for an
- Disadvantage; the speaker
audience not to enjoy your
is given little or no time to
presentation if it looks like you
contemplate the central
are having fun yourself. Be
theme of his or her
confident and enjoy
message.
3. Keep it simple- Your presentation
B. Extemporaneous Speaking
should be easy to follow. Don’t
- the presentation of a
make it hard for your audience to
carefully planned and
keep up with you mentally.
rehearsed speech, spoken
4. Make it visceral- Use vivid word
in a conversational manner
pictures; this enables your
using brief notes
audience to use their wild
- By using notes rather than
imagination so that your
a full manuscript, the
presentation won’t be dull and
extemporaneous can
boring.
establish and maintain eye
contact with the audience
and assess how well they
 understand the speech as presentation tends to be
it progresses dull
- Advantage: promotes the
likelihood that you, the D. Speaking from memory
speaker, will be perceived - rote recitation of a written
as knowledgeable and that the speaker has
credible. In addition, your committed to memory
audience is likely to pay - When it comes to
better attention to the speeches, memorization
message because it is can be useful when the
engaging both verbally message needs to be
and nonverbally exact and the speaker
- Disadvantage: it requires a doesn’t want to be
great deal of preparation confined by notes
for both verbal and - Advantage: enables the
nonverbal components of speaker to maintain eye
the speech contact with the audience
through the speech
C. Speaking from a manuscript - Disadvantages:
- word-for-word iteration of presentation will be flat
a written message and uninteresting, and
- the speaker maintains his even the most fascinating
or her attention on the topic will suffer
printed page except when
using visual aids
- Advantage: exact
repetition of original
words.
- Disadvantage: it’s typically
an uninteresting way to
present. Unless the
speaker has rehearsed the
reading as a complete
performance animated
with vocal expression and
gestures (as poets do in a
poetry slam and actors do
in a reader’s theater), the
 interracial communication,
interethnic communication,
international communication, and
Lesson 4: LOCAL intracultural communication

AND GLOBAL ● Interracial communication

- is interpreting and sharing
COMMUNICATIO of meanings with
individuals from different
N IN races. It occurs when
interactants are of
MULTICULTURAL different races
● Interethnic communication
SETTING - refers to interaction with
individuals of different
ethnic origins. It occurs
Globalization when the communicating
- increasing economic, political, parties have different
and cultural integration and ethnic origins.
interdependence of diverse ● International communication
cultures – the worldwide - is the communication
integration of humanity. between persons
- requires that we pay attention to representing different
a related concept – diversity – nations. It occurs between
the recognition and valuing of persons representing
difference, encompassing such political structures.
factors as age, gender, race, ● Intracultural communication
ethnicity, ability, religion, - is the interaction with
education, marital status, sexual members of the same
orientation, and income racial or ethnic group or
co-culture as yours. It
Multiculturalists includes all forms of
- persons respectful of and communication among
engaged with people from members of the same
distinctly different cultures racial, ethnic, or other
co-culture groups.
Intercultural Communication
- comprises a number of forms. Culture vs co-culture
Among its many variations are
 ➢ Culture- is the system of Canada, France, and
knowledge, beliefs, values, Germany, stress individual
customs, behaviors, and artifacts goals
that are acquired, shared, and ● Collectivistic cultures,
used by its members during daily represented by many Arab,
living African, Asian, and Latin
➢ Co-cultures- these are composed American countries, give
of members of the same general precedence to group goals
culture who differ in some ethnic ● Individualistic cultures
or sociological way from the cultivate individual
parent culture initiative and achievement
● collectivistic cultures tend
Co-culture strategies to nurture group
● Assimilation is the means by influences
which co-culture members
attempt to fit in with members of 2. High-context versus Low-context
the dominant culture Communication
● Accommodation is the means by ● a tradition-bound
which co-culture members communication system
maintain their cultural identity which depends on
while striving to establish indirectness while
relationships with members of low-context
the dominant culture communication is a system
● Separation is the means that encourages directness
co-culture members use to resist in communication
interacting with members of the ● Cultures with high-context
dominant culture communication systems
are tradition-bound; their
Exploring Cultural Dialects cultural traditions shape
the behavior and lifestyle
1. Individualism versus Collectivism of group members,
● refers to cultures in which causing them to appear to
individual goals are be overly polite and
stressed while collectivism indirect in relating to
refers to cultures in which others
group goals are stressed ● cultures with low-context
● Individualistic cultures, communication systems
such as those of Great generally encourage
Britain, the United States, members to exhibit a more
 direct communication United States, believe that
style. Members of power should be used only
low-context cultures tend when it is legitimate;
to gather background ● they are apt to employ
information when meeting expert or legitimate power.
someone for the first time ● Superiors and
subordinates from
3. High-power Distance versus low-power distance
Low-power Distance countries emphasize their
● Power distance measures interdependence by
the extent to which displaying a preference for
individuals are willing to consultation; subordinates
accept power differences will even contradict their
● High power distance bosses when necessary
cultures are based on
power differences in which 4. Masculine versus Feminine
subordinates defer to Culture
superiors ● Masculine cultures value
● low-power distance aggressiveness, strength,
cultures believe that power and material symbols of
should be used only when success
legitimate ● Feminine cultures are
● Individuals from cultures that value
high-power distance tenderness and
cultures, such as Saudi relationships
Arabia, India, and ● highly masculine cultures
Malaysia, view power as a are Japan, Italy, Germany,
fact of life and are apt to Mexico, and Great Britain
stress its coercive or ● highly feminine cultures
referent nature are Sweden, Norway, the
● Superiors and Netherlands, Thailand, and
subordinates in these Chile
countries are likely to view ● Masculine cultures
each other differently; socialize members to be
subordinates are quick to dominant and competitive-
defer to superior tend to confront conflicts
● individuals from low power head-on and are likely to
distance cultures, such as use a win-lose conflict
Israel, Sweden, and the strategy
 ● members of feminine
cultures are more apt to ➢ racial and ethnic identities are
compromise and negotiate similarly socially constructed
to resolve conflicts, - Some racial and ethnic
seeking win-win solutions groups, for example, share
experiences of oppression
- Their attitudes and
LESSON 5: behaviors may reflect their
struggles, influencing their
CULTURAL AND attitudes toward
contemporary issues such
GLOBAL ISSUES as affirmative action
➢ Religious identity is at the root of
AFFECTING countless contemporary conflicts
occurring in the Middle East,
COMMUNICATIO India and Pakistan, and Bosnia
and Herzegovina.
N ➢ socioeconomic identify frames
how we respond to issues of our
day. The widening gap between
● Our cultural identity is based on
the ultrawealthy and the middle
our group memberships which
and lower classes in the different
are determined by gender, age,
parts of the world is contributing
racial, ethnic, religious,
to their developing different
socioeconomic, political or even
attitudes on a wide array of
national affiliations
issues.
● German et al. (2003) - defines
➢ National identity refers to legal
culture as a social group’s system
status or citizenship. People from
of meanings
different countries have been
● Gender roles- affects the way
U.S. citizens for generations, yet
males and females present
some still perceive them as
themselves, socialize, work,
foreigners.
perceive their futures, and
communicate
- American men tend to
ETHNOCENTRISM VS. CULTURAL
adopt a problem-solving
RELATIVISM
orientation
- women tend to be
➢ Ethnocentrism, the tendency to
relationship-oriented
see your own culture as superior
 to all others, is a key
characteristic of failed
intercultural communication
efforts.
- The more ethnocentric you
are, the greater your
tendency is to view groups
other than your own as
inferior
- As a result, you tend to
blame others for problems
and seek to maintain your
distance from them
➢ Cultural relativism is the opposite
of ethnocentrism.
- When you practice cultural
relativism, instead of
viewing the group to which
you belong as superior to
all others, you work to try
to understand the behavior
of other groups on the
basis of the context in
which the behavior occurs
rather than from your own
frame of reference.
STEREOTYPE AND PREJUDICE
● Stereotypes are mental images or
pictures we carry around in our
heads; they are shortcuts,
whether positive or negative, that
guide our reactions to others.
- stereotypes generate
unrealistic pictures of
others and prevent us
from distinguishing an
individual from a group
-Racial profiling is just one
example of how
stereotyping affects
worldview
● Prejudice describes how we feel
about a group of people whom,
more likely than not, we do not
personally know.
- negative or positive
prejudgment, prejudice
arises either because we
want to feel more
positively about our own
group, or because we feel
others present a threat,
real or not
- eads to the creation of
in-groups and out-groups,
with out-group members
becoming easy targets for
discrimination
LESSON 6: TERMS, EXPRESSIONS
AND IMAGES REFLECTING
DIFFERENT CULTURES
Cultural grid- is a framework of
understanding for processing verbal and
nonverbal cues specific to a particular
culture
Cultural Ignorance
➢ Cultural misunderstandings often
lead to lost opportunities and
increased levels of tension
between people
The following examples demonstrate the
extent to which cultural ignorance
affects communication:

● Showing the sole- In Muslim
cultures, the gesture is perceived
as insulting.
● Similarly, while crossing your
legs in the United States indicates
you are relaxed, in Korea it is a
social faux pas.
● McDonald’s fast-food chain
unintentionally offended
thousands of Muslims when it
printed an excerpt from the
Koran on its throwaway
hamburger bags. Muslims saw
this as sacrilegious. The mistake
could have been avoided if
McDonald’s had displayed greater
sensitivity and awareness.
● The Japanese view the business
card as an extension of a person,
while Americans view it as a
business formality and a contrast, believe eye contact over
convenience.
● Consequently, while the Japanese
handle business cards with great
care, making certain to put them
in safe places, Americans are
quick to put them away and thus
often end up insulting the
Japanese.
● Arabs typically adopt a direct
body orientation when
communicating. Americans
employ a stance that is
somewhat less direct and thus
often find the communication of
Arabs aggressive and unnerving.
● Arabs and South Americans also
tend to gesture vigorously when
speaking to others, causing the
less physical Americans to
construe their behavior as
inappropriate and unmannerly.
● It is common in Middle Eastern
cultures for both males and
females to physically exaggerate
responses, while in the United
States emotions are more likely
to be suppressed.
● In Japan, individuals may try to
hide or mask certain emotions. It
is common among Asian cultures
to exhibit reserve and emotional
restraint.
● Eye contact preferences also
differ across cultures. Americans
place a high value on eye-to-eye
communication and tend to
distrust those who fail to look at
them directly. The Japanese, in
a sustained period of time shows
disrespect. Among Asian cultures,
too much eye contact is deemed
intrusive. Arabs, on the other
hand, maintain direct eye contact
with those they interact with for
prolonged periods.
● Americans tend to value personal
achievement and individualism.
In contrast, Asian and Native
American cultures stress group
cohesion and loyalty, placing
greater emphasis on group rather
than individual achievement.