glass repealed from magnetic

ELECTROMAGNETIC fields in 1845.

INDUCTION PRINCIPLE - It is caused by the orbital motion of
- Process of generating electric current electrons creating tiny current
with a magnetic field. loops, which produce weak
- This occurs when a magnetic field and an magnetic fields.
electric conductor move relative to one
another.
MAGNETISM - Paramagnetic
- The ability to attract iron and steel. - Substances that are clearly not
- From Ancient Greek - certain rock permanent magnets are
(lodestone) attracted a piece of iron. nevertheless attracted by
- It is the force exerted by magnets when magnetic fields.
they attract or repel each other. - Materials that can be temporarily
- Caused by the motion of electric charges. magnetic when placed in a
magnetic field and reverts to
MAGNET nonmagnetic state as soon as
- named after the town of magnesia the external field is removed.
(district in Thessaly) in Lydia, Asia Minor.
- LODESTONES (magnetic Fe3, O4) Magnetic field(b)- measured in
names are lodestar (or guiding star) tesla
- Region near the ends of the magnet is - The region around the magnet where
called its poles. magnetic force can be felt.
- Any object that has a magnetic field. - Strongest pole of the magnet.
- Two ends are in the North-South - It is created around the wire, when
direction. current flows in a wire.
- Produced by the motion of electrical
Classification of matter charges.
according to the magnetic Magnetic flux (Φ)
property - measured in maxwell (equal to one line
- Ferromagnetic force)
- Spontaneous magnetism that
- si unit: weber =
exists in the absence of magnetic
10^8 maxwell
fields.
- The number of
- Even after the magnetic field is
magnetic lines
removed, it can retain attracting
forces in a
metals.
magnetic field.
- Permanent magnets are the
- Conversion:
result of ferromagnetism in which
- q = 1.602x 10−19 C 1
the unpaired electrons persist
- kgf = 9.81 N
without the application of an
- 1 lbf = 4.4484 N
external magnetic field or current.
- 1 N = 10^5 Dynes
- Diamagnetic
- 1 Tesla = 10^4 Gauss
- Have the ability to slightly repel
magnetic fields. Flux density((β) measured in
- Faraday found bismuth wB/M^2
(strongest diamagnetism) and
 C. For circular coil D. For square
coil

- Direction of the magnetic field -

direction of motion of a change particle
on which the magnetic field would not Where: r = radius a =
exert force. distance from the side
- Magnitude of the magnetic field vector
- the magnitude of its velocity and the
angle between velocity and magnetic
Magnetic forces: forces on a
field is proportional to the force acting on charge
the moving charge.
Where:
q – charge in Coulomb
Ɵ – angle between wire and magnetic field
v – velocity in m/s
β – flux density in Tesla
Absolute and relative
FORCE ON A CURRENT
permeability of a medium
- Permeability is the ability of a material to CARRYING CONDUCTOR
conduct magnetic flux through it. LYING IN A MAGNETIC
- Absolute Permeability (μo) = 4πx10^-7
Henry/meter, constant 33 FIELD
- Relative Permeability (μr) is the ratio of - Magnetic force on charged particles
the permeability of the material to the depends on relative motion of the
permeability of air or vacuum. It is equal particle's velocity and the magnetic field.
to 1. - Cannot change the speed, only the
direction.
Magnetising field intensity - Its motion continuously changes by the
- The force experienced by the N-pole of
magnetic force when it enters a uniform
one weber is equal to the field strength at
magnetic field in a direction
any point within a magnetic field.
perpendicular to the field.
- OERSTED- cgs unit of magnetic field
Where:
strength equal to gilbert per centimeter.
β – Tesla
- AT/m – SI unit for H
I – Current in
- 1 oersted = 79.577 AT/m
Ampere (A)
L – length in
WORKING FORMULAS of MAGNETIC
meter (m)
INTENSITY
A. For a long straight wire:
Where:
r = distance
Where:
N = no. of turns
β – Gauss β - lines
I = current
I – Current in Ampere (A) I - current in
B. For long solenoid
ampere (A)
Where:
L – length in centimeter (cm) L - length in
L = length
in/ft
FORCE BETWEEN TWO
PARALLEL CONDUCTORS
- Current in the same direction
- Field strength is decreased due to
the two fields there being in the
opposition.
- Two conductors are attached
towards each other.
- Current in the opposite direction
- Field strength is increased due to
the two conductors two fields
being in the same direction.
- Two conductors cost a mutual
force of repulsion due to the lateral
The implications of this expression include:
repulsion of the line's forces.
1. The force is perpendicular to both
the velocity (v) of the charge (q) and the
magnetic field (B)
where:
2. The magnitude of the force F=qvBsinθ
μ0 - constant permeability, const 33
where θ is the angle<180 degrees between the
μr - relative permeability
velocity and the magnetic field. This implies that
l - length in meter (m)
the magnetic force on a stationary charge or
I – current in amperes (A)
a charge moving parallel to the magnetic field
d – distance between two conductors
is zero.
LORENTZ RIGHT HAND 3. The direction of the force is given by
the right hand rule. The force relationship
RULE above is in the form of a vector product.
- Describe the effect of a charge particle
moving in a constant magnetic field.
Fleming left and right hand
rule
In an open right hand, the direction of the four
fingers points to the direction of the magnetic
field, the thumb pointing perpendicular to the
four fingers points to the direction of the
magnetic force in a positive charge is in the
direction in which your open palm would push.

- A force acts on the conductor, when a

current carrying conductor is place
inside a magnetic field, in a direction
perpendicular both the direction of the
current and the magnetic field (LEFT
HAND)
- Faraday's law of electromagnetic
induction ; whenever a conductor
moves inside a magnetic field, there
will be an induced current in it. If this
conductor gets forcefully moved inside
the magnetic field, there will be a relation
 between the direction of applied force,
magnetic field and the current (RIGHT)
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE TWO HAND
RULE:
Torque on a flat coil in a
uniform magnetic field
- Current carrying loop, when placed
across a magnetic field, has the tendency
to rotate either clockwise or counter -
clockwise depending on the direction of
the magnetic field and the current.
(a) is the field between two magnets,
(b) the field due to a current in a straight wire
and
(c) the resulting field if they are put together.
where:
N- turns I – current in amperes (A) A–
area of the coil
Ɵ – angle between magnetic field and a
perpendicular to the plane of the coil
Magnetic circuit
- Closed path where magnetic induction
or flux flows
- Upon the application of magnetomotive
force (mmf), it is where magnetism may
be established.
Magnetomotive force (mmf)
- A force that sets up or tends to set up
magnetic flux in a magnetic circuit. By
an electric current through a number of
turns of a wire produces it
RELUCTANCE (R) - - measured
AT/WB; GILBERT/MAX
- Property of material that opposes flux
flow.
- Equal to the ratio of the mmf in a
magnetic circuit to the magnetic flux
through any crosssection of the magnetic
circuit.
Where:
l − Mean length of the magnetic path (m)
μo - Free space of permeability
μo − Relative permeability
A – Cross sectional area of the magnetic path
(sq. m)
v – reluctivity ; the reciprocal of permeability =
1/μ
PERMEANCE (P) - - measured
AT/WB; GILBERT/MAX
- reciprocal of reluctance
- Implies the ease or readiness with which
magnetic flux is developed.
Where,
A is the area of cross-section of the circuit,
l is the mean length of the magnetic circuit,
μ0 is the permeability of free space, which is
equal to 4π × 10^-7 H/m, and
μr is the relative permeability of the magnetic
material
FLUX ( Φ)
- Used to indicate the apparent stress in
the space surrounding an energized coil
or magnet.
SUMMARY OF UNIT
ANALYSIS
 β – flux density at the location of the conductor
(Tesla)
L – length of the conductor (meter)
v – relative velocity (meter per second)

ENERGY STORED IN A
where:
MAGNETIC FIELD e – self- induced emf (volt)
- Energy stored in a magnetic field = work L – self inductance (Henry)
needed to produce a current through the di/dt – rate of change of current ( Ampere per
conductor second)

Where: INDUCTANCE
w – energy stored in Joules (J) Φ - Flux - Electric circuit property by which emf is
μ - permeability of core β – Magnetic induced in it as the result of changing
flux density magnetic flux.
R – Reluctance L – Self Inductance (H)
Inductance - Ratio of emf produced in a circuit by self
I – Current induction to the change of current
producing it.
Faraday’s law
- An Electric field is induced in any system Where:
in which a magnetic field is changing with L – inductance (Henry)
time. μ0 - permeability of free space (const 33, 4π x
FARADAY’S FIRST LAW OF 10−7 Henry per meter
ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION. μr - relative permeability of the core used
- Whenever the flux linking a coil or current A – cross sectional area of the magnetic path(
changes, an emf is induced in it. square meter)
FARADAY’S SECOND LAW OF N – number of turns
ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION. φ – flux (Weber)
- The magnitude of the induced emf is I – Current (Ampere)
proportional to the rate of change of flux l - mean length of the magnetic path (meter)
linkages. R – reluctance of the magnetic path (AT/Weber)
INDUCED EMF
- It is the voltage generated by a conductor Mutual Inductance (H)
or coil moving in a magnetic field. - Ratio of emf in a circuit to the
Where: e – induced emf (Volt) N – number of corresponding change of current in a
turns neighboring circuit,
dΦ/ dt - rate of change of flux (Weber per - Measure the mutual induction between
second) two magnetically linked circuits.

- A voltage can be developed in a wire by

moving the wire across a magnetic field
so that flux cutting results (Faraday’s SERIES COIL WITH
Principle) MUTUAL INDUCTANCE
- Series aiding – sources of electromotive
where:
force (emf) which give the ability to the
e – induced emf (volt)
 current to flow in the same direction.

- Series opposing – sources of

electromotive force (emf) which give the
ability to the current to flow in the
opposite direction.

PARALLEL COIL WITH

MUTUAL INDUCTANCE
- Parallel aiding – this is where connected
coils increase the total equivalent
Inductance.

- Parallel opposing – this is where

connected coils decrease the totaL
equivalent inductance compared to coils
that have zero mutual inductance.

Where: L1, L2 - self inductance in H (Henry)

M – Mutual inductance

Coupling Factor/ Coefficient of coupling