• maintain all plant clean and with suitable reflective surfaces (light colours) and heat

insulation where relevant;

• keep the batching and mixing plant under shade;
• maintain all mixer trucks clean and with a light-coloured reflecting shade covering the drum,
or continuously wet hessian cover on the drum;
• keep waiting trucks under shade
• keep constituent materials fully protected against sun radiation at all times;
• avoid the use of warm cement;
• use cooled or chilled water;
• substitute part of the water with flake-ice or well crushed ice which must be shown to melt
completely during the mixing;
• cool the aggregates;
• mix and deliver at an appropriate time during day or night, considering exposure conditions
during placing as well as the heat development in the young concrete and its coincidence
with ambient temperature variations.

Cooling of materials or mix by use of liquid nitrogen may be considered if suitable equipment is
available and proper procedures with quality control are documented and tested, subject to the
Engineers acceptance.

5.3.6 Minimum Requirements to Concrete Mix

5.3.6.1 Durability and Structural Design Requirements

The durability requirements to the mix (mainly the w/c ratio) are expected to give a higher
strength than required from a structural design point of view.

This expected strength shall be used to monitor the contractor's ability to manage and control
his concrete production process. Fluctuations in strength indicate a fluctuation in quality, such
as variations in w/c ratio; therefore, strength fluctuations must be kept within pre-planned limits
in order to have confidence in the production control.

Structural design considerations shall not be used to relax any requirements in this specification.
Strength requirements stated on construction drawings shall always be complied with if they are
higher than the strength requirements to grades in this Specification.

5.3.6.2 Concrete Grades

The following standard range of grades refers to reinforced structures. Exposure Classes are
defined in Chapter 1. Distinction between reinforced and unreinforced structures is made in
terms of cement types and the additional requirements to cement, as explained in Note 1) and
2) below.

• Grade "A"
To be used for all concrete in Exposure Class A.
Minimum characteristic strength =50 MN/m2
Cement ASTM Type I, see Note 1), 2) : 6% < C3A< 9%
Minimum cement content =350kg/m3
Maximum cement content =420 kg/m3
Microsilica content, see Note 2) = 7% of cement weight
Max. free water/cementitious material = 0.40
Admixtures, see Note 3), 4), 5).
Chloride penetrability measured by ASTM C1202 shall be Very Low (100 1,000
coulombs).
Water penetrability measured by BS EN 12390 shall be max 10 mm after 3 days with 5
bars.

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• Grade "B"
To be used for all concrete in Exposure Class B.
Minimum characteristic strength = 50 MN/m2
Cement ASTM Type I, see Note 1), 2) : 8% < C3A
Minimum cement content =350kg/m3
Maximum cement content =420 kg/m3
Microsilica content, see Note 2) = 7% of cement weight
Max. free water/cementitious material = 0.40
Admixtures, see Note 3), 4), 5).
Chloride penetrability measured by ASTM C1202 shall be Very Low (100 1,000
coulombs).
Water penetrability measured by BS EN 12390 shall be max 10 mm after 3 days with 5
bars.

• Grade "C"
To be used for all concrete in Exposure Class C.
Minimum characteristic strength =45 MN/m2
Cement ASTM Type I, see Note 1), 2) : 5% < C3A
Minimum cement content =350kg/m3
Maximum cement content =390kg/m3
Max. free water/cementitious material = 0.45
Admixtures, see Note 3), 5)

• Grade "D”
To be used only for blinding layers (mud-mats)
Minimum characteristic strength =15 MN/m2
Cement ASTM Type V, see Note 2)

NOTE 1) Cement for reinforced structures shall be ASTM Type I in compliance

with the additional requirements stated in clause 5.2.2.1.1.

NOTE 2) Cement for un-reinforced structures shall be ASTM Type V (or TypeI)
in compliance with the additional requirements stated in section
5.2.2.1.2.
If Type V is used, there shall be no requirement for use of microsilica.

NOTE 3) With the specified limits on the water/cementitious ratio, plasticisers

and/or superplasticisers will generally be needed to produce a workable
mix. Plasticisers providing an entrained air content of about 1% are
generally found to increase the workability as well as reducing the
tendency of segregation. Retarders, e.g. in the form of retarding
superplasticisers may also be needed.

NOTE 4) High-range water-reducing admixtures shall always be used in mixes

containing microsilica.

NOTE 5) Admixtures shall fulfil the requirements specified for constituent

materials; furthermore, the compatibility and the effects of admixtures
shall be documented as part of the pre-testing of the concrete.

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