— | — | —— ie tne —_] —_] CE==e 'S__vectangularty (ov Savavely } Shapecl ancl the places in “the town + TA how many each fren place to place a” place A and Srovely _only_10 A_touwse dots represent _diffenent ways cara __pengon perSen “Stayts from the up acd iRight _chrectong 2 2 * + + +—+ testa #4 ___s > %AG\0) P 7 @) Cas Fivst we unill congiden the ,"Uthene the {wown 18 Squane 1 Shage « wv f > _||Suppose that Bi ts at) Cin) 80) | Al@o > Potos 2 RV 1 UR ## Paths = 2 dt Steps. each. path =o. A _||Suppose that @ 16 at (212) (212) Paths: (RURU) RRUU) VURR, URUR ) ote ‘ t+ Paths =4 sé steps 19 each path =4 —_| —e > Aloo)Suppose thal" @ 1s at’ (33) [ Paine? R@RVUU , VUURRR , ROA (3/3) RRVURY,: RRVVUR , VURR, O13)9) RR VURU: BRUVUR, VURRY - VURRUR , URORVR, RRUALE e t*—+ VORURTR oo bh path= G6 +e > HE Psteps in each pi SA (O10) Siem the three cases we can _obsenve_ that semi if B ‘Sat (OP) then numben of steps te each path =9n. O Steps of U (up) and 6 steps of R Cright)* “The _numben of steps to” reac! Paths — to seach from A to B = Number of ways to anange 9 RS and nu's + J 10 99 places = Numben of ways to arrange © RS 10 2n places (ance once we arrange RS WE can simply put US I the Yemaining place )= 292, = of} = ant J la0--) Olah Now we will _cosiden the cage tn whith the fm B= (min) town 15 Sectanguler 19 Shape - (rey Suppose the case whene B=(112) = (mi) BON 2)* Z Paths 2 RLU, UUR, URU 4 StepS 10 eath path = min f+2 Date___-— Suppose the case Whence = (213) =(miny Paths = RRVLY, VUURR, RuRVvU, »—_0(213) RvoRV,) RULUR, vURUR VURRL VRURU, URRQUU, URvUE a > dt Paths = 10 awn <249 Aloe) =Sq, = =Se¢ VU Sea= 5} = sxuxat =9n 10 7 4 DASh MBL { { 2S! 2 oxux3l =ex2=0 P F Bloh + ax J => |Hrom these cages We con See that the numben_of aa to each from A=(010) to B= lin) 16 gwen ba eon + ov [mro \ cw) tet Nag = 90. CF Path from (0,0) to (min) 2 Neg = (+0 \ = [mtn 0 Now) Suppose __& = (O10) then No of Paths = 1 1 IF B= C0) =) No _ of’ Paths = 1 Ie B= U1) D Mo OF) Paths 2 Nuns = Nuost to(Onn Q) Also consiclen” tbe case “IL - 7 > ———— Pats to reach (912) = (URRU 1 RURV 1 ROUR, ORR) U_ VRVR) RAV at Patbs to veach (219) = Paths to each (3) = ERvwv 1 URL, LRU, yours +R ae Fe Paths to seach (U3) = 4 YD Patho 0 (213) aE Paths to (212) + ## paths te (113) =10 = ft Paths to(22) 2 No = Nm on tN oa=1,0__* Lek mineIN and tet Nee = FF Paths for (010) _ to (rin? + Then § ID _ Nomen = ( 9m)" = 2 Cp Um] 4 Noaco = Nene + Nena on (Neo = Neon + Neptyn WS Recomence velation. ARis can also be vndenstood 1 following _wauyt S= set of att Paths fron (00) to ~ Cmnvy = Aset_of au paths fom (010) to Cmo-yh = SI LA set_of au patds rom oro to man f disjoint union Sa Then tS = 3S) + 4S. — Caince abe union 19 yore) Note $ The path fiom (min-!) to (min) aod (m-110) to (M19) anc_tnelependent ; hence the «Bets ane disyoint - f Srs) Determine the _maximun __ameng _att_numbens__ obtained biy deleting 100 igus feorn the _ numben IDBUSEASAUOW == += A106 hose ciquts are __ the \ntegens { thipwah Noo 1 _ovelen fren __lefte__to vight ‘Anst_|| N= 12345 +--+ AAO No. nof digits: 10 N= (109) 4x90) + (3%!) =44190+3 = 190 W-90 3 80 N0'S 2 diqes 19 N =142 - 40-9459 8.0015 lO 3 100527 + 40 no's of 2 diqits L | we want to remove loo digits =) NO of digits 19 | = Qo -t00 = 92 - new 20 We want a — a2 digit langes no. cone NR Sos ek ee WA ABBE A aah ve = ‘Gls 2 Qos. KIAgES = la digits + 4 7 NA digs : . q . wee WO a SV feet tet eee Bq ---- Wo 19, 19, 44, 4 4 9 ua) (29) (aa) (ua) 4 q 4 octt a \ v Soe a a ole oat al 4s + ait 6S © a = maBUHG = 103 whieh | goes’ beyond _the 0 Tg Want to *ermove which S100 fs Mox a's we can get __at__the beqiving of the Aer news eomben = “Be Next langest —_ pomben we can get at the U v begning 16 8- eg (uq) S_ 605152 53 S4 66 56 6% 6% re ] 16 + 4 " (3 But to get @ we need to vermove tbe above! 14 oF digits Bur since we have _alvead reernoved| 84 o = athe oat “available woe can Oh __xermove _1G_move, Z drauts, Bowe ook for +he next langes 90 which we can Ss tro Abe _beginging and this 16 4. ay a a Yok SA gASd Ad EEGs Ba \ +4 NW \ So we vomove these 15 Aigit, to get__the’ t+ o And Since we can ye _bove to yemove one _ move clayey use _witl remove the GS which comes _aften Abe Bo now We hase -zemoved, loo digits - The anges fe 92 digit 9. 1S = AAQAGHZEqQ606IE2---.100ig} |2023- lek__XiN_s finite” Get £ix yy Is a suvjective __function( k to shen EN = He X whene : K tee ante —— rn bane st Srnec ~f— 1S—Bonjective AKG EX _Gt—F (x9) -=-Y9—for ho O reper Igince. we don't -krew that— f—16—1-4—or—noly—thene__eorght 6 @inte: the’ map 16 .K to 4 9 #N = HX This 15 catied Divisions _ PRINCIPLE» We) map 16 one-to-one then FEY = FFX DEF? tk Xand be Fmite- Sets and lek bh be 2 Fixed positive | Wteqen_We Sax thak the _funchon ft % > + 1S k=to one tf for cach clerrent_| ye Y thence exist exact, k_clements ze X_St_Fl%) =Y°| Sls _S0,, Theo ‘ krto~one__ft tte Ix! a =]... ._| + Example £ t || she nurnben ef different eating Onargements Br 9 || people _anound a__Cirentoy taste’ 1g Go-oh || A B | Noteg ; Ss. I —Saiee—anageiceal IL Consider use Scaling anangements identical ff each Pensen hag the eame lett Nefghbour in _both Scatings . 3 A Rachy f \ This a. different _scahng i J [Coreen ce above V two + Proof B? te the “table 16)! tineay !8tead of erreusla “Ten fey _L= Get oF 6 Geating arrangement OF a linear J oJ fable. ta Mix Mx Moy xtey xtey = DRI) (D9) Ks KDR] =o,Date Page bee $= Get Of Seating “| arrangements oF J J ‘A Cerealey table Considew _a _cwurtar Seating SES, wt i 4 , ch Contains 6 pecpte BD > Je c choose a pengan P from the Seating + This Can be done te OC, gd wauss [tNe can then torn the __crrculay’ Seating into _a_ linea Seating by Stantisa’ the: linear Stating with Penson P theo Contioving with” leet _ Neighbour of Py then the left J S$ _ncighbour of that _pengon acl So on. TS turns S toto "a__lincar _ Seating - dg | sivce toe beg pes. first _pengoo «10 +the _lineay _arranaerren P can be chosen 9 9 Ways, each creutar arvangemen o Is can be _tuyned| toto 9 diffenent _linaay _Seaking ~ anange zy v =enent + band , each linear arrangement EL J coly ore cnetar _ Seating, because toto’ crvcleiy The “left” neiepibowy On Fhe Othen CorreSponds to Mt NO _Matten whene we fold change 0 Of cach _penson will not o £3 T3935 1S ao nto one function + By division principle HS = eT = oO oO = 0-04Ca—C) IP) 299 4 whene CCAY = Pome, © [Rove that 8 bt theo Set_of X Fe AKOAL + © wh Ke4- Pod=1" | Ay AK 16 a pantition of PC) Cy} K=6 Seats Sani = & so \ ' fe le) D_|| Suppoe ASX > ce Ma ox font B defined as Le ie wea }: Xa =p | BxeA ] -tndicator "+ > _ fe m=toex—lout¥ |g 1g ae} Fi Plx) SM ARO > _|| want to And AE P(X) st Kh =%q A= 41 (03) = mal) E18 onto since for EM SA=G7! (419) € POR) St F(A)= p= %qsect EAR to 8 check £5 oncore %& Serve) Ys fa F(A) = £18) & 3 dale) = ew 2 1= Bw ates sacs. ts +6 =(A) = £18) 3 Xe = FBR) 3 Slecol =Ie ix =0 and = take WS vatue” efthen Oo or 4 Ge) Noe for “% hos’ 2) ways 3 -M= | 3 leet = 2° © Standard _Netatisn - aztte x fay oer} A= | gpose we want Kk to cheose__at__elementS from XX . be ct » (or) ways. cae Beane (py a= Now Suppose __#hat__among _K+l__tlementS_; one elements bas [to be tls Then the emafaing clement can be Chosen 19 fo \__ was - K ) og C= Suppese we do not want _to Sele Att to the KH I etements - Thea _thig__can_be done «a f N_\ ways - Len) - A Pat | \ can be dane No fo \ KH NNAK? e& A can be dope Bway oy eto s/t" = fo \ + o\ é Ger J Tn ° Suppose we have “A. tables. Sod t-Sieervlsuers Ave = FeXovtlo And k. diffenent Ses of eal Flowers with» cach a NQ_PeMben add ata Ne TThets aie #lowend. can _be cmaieecl 0 See tables wf Xo en , Caray. aK ) ‘Pret $ ° Theorem $ Let © and K be nonnegative So that Kn. Thea. 0 (ot\ =/o\ +] 0) a en 7 KT ar) aS) Date, O& e = ee Assom. want range 9 6 i = | owe want to io obits 1 a | Moe 1 tne 4 Pp _cbjects ane _of__i_diffenént__tuypes and _obyects ef the Same e_ weistiniquista jl] type an tocistrig iShatble . Let At! be the _nurnben ~ Of objects __of type 8s Thes’ the _oumben of _diffenent a Omangenent —_'S ~ I I ob j | Ap Aol 2. ay l ; “I Proof # = lec us cnomber the obects of Abype 2° as tay 1 Ot- v dq a we have 9 objects ok Hee different” pets So the _nurben Tl [let ways to avvang them 151 Ob- lI Co => However Ewe Sosreten two avvangements dane tdentical it 7 e thay ent, differ ip “the _umbenings _af_the object of the Sarre [eupe - men cach awangement wil have Aba! acl tdentical oO J vencions- i = | & By division pnnciple , Numben of _diferent_onangement |= a Soyo vams 2 casted l Pn [evan -an _-) multinomial -- coett & |luihar fe a moltisel 2 Rheovero 3 Let 9 and k be non negative tovegens Se_that go. Ten [n\ =f O Vs ee ee ae Prooet tet x = Uae , 1 = (2 \ > ro cf ways oF electing elements out “of 6 Clerents > No- of K element subsets of _P%Dein ae eres Page. 9 J no: of ways of Selecting _O-K _clements Mom OV ely fem ’ ~ Jno of O-K clement SdbsetS oF AX - Let S= Set of all_K~element Subsets of _X T= Set _of allt ark element Subsets of X- Refine is TE ALN Athen AS=X~A, Defwe £tT—>S as F(A)= AS. tet_Ai@e T Lat 15 wall deine Suppose A=6 ie awe¥ } dS RR AC = 0f 2 fem = £09) S— > £(A) - £(@) f£ ts wetl defined let £(A)= £ (8) Sac = BS a (ads = 69S > np 20 L& fits one-to-one - Aed for each GOP ACF BES, TACT St (A) -B, namery BC. <¥ TE Be B=K 3 BeA)- aft 2 & onto $ o- £16 a Biyective fonction. + 2. (Tl =1S) 2 \eeufetom) 3 : eTAbas there ove 0 _enern) apEte Se lard 9 members 19 9° Yoong of Mee » aes | a corre yor tonethen want to tore o Cimbic” ct 0 merobene j pEAS nod the presiclent of the cammitte» Shouid be from oPd Lyran In heus Pom WI0NS Con WE Seleck 0 Such mernbend? The president ca ct the commvittee cao be eelected ip Ci wos land the vernaining 0-1 _membens can be eclected a | J PO" Coy ways - _ 4 ‘Toto fumben of ways te seleck 9 member for Committee = 1 x26, ways. = 9 [90-I \ wous- oo Car] 9 || Suppese tbat thence ane 0 membeng in 15t_yeav of MSc I ood 9 _membens (0 3°4 - yeow of MSc. The 18t and 2°4 Lucoy toacthen wants to ae a _committce OF 9 $§ $ rectors St __(%) President of the coerenittee 1S from Scord us oe OD Thee 16K membenS fom Su BcienIe KE miembens No conimnittee =0 , Neo eembens Yer sy Sk im WE es eS thee Neat be SSected “Ke Naseayd Bolg nye cf members 19 committee = Neo of members from Sy 10 Committee = K+ ~ 8 bk members fron Sy can _be Selected) 10) CK Ways s Out ef K membens, one president can be Selected to Key ways O-k members fiore FY can be Selecked 1 My WS .* Bs a Teter ways cf Exceed A member for committee = MK AKC x MC yy WAYS .CeO Gy the above “problem y for alt _vatue’S of Ky tke __ number of teas to create _a_ committee eS Kafoy fio y Te ted Poe ta Aod we Krew wtthouk any constraint’ en ember 3 SE member frem Sy, the Ovmben of ways of J Selecting 9 membens from 2m membens St the SY = President is fom sys “ex Men, s ‘= 9 [2o+) : Gos) Since we ave Just selecting 9 _membens out of any fo Safa\po \ = of 20-1) sO Cen tO) we aye ust using —_diffenent metheela of Selettiog TS D_ members And siece [0 \ = (a Lew J tw J F Stef 0\2 = 9 fan-1\ Ztnd trad a-t Theorem} fox att positive _intcqenS 9, : a\ =e Kyo OR a Ak?2 Pigeon — bole __ principle tek 0 and & be Yomtve __integens [ Lise have to place 9 denteal battle TAbeo hens wl be att least one bor V9 _uohieh we atleast two balls + rahileors |) ~ 7 + lexample? “Rene 18 an ctement 10 the Sequence aie") BesBRB co thal is _divuaible by 9000, [sot wmesanem se N§2003 and _9003|%n { Suppese that 2003 hae NO £2003 HS By" division » algorithen'! ato = 2003 K+ j + li where V= 19) 12002 I [[ret cant these 2002 remainders ag bones « Ti THEE OCOS I And the teams of the Sequence __aS_ bats - T ¥ L Bax Be dilution atepdithre,— attecst— tao balls Ht Henan le. . ies By digion algorithm, 3 atleast one box Abat | contains, Janecst kwo batts. [Wed atleast tise feams of the Seapence Soi! have game Temaiveby “when divided by 200% + Re Suj St and ay has” the Same 3A Vermainden @K, Gey = 2003 ke 4K ®o ay = 2003 ky + K - ) @-O 5% -x. 5 L= 2003 (kr ~K5) ? 2003/45 agRonny By Evten's 7 2003 | 993... 400 TJeany > thm 86 mlok ard Gminy= lt thea elk Swoce_(2003 105) = 1 3 9003[45 2 So=i-3 st aoaglan - Problem 3 Let R= loud x fon7 © ine A) [Pick 10 _paints_at random . Shaw Yhat a ak leagk twe paints ak- a distance at mosh Va (a. SolF If tet_vs frst split oun ont Square inte. nine E * Squanes Ling _ Straight lines . equal equ ov 1y2 GY +(@) = feo +e iz & | Ws | 27 | J =~ J2 3 3= _||So_we have 19 _paints__aed_4_boxes a 7 Then by pigeon hole _prinuple, thene _cxi6te al least _ene box Sentsining, Lo + |The longest distance _usitbin =" "O Squane of side 13 IS Ahat | of tuso~oppacites endpoints of diagqeals Ard By | distance 15 2 > ’ . oroay 3 4 Hence the prot cyl] Prax 6 points _at__vaodom + Show that 3 _ak least two points which both lie 10 a _dige_of ‘radius a + | SPN Bot 8 = | tet_vs fast “divicles the unit “sqpané_into _4 _equal_tmangle _ ving er the diagonal lines « L ; | Gyeumerycle — Crrele that Passes through cach of the AN Neatices of ine ale. ar wz a = ~ |S we have 5 points and 4 boxes - Ten by pigeon hole principle _) thene_exiSts ait _leaSt one tone canning two points . > || Buppose the two point __lies_ in I, thee we can cveate ee Sana the _Venbees | OF fice x. > _[[Hhes we get ture _poior which lic in _a_disc_of sadiws ‘De. fProptem t | Pn_ony_6 4 ——ffinich tee tthe Molt _ iy Great avele! largest civde that | can be drawn ep any gwen { Sphenc - >| Puck an 4uso random points. on the Sphen’e ond Saereogh the 2 pants feu Abe _Sphene ato. tuso__hemisphen + i ~> Iris we need te pe to pick points: - j Qo we have two _ hemisphene acd 3_points So by Pigeon bole principle _, te _fer_S one. emis phere J a r ? Sy with - Gkleast.. two points Disichiet's _-Approximatioc. “Theorem Nein, sabez, OCb EN SE Gwen EIR and any =I Ibe-al <1 N Proof let NGCIN be givens gq Let weIR- and Kedorty--- NI 3 Kxer ; toe Knows — for _any FER, (6% = e-CtI b fractional _ pont of t and tt} = +-fe7 © fou) £ TE FE nel 3h: N Ykre IR ; oo Soe Ath = ke —[ier] and Axxte Con) Lee fe BIl|= fo, F\ whene 2 5 NA) N ane IN _ boxes, Cun]. ; and They for K EXO NF ane _NH__tetten. By pigeoe bole preciple AL_6ne atleast one _bex _ with two’ _IcttenS uy) | teens Br_St__[fxwt — fey t < - ian +N > | kx Uke] — tee Ctedl <1 . N 3 IG-x = (Cxwje = Cee <4 | N SNS. eRe OAL EM k-tE Z steed Ki te Loar 6 = [kxittale 7 I] Leod CwxJ, Cee] ane integer pant tct b= K-2- | a = (kx} -Cee] : [bx-alé 4 N- wabiacr st lbs -alé 4 Hence ‘the _preck +212023 eo _ | Morice: > _|LA finite set 15 a finite _wnovelerecl__cottechon _of _di€ feneny Objects That _'S. _£13,94 and £2143} ane the | Sawe aS EAS beg, thes onty differ 10 the _ovden of __thely_eteenents + > || ean ctement 16 _atlowed to exppcar__moore thal than lore ume in A _eolléchon ‘then “thak & aallechon! 6 cated [La mvthset . | >| er example ¢ C1it213) = Hene 1s. nepcated Auitee - 2 || Notation? (h] = In = Set of fivet on positive inteqenS = fad, v0} 2 Theorems fer atl positive _inteqens A, “the dumben Of au f = Subsets of -InT 1s 9%. Prooft we wilt prove this using _ mathematical _inducton Lee POS H O(IN) =# Set of Gubbere of £2,5--0} — 2% for =I [a] = 44 ee Ol) =1O,24F 1. # @lfe]) =2 = 97 | + The stakement 1s _ true foy_| n= * Let the statement 'S twe for 9 4 ie) No_of subsets of _Set_[n] = 2° St 3 the Stakovent ig _twe for atl. ————(ey Lott Ma oF Gubachs of fon’y tet'a divide the Subsets of _—— a |) Subsets that donot _— ()_ Svbset__ that contains ntl. _contoin The Subsets that do _ net de contain of GO] amd thus they ane 0. J The __SvbsetS hak contain nt! consigts cf OH and a subset of (A+ That subsck can be ony of the 2% J Subsets + So the _numben oF Subsets that contains tl 16 nan 9° G I oa = 2°" subsets . [Le Cnt} bas || Hence proved ‘ f e Der: Carjary--+1A%) of integers Fulfilling O42 a > I A_ Sequeoe i + 4 Fol % and Cataa-+ -;:+OK) 2m 16 catted a weak composited T cama (Cie 0921) > |ltes in addition 1 the 2 anc- positive, for at TECSI riten the | Sequence (arya). 14K) Ig called Com position of a. 2 || Theorem $ = f Ki sonben Statement 1% for att positive integers _© 9 the nue oF weal, compositor of 9 into _& posts 10 (otk | = (_o+k-1 | Ce J Noe Ws (set cf all ‘weak _compcsitions cf Btakerent 9% rior) = ; a into Kk pants}.MUO = 4s fon clement @ — eeultinel 5 Wo lbw hot i ll (ouseu} festa f) Ny number of _weak Composition _of_n_into__Pants IS equivalent te _ccunting the _nomben of __ wax, ot putting 1D _tdentical balls into ___diffenenk boxes + a _lineythen place the balls: in them F 19 the _mrddle OF the Place the _k__boxes 10 10 Some “way and alfgn there ] d boxes + “This “creates a long line of consisting of balls aod KI walls Spee Separsting the boxes fromm cach otten | gous J I eaelee[- il Baus : “he no of \ways of pottiog 0 aballg into tk_ different ee NO oF ways to Permyvtare boxtg 15 gate as Oth-N ND bateland | w Find hod Nes 5 Skene 05. 4nd NO 19 ada keno nome ways of chectingh a bas KW out of” atk-t almbels \ J > The no ck ways Of, putting nN ‘batig. into k different boxes’ 1S Game as 0 of ways to penmutake o1K-t (on bans and > k~1 wag). > __|[TWs 1s same 95 __ Finding _numben of _ ways of g chooging balls out OF atks Siymuote - Jintk-l a = = c CK = L sit = PeniOu _poGitive _integen 9 and Key he_nuentea of —_compesihons of ota _k "16 {ou «1 Proofs TH _a_Slvict _compgsition oF A _into_K _panl, cath pants j shovid be non - Keno (ve) R90 for RES kh 3 So ux fet __ cao TiS probleia 15 equivalent _-te 0 tlentical bau counting no of ways of putting y into 1K | diffeneck boxes St’ each box has atleast ofe ball Pinte wtl frst __puk one bal i coc) Kk boxes Gono OF balls left = O-K otk docgh't rnatten hau) wt choose of the _vemafning 0-4 [Cre batts _ane_sdenticalr & k balls) Ie can ‘then _clo__ weak _pantition bats nto (ATK kK pants 10 {estate} =[ |g Kt Ce oto K | pants = 0-1) B Number of ccompogina? of t = ii ; ; ; Theorem 5 . “Gv abi! positive otegen 0, thie number CE _alt compositions pt of 9 19 2” od _atmest: Proot_* i atleast one A_conmposition of 9 will __hove OS" oO _ pants * son Sof go. sc total_oumber of.» composition a og OC gt ott rae 28 vont 2 met Cat" Ke Che : <5 - pepj-We Kou + Bineental BIS9 Carey) ~~ [a Hott x stcy - 7 a ——! N=n-t - ——_| zk so 2 F fey aco LK = fo-i\+ [n-1\ +--+ fot \ tf n-t\ Veo) {+} ey Grom () and (++) 0 fa-t\=02°" Ket Kno —= Pantition 8 (ek 0 be a __ positive inteaen and lee KSA bea v = positive integen. tek B= (Br, Bay" Bao, where & CIN) t 7d =Uiasiah fe at PELyik} the Be ane monente dod _pamwée digit ane! G8p = 0nd = f2y---,0F - Per “Then toe gay that @ 6 a __pantition Cf (mJ into * J T blocks . for eqe Thence _ane 6 _fantitiong. of [au] inte 3 blot . Dametys ay F423 935) CU3% 4) TRAGS (2/33, 41,5 405f 2y C635 823,14 4h 5) (£243, int, 1334 a) Tangy, £23, 6345 sy €13,43, Uy, 4235(a Note £ The _blecks' ane athe oven of tne elements woithia cach black does Note ¢ All Such Pantrtions will have one _doubteton ane 4wo Singietor blocks . So once we _knous _evhich elements, anc in the _clovbleton block y We Knows “the _pontition - i} Since thence ane [4 \ = 6 ways to Choose 4ne dovblebon =| ] block + owt Clainn follows + Stating __ Numben _0F __ Second Kind. ° [tee Gand _k be posite {pegens + Then the [no of panttions of =Ead He wht clivide ah —into_two cade s D>] e's tonsiden the clement neta} as oun wefencoce | Case TM forms a _Singleton block 19 _the _k_fastttien Thea the remaining 0-1 Clements ~ can be Pantihene: Lante Kt pang SCAN KAN) Loos » : ~~ 08 ‘ Case IWS element % does oot form. a. Singleton | block by _tteele o mia the remaining “na Celemente lesb: town & bless a pontihoo with J k__blockS TRIS cam be done 0 [ S@-t1K) ways: Then we can add 9 Into any of K _biocks formed by this _pantition y hence _ multiplying tbe __ovmber of - att” pasaible pantitions by kK Ce)” KS (nk). 7 | cose = and case AL fogethen qivss Qu posable 7 Pantitons of © into Kk pang .. 4 : Hence SCA) = 0-1) K-1) + K Scn=h kK) Hence the claim 16 provedl . ‘ 7 o\k O° ‘ 132 3 a Ss ° oS a ° ( ° \ So 2 ° ' l 3 ° \ 3 |L4 oO. \ aePage || TWheovemn 8, for au hag sgens 9 andi sabsiung apg, a SOK) = [ ant S (nina), Geo \ Fé Proof 2 Stark) = 90: of pontition of fh] het on be oun Suppose nes, into pants - wefonence point * . F Lie ly wo a block of Size Ry Arch thene—ane And the Bemeining Can: Gao THES =n-2 can be _pantitioned into KA pants 10 f SC n-91k-1) ways | Thc F-1_. elemenents can be Selected (n~1\ wang ea J ANE Ris 1s twe for cach voluc of 2 “By Acldition principle Stak\e & fn-1\/scn-2iK-v 450 Niue ys NEN NO (Addition eine TE A Ag) 7 An ane diyont C Finite _Set__ theo Dy Elpeay.wsnl 2 labs Ve ee ae———__||_Proor ¢ Hee ot —___ll enumenates ———2_l| Suppose that be arelatien for Bell's _qumben> prove that ihe RNS of the above equally aul pantitons of fo] - element 9 15 19 & black of Sy O-. Then thene anc 7% blocks elements thak_ ore ME in the Same block as _n- — | This 2 elements can be chosen 19 (x) woes fat = || And there ane BC?) ways to pantitien these 4 elements - y = lle for? elements there _ ane AgiNeted eae & Nv 3 patton. Here (") BC?) ways to pantiion ‘them. umming oven all poseable vatues of 2) we p Qet tote) No of pantitons of 2n} vee He [SCH GEM fas Fee 3 ; Ase 2 a YS Ge Bo) = 2! sa-1.\ at) ae ta = 2 (nn) a(n-9) a (2) “aee Thetvswo — Exclusion Baneiple tet_ Ar Az 7An__be_ fimte Gels. “Wen _ Ta van Ue VAN) Ss Jel wrene (Pur fae ss fe) anges Proof 8 : “EE an clement 16 contained inthe _unien of ot toc Ag, that clement 15 counted exactly __once FP tne RES of the above equality - 13 To Show” lleuppose Ee AWA O- - U AMAL. for Some KEN KS - [Sx 6 not tneided © any J fotd intersection F 47 for 3>K* > Ga ae otten hand SEK 1 then % 1S ‘contained a diffenent J--fold _intexSechens Ag. ceactly («| saey Ce uf Taking Signs d Tv in to accond: , the RHS counts & cxacty me & cu! [kK \ times: j=! (sl [80-126 we Show = 1G theo wa have Skos * 1S =-countect. exactly __onee_19._ RNS - J J i= =e ew fis 3 i 21 K 7 a = ye en [ky Boe Be et fied ea jar (a ] 4 al W]cal fs me J | ui k~ = f«\ ¢-)" (1) ts) i-m=0 3m 2S counted exact ence on - RNS. J THis 1S iwc fy au xe AWA2 U-- -0 Aq. | -taAwaro- + VAg| = c& cyt! lana, a 1 Ape | J = ChAAnE v TH % ‘6 oct entained 19 ony oF AQ, then the > J RHS counts 6 X € & Zeno ames ag | tem = cs Setting KSO we gee tem= Cit) = 92, = m=o {Bee fe pool “Th algebra and SI combinatorics , 0°= | Therefore the INS and RNS count the same objects. ence LHS = RHO. Hence the __ proof» a2 _=ct Koy ass peettine Whoopie || Proce * QO) |Fivgt ue will Show trod (rem (n] +6 [kK] 16 covet to Consider rok use wank t diseibdvte LK children ct one kid Gets attcast N chceclates tC one choclate - |e coun “Instead of counting de nek, “ine children ets cheecioke - cf ways to déinbute 7 a pomeng kK childyen ct cath Kd oek one choclate | 7 ou |we calculate no cf ways to distnbute St ones pe children 3 we Krew (*l= Ke. Lee x =f Seb of alt detvbuhom ct p Cheeolates to K L Vie ane _intencasted TE we can count Te Agsidex| chiid % dees not Bet 4hig , Hen wsing to find Sctuton _to our orginal chocolate 3 10 finding [Ar @0As OD ~ vax Subtrachon, poneiplsTh orden to tind LAA, 0: GAK! we need to compute tbe size oF atl 4~ folel intexecction of the Ag. ; ~ faid intersection 2 We carr Wis is ihe Set Aq _themgelvecs Observe thot SweeS) A) = lapl &ANE WhG ) LAPL = Ge? eince cach boy can qo to on =) 5 ay OF tbc _othen K-1 childyen . SeWe get SS [Ac] = K IAP] =a CKo” 3 $21 Q~ fold sess ~y Intensection . G) Tap oAwl= [ano An] = = Tan, Oay] Ge lA OAin | docs not depend 00 £412} for qth. IGP) EF fivgt_ and second chiklven clo Mot get cheeolate , + then the 9 - chocolate canbe distibuted among _K-2 chitlyeo 10 CK~2) wang. CW) Since there 18 (_K\ wars to selec 2 chidyen Yo] > uabo do not get any chocolate J > Yao Ani JArn AS = («\ LAoAa} = /«\ (K-2)" 2) 2) eed Jo 445 Extending the above argument 49 4-fold — intersechon we _Gek-[A OAR O fatal 2 | Sumenng, oven atl Jrclement Subsets of (6) and takin Sign ito _accovnt y | 1 « r=) LLawars vag | = Co Fe egy | Jet Ua) => Wis ts the _nomben of distributions 1 _ustich ESSE ne || the _chitdlver_ge_do not at chocolate . > i Neo of distributions St _eveny —childven gets __ atleast | one chocolate 1, 7 y KO Keay (« \ U5)” ir i? 9 0 5 A = w+ Go! (_& \ Ce-5)9 ai \3 = 0's we) (K-07 4 co! (Ky K-39” i) i Uy 2 co eff oy exe" 3=0 W 2 ||rrote cach —_clistribubon 15 equwatent to a% from Coy to CKJ Since it sends each chocolate _to a child. Rod this 17% hoS O property that each RAE element Vfcach child gar ac} C_ gets at [RT bas: atleast, one __pre image _9S _ AL least _one _ chocolate = —__— QE athe _-€° _1g_suryeebwe ___— weet fs _pantiban ef [AJ _into_i danxly the elements of {h]_eehose_traqe woden £18 1 forms a _bleck , ‘the Clements of fx whese image erin f 6 2 forme a_blecK and + each pantton of (onto Sorjeckoos # :trl > [k1, Swoce +t matter 19 a panbhen And cleayty we can gee kK _blockS Bem exactly Z kL the exden Gf the blecks does ot ciey this 6 KE te one AP (qtecesi ans \ (e3 sulo yu 8) C & SS ri S) 4 le \ NV | (us) Cua 8 )a(e3e a) (123 N it fe v \ 2 3 q fe Ee nen ee ee| Portitoe —— Se OEE or cuwe or Orbitvorily Clocely Asymptotic behaviovy 1S a mathematica coi how a £% behaves as the the pur lor vind, Infinit: - roeemg Nou. rel different Aehi—Suryective Te above two ane the ques ome paatition » = By dwision Punciple where fu, ee Sumieceg from C9) —> [x9 | Hw $1) Plot. 2) See __+the K_NS Scmk) . trend ef stnik) . for or Fixed 9. 1e cxecutoo trne For all formula oF aIntegens Tf a Anite Seq (anda: 1 2aK DEFS. 1OK) oF positive _tnteqens, + Ant FAK =P 1 then okegey 1: + Satisfics —U2A2> aod we cat that Sequence _a_pantition of the F fondion pind Sabstes PCOS 1 exp/ Tr + Theorems As _ 9001 the als e ie ‘s ane" pon of __puotegen 9 ino _h pants TF Pind aa 1s Be Ra pantitions foto) then and pio) Pin) Rt ; miklos bona —10tF 20 «of ~~ chapten_2 10 ws Ex! aod monenashve U6): +02. ’ SMa tet f 983 Miele os i} pte ba ath abe gating . | Pentagoral __Numben A_pentagonal _numben 0 fiqnrative ouoben sen tebe, oh prt OSE: the concept ef A narquloy _nuriee tothe _ pentagon Bur __vahke the {mst tuo) the pastes et aetoberals constyuchon cf pentogera) Symmetric Re st? pentagonal —numben fh 15 the nutri £ dots io . pattern ot dote , consis bog Oo the _oAliers CF wequiay pentagons with ade upto 0 dks, when +, pee ane ventas: €0 hat they gh one ve 3 free cq, tne thd pentagonal numben 16: formed rem ensthees aoe 115 and 10 dots + Gut the ond % of te comerde “wth OF the 10 = leoung 12 distinct ctats (10 19 abe feren of a pentogor acd 2 wade). - LP 1s gwen by the fornvlo 8 Po = an? =n (39-1) az) 2 2 7 | The first few pentageoal numbers _ane 15112122196 81, Jo, 92) 19) 145) 146, OB oeTe Aa faatinon oF integer Or Brand Bs 16 dhe 1.8) © (lag 7 Bo = IBal = paabinon of tT. | we can see hak 161+ Iaaloa 5 Bo 4 s K Th ra Bo _Ahene 16 9 4% thom pantinon of tee Tae tok panhtoe of c Parton of In 4 and 24 k-parthon cf ° Ox = 4 on cba} en 3 an’ ery onto tt $2 @& OT, fer We Ty, a enllig #76 = Tre Gh Sony ¢ ANS = Letom |= le) OT tle cale y [Evlen diccovened an ndiveck wae to compute Pa = numben J OF partitions of tnteqen 0+ v | [levten's fechriguc to-‘ted fh fuss 9 Ae Sigs | 7 : Evten's first formvla Crane? Oe we tet Vea 4aSes Cn eg Poa? Proabe Proof & Understanding above formvla routs (1c) produck Lf only two 4e00S Conciden tbe (iter es eaed +) Sy. Cite +e + Apreeeecrs 1 -—- (+) 44 30% + Syteces oar + 2H> 4+ Be fox 020 et x, 15 athe aS and 26. tt dd moor! Hene we carn _ ObSenVE hat the _coeft murnben of _pantinoo _of inte 9 _vsing,The ecapression N=Iki t2ka 1S just a fancy write Maga pantitioe sPamely as a GoM a I Ki i's, Ka 2S , Kg 3's eke : That__18, 2" appears _as fimes 93 WE_CAH : a alee wate n= 40k) + 2K2_~) for powenr® of elements 10 2 A brack vo 1 _brackek for powens of element coneide GS hove brae_precluch pantition integen 9 ang toy _cxarpl¢ = = ely = 1b) £202) 4 — many tne 6= pydone) (+4 L a | 10%, S = o42 = 3) +20) a en So FAH Sto = 61) + 900) = 3H 1-6 many + r Ss ! tenes the coat | Of oF 1S S- ; 1 Te we take 3 tracks _fiem Wg) thes: We get | ts 2S aod 3'S in the cool of powens of &* fe become K 2 gtk] wp KHeK) a fea ete Te cS 2 xk \f 2 a \f wets = PCKHaKESK) aA | ica Snes MGs zo Se _1€ we genenaize the above idea)» we get 0 @ Or mK ott oo £ x \= e Bx — Wis 6 is also met Ke NEO catted gencnating © bv _pantiten: whence 9 = Kr Kap + on Kit oka te KinES —L = t+xt x2 | 5 +x34 002. Se @ formal Powen Senies oo > || Any finite oy tafinite s, emes of | apt MX + Aaxr4., J uohex the ) usher Q'S anc _cattect Coetticents > | feemal powen f GeMes 1S» conaiclened todependentty freee ovengence and can | eth eva) Algebric any notion of be_ manipulated Openations on Sens > | [Tact __re Qnx and baat? anc tuo formal gucn € | semes then 3 i I yp anxt 4 box” = Cantona? if ora yf bow? = Fo/ad aebae\x® oS eo >| The formal powen Senies can be _congidened _efthen aS an ~ F lextension of the polynomial to a _posmbly infinite number 7 pow lok teams “or aS _Q__powen Senies 1% which the wariable I's rot aseiqned any vatue - Z S| rR cet cf OU formal powers senies 10 X_ ust CORE [19 commotative ring IR forms _anothen tog caued i the mong of formal power aAsenies Abe _vamab!e $ meni ; ween as ICCx])- Remark? | tee eet SHie - rf © HfPeuten's theorems ( Evten's second) theore _orroula) = Fur es rem a_Getor or oe —- —— f se ee nosy ——m=2t Keo) ash Remark = ase | gnce t-x8 : [> Ciena iearxt pase Jo | i | Gey tex 16 imvenge of LC Fae pF po | | 13[212098 | @ Joces tet lander be a Sequence of _real_qumbeng + Ten te I frvenes power Senres Fa@~ Xana !S cated the ordinary genenating f° of the Seq aA? 2 3 s + . IREExJ) = { Lane] an ere, var oh e—_lexomples P9130 |! Five people wearing ted bats stant __Spreaciog _a_vome a J that 9 You do ‘not put_on a veel bat You wil be Sick Every _howr, cach of theey _tellS the _omoy to tue Al ethen peepee» who immediately @lt_beleive tt, put 00 xed T J hats rand enhSt to Spread “the _numor furihen 1 with the be old the sumoy twice _- Sane Speed. No _pengon wil! Tis ig what -the red hats ane for. At the Same _timés each _hovy will discontinue _to _belreve_in_the One __penSoo somey ; wilh take his ved hat off andl _will_stop spreading Othenwice nobody else __wlll_ Stop specling he cthe _yumor- red hats after fn hows rumor» How many people _witl_weay Qo=5 a, = 5+ (5x2) -I] = S+t0-1 =14 = lax2) -1 = 14428 -1 = a,= 14+ 6 ) 4 a4 7a Ans lek a 7, Lo. A = 77 Sees red, -hak after,..9 hovys. GEO aed hot at the Qn = An-1 4! (edd people So-t + (2x qQ94) RE oF people wearing 20d OF Kooy ° we Kno a6 =5 (given) - our 7 $ After each one hour , cach MENG SE Roe ceeepie abi ta Abe omer +o tise Gothen peopte Gow = B8a, ~~ Leo Cthen people +b ‘ ace || Ne cath hoo one ier ee eet t Person discontinve to beleive the ‘ awomoy (becomes Gory = 8Qn —1 Exareple § Five people _wxaving red _ hats Stayt Spreading a avmov: Th the a J Aiet hoor) cach OF hem tetlg the _wumor to lone __penson 1 whe did not t i weoy ved “hat before» “ “Rese Pew “coments tuttl_puk ons aed hak and elig enlist 40 Spread _4be _swmor furthen’. Then the Same vend continues following the role Abat cath person will tell the yumor to One _othen person to hig fst how atten enlisting acd to j Hine other ‘people _t_ cath _Subseqyent hoor. Nobody wit! q even take hdr ved hot oft Hous “mani, eeple_vsitl _weav sed bats afer» bors? Ans: bet be = 90 oF people wearing § A ved hat’ afer 9 havrs then be =5, br=10- Fst to th hoory even _penson counted by boy tes the Story to 09 other pencor andl “wesulting 10 2boy J ed in at hour) these people who ane alge counted _by bn~2 tell the Story to move Cac (_bemdes those already accounted’ for) resating © Bbp-2 & B be = 2bns it Bby-2 for 922 bo=S ba = 10 +100 + 5 (KB) re 6+ 6A) =lo = Since Problem Says = = hak bo will Spread yumor to O eeopleoS) Date v (en C) Buk out of theae A_ peoples _b® 4_penoon 19 5 eady added —awhen wwe eat 10 geco0d tento2— 5 calculation ba Cre) ba 10 4 {ot} + 8 ~~ \ by 2 spread quot Hene when we _ __to_people | to person) __¥ of bp _ Spreadin: = (616) W) = 8) 4+ Su) = bolv : So in the bird not S10). 5S eR 4 285 = xe )+ (5%!) | + x = 4 S / . 1 SO + / \00) (ou Gt) SO) Nous te _fied cacioany genenating £°.. tet__ 82) = box? = (aban + Bbp-o ) a? n22 22 = > no =2 barxt & bnira® 920 122 ‘te -) = 2K baat ae + Bast ba-2 o> + er. meer! . es we take and He oulcicdle We mare Smee HO WiKe Ble).Aye hon “ony 022 for —_—_ Bt) =~ ox — > Biwy ~ 1 - = BUMS — he +949 Bla) 2 BW=1 BO) ~ gH Bl G he ha ti) =)_@eay | 12x = 83) 25 Dow = S \~ 2% -ga2 Be? 404 -1 WF = Sy p= i Ba 4 Ue -24-1 Sea . i = =$ 41-2 tc a (am 41) = 1 (omy) zi 4 re % (aa-1) (oar) . Now dving pantial fractions F & -s = A ste g (Ue-0 (own) (4a-") (nat) —S = Alexi) + B(4e-1) -§ = %(2a+48) +(A~8) DAME =0 aod A-B=-6 23 A+ 2B=0 aod B-A_=5 A A= -28 and Anz B-8e" 2-20 =8-5 - 1 3 -38=-5 3 -5 3 Az -\0 a _8=8 3 == =10 3 (4m =) _ i = fio a eg C1 a9 : N20 L og s = [[e bo = to 4? +5 (1907 3 > 3 by = tp (4) — 5 @) = 4o-to = 30 =10 2 3 a ey 2 ba = 10 (16) + ¢ (¥) = (60 +20 = 180 =60 2 3 ie % 2 a Example! let 9 =! aod let vs assume __thak : (n+2\ = % Op In-? C27 Mee for all inteqens 021. Find ao __explicit_Formul@. for J an+ ~ aHr a= ; N=) Sol? _Mottply |—| ~ Qwest fam sy Soe foe) Ee —_ Reo | Multiply _t and add oven att nro. =. a9 Spt \a— G) 030 ) Now 1 = (o+k-1 \ ae Q =a" oo | k- /) Taking Ke O=5 = = [ov \ a --- we) G =~? azo ba J CAOCHY | PRopucT : OF Two | "Power SERIES. k Sa conanae the fon1o wing two power Senses — Fl | + Oya and = bp xd S=> 7 w : “Then {$2 2 aini 5 ae) = Stu — Le & hee Keo _ 3 where Fay by Azo ————— 0 b = Oe of : 2 ve one ps lek On = 5 Sng raboue aor sl Anat? \— a = In. hen 1 vsing above, G7 So. ( a 2 oon 20 WF) “(®)_and_ (#1) & O bewmes by 2 , ; ao? = (aw \ 3 U So O-%) 0 ae3S (yen? = ay - =3 -9 (yxy 2 = ~3la\ Cy (-29 . oko I = (232 \ (aye 8 (2) 020 0 } t “oe ~ = a The Nr of “ane "above frackon 1g Yost _ product ef au odd loteqen fiom 1 to ant. w ahis predluct 1S _Swmloy {o_o factemal, but We take — every odd integen fiero 1 to anit instead of eveny Frntege- se This _predvee ts called Cans) ~ Semi factorial? _dencted by Cant} Using ® 0® | We get >ieee Ala = Gn wan (5% 3? ozo 20 oy _ = =?) Cony! ae ato ool = tony) by ae neo 2 ol 3.99 = fam) Nnzo. oor [212029 -