Economic, Social and Environmental Sustainability Concept of Green GDP Strategy and Policy For Sustainable Development in India - JPSC Exam Notes

4/29/23, 6:44 AM Economic, social and environmental sustainability; concept of Green GDP; Strategy and policy for sustainable
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Economic, social and environmental

sustainability; concept of Green GDP; Strategy
and policy for sustainable development in India
Economic, social and environmental sustainability
The United Nations General Assembly adopted the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable
Development and 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) as a universal and
transformative development strategy. The 2030 Agenda commits the global community
to “achieving sustainable development in its three dimensions—economic, social and
environmental—in a balanced and integrated manner”.
Bruntland Report (1983) was the first publication and recognition of the term
‘Sustainable Development’
“meeting the needs of the present generation without compromising the
needs of the future generation”
Three pillars of sustainable development (Bruntland)
Care and respect for People, Planet and Prosperity (Commercial Activities)
<hence poverty alleviation, conservation and business development>
These three pillars are of equal importance
SD is about a value system. It is not a scientific formula.
Thinking beyond pure self-gratification to awareness that harm to one will
eventually be harm to all.
Interconnectedness and interdependence of all things
All three pillars have equal importance. Focus on only one of them will
unbalance the whole
SD is a necessity, not a luxury that we can afford to miss.
Questioning Development <too detailed; at times peripheral. Be choosy>
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4/29/23, 6:44 AM Economic, social and environmental sustainability; concept of Green GDP; Strategy and policy for sustainable development i…
Current practices must change

Should shatter the ‘development’ myth. Simply economic growth will not create
more jobs and more wealth for all.
Steady-state economics. Economic growth is measured in terms of how much we
produce and consume, and what we destroy in the process need not be included
in the calculations.
20% of the world consumes 80% of its resources
According to UNDP, consumption of goods and services in 1997 was twice that
in 1975 and six times more than in 1950.
An estimated 1 billion people still do not have the means to meet their basic
needs.
Inequalities are increasing. The assets of world’s three richest men are greater
than the combined national product of 48 poorest countries.
Higher crime rates are associated with wider income gaps
Jobless growth.
Under-nutrition is still a huge problem among children
Economic Growth and Sustainability
Over-consumption has led to depletion of resources

Main environmental threats
Depletion of resources
Global warming
Expansion of waste arising from production and consumption
Population pressure
Pollution
Loss of biodiversity and extinction of species.
Green National Income Account
Conventional national income accounting does not capture the
environmental degradation due to production and consumption
This omission leads to misrepresentation of improvements in social welfare
Since there is no market for many environmental resources, it is difficult to
place monetary values on them
Index of Sustainable Economic Welfare: adjusts the national income to make
an allowance for defensive spending (i.e. that incurred in cleaning up for
pollution and other forms of environmental damage)
Economic Sustainability
Calls for reforms in the manner that we conduct our economic activity
Removing unfair trade barriers and subsidies that harm the environment
Upholding the polluter pays principle
Tax not on labour but on consumption <already there in the form of indirect
taxes>
Pricing products in terms of value they have deducted from the common
natural base
Increase resource productivity
Sustainable agriculture
Use of practices and methods to maintain/enhance the economic viability of
agricultural production, natural resource base, and other ecosystems which
are influenced by agricultural activities
Minimizing the adverse impact on the natural resources base
Flexible farming systems to manage the risks associated with climate and
markets
Ecological Sustainability
Sustainable forest management

‘Forest Principle’ adopted at the 1992 Rio Summit
In 2007, GA adopted the Non Legally Binding Instrument on All Types of
Forests. The instrument is the first of its kind and is committed to promote
SFM by bringing all stakeholders together
Ministerial Conference on Protection of Forests in Europe defined SFM as the
attainment of balance between society’s increasing demands for forest
products and benefits, and the preservation of forest health and diversity.
Forest managers must assess and integrate a wide array of sometimes
conflicting factors to produce sound forest plans
Ecosystems approach has been adopted by the CBD. The CBD definition of
Ecosystems Approach is known as the Malawi Principles.
Ecosystems Approach is a strategy of management of land, water and living
resources in a way that promotes conservation and sustainable use in an
equitable way. Focused on use of scientific methodologies for each level of
biological organisation and their interaction.
SFM was recognised by the parties to CBD in 2004 to be a concrete means of
applying the Ecosystems Approach to forest ecosystems
Objectives of SFM
Maintain environmental stability through preservation of ecological balance
that has been adversely affected due to the depletion of forest cover
Preserve the natural heritage of the country
Improve productivity of forests
Protecting through cooperation with local communities on the principle of
Joint Forest Management
India
One of the 12 mega biodiversity countries of the world

National Forest Policy 1988 emphasizes environmental stability and
maintenance of ecological balance
Existing infrastructure for forest protection is inadequate
Surveys not carried out in many areas. Question of tribal rights
Protect from forest fires
Integrated Forest Protection Scheme
10th FYP. In all States and UTs
Formed by merger of two 9th FYP schemes: ‘Forest Fire Control and
Management’ and ‘Bridging of Infrastructure Gaps in the Forestry Sector in
the North Eastern Region and Sikkim’
Components
Infrastructure development: survey and demarcation, strengthening the
infrastructure for Forest Protection Division
Forest fire control and management
Implementing agencies
Central Component: Forest Protection Division, MoEF; Forest Survey of
India, Dehradun; Central institutions like Indian Council of Forestry
Research and Education (Dehradun), IIFM (Bhopal) etc shall be involved
State Component: Forest dept of the concerned state/UT
Social Sustainability
Fairness in the access to and benefits from the Earth’s resources
Impact of poverty on environment/Environment and poverty are related issues
Diverting resources to non-productive areas
Health and SD
Environment and public health are inter-related
Agenda 21 was adopted at the UN Conference on Environment and
Development (UNCED) [Earth Summit] in 1992
It also places particular emphasis on the need to take health considerations
into account in planning for SD
Urbanisation
Need for holistic approach
Water and SD
Agriculture consumes nearly 70 pc of water consumption worldwide, industry

-22 pc and household activities – 8 pc [WDR, 2010]
Geographical distribution of water: just nine countries account for 60 pc of all
available freshwater
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Industrial use takes about 60 pc of water in rich countries and 10 pc in the rest.
Suggestions
Use of sea water
Judicial use of freshwater
Development of salt-resistant crops
SD in a globalising world
Globalisation is increasing the gap between the rich and the poor
It has to be steered so that it serves not only the commercial interests but social
needs of development
Mechanisms to safeguard trade and livelihoods, especially in developing
countries, must be evolved and negotiated to make globalisation an effective
vehicle of SD
Industrialised countries must continue to assist the developing countries as well
as promote trade
Environment and social causes must not be used selectively to erect trade
barriers against developing countries
Concept of Green GDP
The green gross domestic product (green GDP or GGDP) is an index of economic
growth with the environmental consequences of that growth factored into a country’s
conventional GDP. Green GDP monetizes the loss of biodiversity, and accounts for costs
caused by climate change.
The Green GDP (GGDP) = Traditional GDP- Environmental /Ecological Cost
Environmental/Ecological costs are consisting of the following components:
A. Defensive expenditure in the environmental damage;
B. Clean up costs: The expenditure on restoration of the resources environment to

reduce the damage already done by economic activity;
C. Depreciation of natural capital and Loss in environmental resources;
D. Maintenance Cost: Expenses for maintaining environmental resources;
Major benefits of green growth are:-

Economic benefits
1. Increased GDP – production of green goods and services
2. Increased revenue from pricing ecosystem services (or their reduction prevented)
3. Economic diversification, i.e. improved management of economic risks and

reduced vulnerability
4. Innovation, access and uptake of green technologies, i.e. improved market

confidence
Environmental benefits
5. Increased productivity and efficiency of natural resource use
6. Natural capital used within ecological limits
7. Reduced adverse environmental impact and improved natural hazard/risk

management
Social benefits
8. Increased livelihood opportunities, income and/or quality of life, notably of the

poor
9. Decent jobs that benefit poor people created and sustained
10. Enhanced social, human and knowledge capital
11. Reduced inequality
Strategy and policy for sustainable development in India
In Mahatma Gandhi’s opinion, in any scheme of development, man should be at the

centre. A long term view of development has to be taken, for we owe our debt to
prosperity as well. Man has to make a judicious use of natural resources. The ecological
balance should not be disturbed.Mahatma Gandhi’s principle of “enoughness” in his
saying “the earth provides enough to satisfy every persons need but not for every
person’s greed” is perhaps more relevant at present time than when it was said. The
objective should not be to build the islands of prosperity in the ocean of poverty; but to
raise the level of standard of life and to combat poverty.
Gandhi believed in Sarvodaya and therefore the welfare of all was the basis of his
thinking; hence his community centred approach towards sustainability emphasized on
‘betterment of human life’ and ‘ensuring fulfilment of basic needs of all human needs’.
Welfare of the human beings being the ultimate goal by avoiding all sorts of
exploitations, Gandhi felt that human dignity needs to be established.
Government of India has have formulated legislation, regulations and policy

instruments to address matters concerning cooperation for Sustainable Development at
sub-regional, regional and International level. There are legislation regulations and
policy instruments framed to fulfill obligation under the agreements signed under the
International Conferences, MEAs, etc. They are:-
INDIAN ENVIRONMENTAL LEGISLATIONS
The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986

The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, i974, as amended up to
1988
The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Cess Act 1977, as amended by
Amendment Act, 1991
The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981, as amended by
Amendment Act, 1987
National Forest Policy, 1988
Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980
The National Environment Tribunal Act, 1995
The Public Liability Insurance Act, 1991
Re-cycled Plastics Manufacture and Usage Rules, 1999
Manufacture, Use, Import, Export and Storage of Hazardous Micro-Organisms
Genetically Engineered Organisms or Cells rules, 1989
Hazardous Wastes (Management and Handling) Rules, 1989
Bio-Medical Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 1998
Municipal Solid Wastes (Management & Handling) Rules, 2000
Noise Pollution (Regulation and Control) Rules, 2000
Ozone Depleting Substances (Regulation) Rules, 2000
New Biodiversity Bill – 2000
The Prevention and Control of Pollution (Uniform Consent Procedure) Rules,
1999
Selected Policy initiatives taken by the Ministry of Environment and Forests

towards
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National Environmental Action Plan for Control of Pollution

Urban Pollution
Vehicular Pollution
Environmental Epidemiological Studies
Environmental Management System (EMS)
Uniform Consent Procedure
City Afforestation Programme for Mitigating Pollution
National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan (NBSAP)
Biosafety Protocol
Rules on the management of Lead acid Batteries
Regional Development Strategy based on Carrying Capacity concept
Development of Management Tools for preventing environmental degradation
Establishment of Indian Centre for Promotion of Cleaner Technologies (ICPC)
Water Quality Standards for Sewage
Technology for Sewage Treatment
Water Conservation through recycling
Joint Forest Management
National Forest Action Programme
National Forestry Research Plan
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Economic, Social and Environmental Sustainability Concept of Green GDP Strategy and Policy For Sustainable Development in India - JPSC Exam Notes

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4/29/23, 6:44 AM Economic, social and environmental sustainability; concept of Green GDP; Strategy and policy for sustainable

JPSC Exam Notes

Economic, social and environmental

Economic, social and environmental sustainability

Questioning Development <too detailed; at times peripheral. Be choosy>

Tests Prelims Mains Login DMPQ

Current practices must change

Economic Growth and Sustainability

Over-consumption has led to depletion of resources

Sustainable forest management

One of the 12 mega biodiversity countries of the world

Agriculture consumes nearly 70 pc of water consumption worldwide, industry

Concept of Green GDP

The Green GDP (GGDP) = Traditional GDP- Environmental /Ecological Cost

Environmental/Ecological costs are consisting of the following components:

A. Defensive expenditure in the environmental damage;

B. Clean up costs: The expenditure on restoration of the resources environment to

C. Depreciation of natural capital and Loss in environmental resources;

D. Maintenance Cost: Expenses for maintaining environmental resources;

Major benefits of green growth are:-

1. Increased GDP – production of green goods and services

3. Economic diversification, i.e. improved management of economic risks and

4. Innovation, access and uptake of green technologies, i.e. improved market

5. Increased productivity and efficiency of natural resource use

6. Natural capital used within ecological limits

7. Reduced adverse environmental impact and improved natural hazard/risk

8. Increased livelihood opportunities, income and/or quality of life, notably of the

9. Decent jobs that benefit poor people created and sustained

10. Enhanced social, human and knowledge capital

11. Reduced inequality

Strategy and policy for sustainable development in India

In Mahatma Gandhi’s opinion, in any scheme of development, man should be at the

Government of India has have formulated legislation, regulations and policy

INDIAN ENVIRONMENTAL LEGISLATIONS

The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986

Selected Policy initiatives taken by the Ministry of Environment and Forests

National Environmental Action Plan for Control of Pollution

Astivya notes, HAZARIBAG, JHARKHAND Current Affairs, JHARKHAND GK Fact

JHARKHAND PUBLIC SERVICE COMMISSIONPCS, JPSC JPCS Download, JPSC JPCS

JHARKHAND PUBLIC SERVICE COMMISSIONJudicial Services 2013, JPSC JPCS

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