ARTIFICIAL EYE

SEMINAR REPORT

Submitted by

AJAY.V

(Reg.NO: 20030356)

in partial fulfilment for the award

DIPLOMA IN
ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

ORPHANAGE POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE, EDAVANNA

DEPARTMENT OFELECTRICAL AN ELECTRONICS

ENGINEERING

APRIL 2022
 ARTIFICIAL EYE
SEMINAR REPORT

Submitted by
AJAY.V

in partial fulfilment for the award

DIPLOMA IN

ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

ORPHANAGE POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE, EDAVANNA

DEPARTMENT OFELECTRICAL AN ELECTRONICS

ENGINEERING

APRIL 2022
 BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

It is Certified that this seminar report “FULLY AUTOMATED VHSOLAR

GRASS CUTTER” Is the Bonafide work of AJAY.V(Reg. NO: 20030356) who
carried out the work under guidance for the partial fulfillment of the requirement for
the award of the Diploma in Electrical and Electronics Engineering at Orphanage
Polytechnic College, Edavanna.

Mr. ASHIKALI P MR. JASEEL JASIM V

HEAD OF DEPARTMENT SEMINAR CO-ORDINATOR
Electrical & Electronics Engineering Electrical & Electronics Engineering
Orphanage Polytechnic College Orphanage Polytechnic College
Edavanna Edavanna
 ABSTRACT
A fully automated solar grass cutter is a robotic device that uses solar energy
to power its cutting blades and is capable of mowing large areas of grass
without human intervention. The device is equipped with sensors that allow it
to navigate and avoid obstacles while cutting the grass with precision. The
cutting height can be adjusted to suit different types of grass, and the device
can operate for extended periods without needing to be recharged. The
automated solar grass cutter is environmentally friendly and reduces the need
for manual labor, making it an ideal solution for maintaining large lawns,
parks, and other outdoor areas.
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I very much grateful to the authorities of Orphanage Polytechnic College,

Edavanna for providing the facilities needed during the seminar presentation

My deepest gratitude and thanks to our Principal Mr. Mansoor Ali PP who has been
kind enough and encouraging us always during the entire period of our course.

I gratefully acknowledge the valuable help and advice received from

Mr. Ashikali.P Head of Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering whose
continuous encouragement that has resulted in the completion of the present work. His
timely advice, meticulous scrutiny, scholarly advice and friendly approach have
helped us to a very great extent to accomplish this work.

I would also like to express my profound thanks to my class tutor Miss. Shifana.N P
Lecturer in Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering whose thoughtful
words helped us in completing my seminar successfully. Also I would like express my
sincere thanks to my seminar co-ordinator Mr. Jaseel Jasim.V demonstrator in
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering whose instructions helped more
to do my seminar presentation.

We thank profusely all the Teaching and non-teaching Faculty members of

Electrical and Electronics Engineering Department and my family members for
being my supporting force during my seminar presentation.

NAME

REGISTER NUMBER

TABLES OF CONTENTS
NO CONTENT PAGE NO
1. TITLE PAGE

2. ABSTRACT

3. BONAFIED
CERTIFICATE

4. ACKNOWLEDGE
MENT

5. TABLES OF
CONTENTS

6. LIST OF FIGURES

7. CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

8. CHAPTER 2
THE HISTORY OF
ARTIFICIAL EYES

9. CHAPTER 3
COMPONENTS USED
IN ARTIFICIAL EYE

10. NANO WIRE

11. FIXED NANO WIRE

12. ASR DIAGRAM

13. ASR MICRO CHIP

14. RETINA CHIP OR

ARTIFICIAL RETINA

15. PHOENIX
99(CAMERA)

16. CHAPTER 4
WORKING OF
ARTIFICIAL EYES
17. CHAPTER 5
BLOCK DIAGRAM OF
ARTIFICIAL EYES
18. CHAPTER 6
EYES WORKING
19. CHAPTER 7
VISUAL SYSTEM
20. CHAPTER 8
THE PROCESSING OF
AN ARTIFICIAL EYE
21. CHAPTER 9
HUMAN EYE
CONDITIONS
22. CHAPTER 10
THREE TYPES OF EYE
REMOVAL
23. CHAPTER 11
POSSIBLE
CONDITIONS
LEADING TO AN
ARTIFICIAL EYE
24.
CHAPTER 12
ADVANTAGES AND
DIS ADVANTAGES OF
ARTIFICIAL EYE
24.
CHAPTER 13
CONCLUSION AND
FUTURE SCOPE
25. CHAPTER 14
REFERENCES
 LIST OF FIGURES

 Fig 3.1 Nano wire

 Fig 3.2 Fixed Nano Wire
 Fig 3.3 Asr Diagram
 Fig 3.4 Asr Micro Chip
 Fig 3.5 Retina Chip or Artificial Retina
 Fig 3.6 Phoenix 99(camera)
 Fig 4.1 Working of Artificial Eye
 Fig 5.1 Block Diagram of Artificial Eye
 Fig 6.1 Eyes Work
 CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

A fully automated solar grass cutter is a type of lawn mower that utilizes solar
power to operate and cut grass. It is an eco-friendly and sustainable solution to
maintaining a neat and tidy lawn without the use of fossil fuels.

The solar grass cutter is equipped with solar panels that absorb sunlight and convert
it into electrical energy to power the machine. It is also designed with advanced
sensors and artificial intelligence algorithms that enable it to navigate and cut grass
efficiently and effectively. The machine can be controlled remotely through a
mobile application or can operate autonomously.

The use of a fully automated solar grass cutter has numerous benefits. Firstly, it is
environmentally friendly as it does not emit harmful gases or noise pollution, unlike
traditional lawn mowers. Secondly, it is cost-effective as it utilizes solar power,
which is a renewable energy source and does not require fuel or electricity. Thirdly,
it is low maintenance as it has fewer moving parts compared to traditional lawn
mowers, reducing the need for frequent repairs.

In conclusion, the introduction of a fully automated solar grass cutter is a significant

innovation in the lawn care industry. It offers a sustainable, cost-effective, and
efficient solution for maintaining a neat and tidy lawn without harming the
environment.
 CHAPTER 2
THE HISTORY OF FULLY AUTOMATED SOLAR GRASS CUTTER

The history of fully automated solar grass cutters can be traced back to the development of robotic lawn mowers and
advancements in solar power technology. Here’s a brief overview:

Early Robotic Lawn Mowers: The concept of a robotic lawn mower dates back to the 1960s, but the first
commercially available models did not become widely available until the 1990s. These early robotic lawn mowers
were typically battery-powered and used random navigation algorithms to move around lawns and cut grass.

Advancements in Robotics: With advancements in robotics and artificial intelligence (AI) in the late 20th century,
robotic lawn mowers became more sophisticated. They started using sensors, such as infrared or ultrasound, to detect
obstacles and navigate around them. This improved their efficiency and effectiveness in cutting grass.

Solar Power Technology: The development of solar power technology in the late 20th and early 21st centuries paved
the way for solar-powered robotic lawn mowers. Solar panels became smaller, more efficient, and affordable, making
it feasible to integrate them into robotic lawn mowers as a source of power.

Integration of Solar Power: In the early 2000s, some manufacturers started integrating solar panels into robotic lawn
mowers, allowing them to charge during the day using solar energy and operate autonomously without the need for
frequent recharging or battery replacements. These solar-powered robotic lawn mowers were designed to work during
daylight hours and return to their charging station when their battery levels were low.

Advancements in Automation: As technology continued to advance, fully automated solar grass cutters became more
sophisticated. They started incorporating GPS technology, smart sensors, and advanced algorithms to map and
navigate lawns, adjust cutting patterns based on grass growth, and avoid obstacles more efficiently. Some models also
included remote control and smartphone apps for remote monitoring and control.
Environmental Benefits: Fully automated solar grass cutters gained popularity due to their environmental benefits.
They are eco-friendly as they do not produce emissions, and their solar-powered operation reduces dependence on
fossil fuels. They also reduce noise pollution compared to traditional gas-powered lawn mowers.

Current Status: Today, fully automated solar grass cutters are available from various manufacturers and are becoming
increasingly popular among environmentally-conscious homeowners and businesses. They continue to evolve with
advancements in robotics, AI, and solar power technology, offering more efficient and effective grass cutting
solutions for maintaining lawns with minimal human intervention.

In conclusion, the history of fully automated solar grass cutters can be traced back to the development of robotic lawn
mowers and advancements in solar power technology. Over the years, these machines have become more
sophisticated, integrating solar panels, advanced sensors, and automation features to offer efficient and eco-friendly
grass cutting solutions.

CHAPTER 3
CMPONENTS USED
INTRODUCTION

1.1 _INTRODUCTION

Due to the continuous increase in the cost of fuel and the effect of
emission of gases from the burnt fuel into the atmosphere, this
necessitated the use of the abundant solar energy from the sun as a
source of power to drive a lawn mower.
A solar powered lawn mower was designed and developed, based on the
general principle of mowing. The designed solar powered lawnmower
comprises of direct current (D.C) motor, a rechargeable battery, solar
panel, a stainless steel blade and control switch. Mowing is achieved by
the D.C motor which provides the required torque needed to drive the
stainless steel blade which is directly coupled to the shaft of the D.C
motor.
The solar powered lawnmower is operated by the switch on the board
which closes the circuit and allows the flow of current to the motor which
in turn drive the blade used for mowing. The battery recharges through
the solar charging controller. Performance evaluation of the developed
machine was carried out with different types of grasses.
The sun provides sustainable amount of the energy used for various
purposes on earth for atmospheric system. The difference is just the
application of the energy source. It is assumed that a lawnmower using
solar as the energy source will address a number of issues that the
standard internal combustion engine and electric motors lawn mowers do
not.
A lawnmower with solar energy will be easier to use, it eliminates down
time by frequent trips to the gas station for fill-ups and danger associated
with gasoline spillage. The dangerous emissions generated by the gasoline
spillage and that of the internal combustion engine into the atmosphere
are eliminated. The solar powered lawnmower will help to reduce air
pollution. Thus solar grass cutter is used.

1.2 AIM OF PROJECT

To make up students mind, not only to work individually but also to

work item.

To get the knowledge of each student in various subjects which he has

studied before?

To prepare a team, not only to make project but, also to decide design,
cost of raw material and advantages and limitations of them.

The students can know that which and what kind of difficulties and
constrains they have to face and find the right decision difficult it.

FIGURE 1.1 A PERSON WITH SOLAR GRASS CUTTER

CHAPTER – 2 SELECTION OF PROJECT

Before selection of the project, discussion has to be between the team
members and their requirement in routing activities. We think on a
similar product whether it is available I marked or not thinking by
different kinds of it features.

We can make modified product having more advantages at economics

cost. Also we have to consider the feasibility as well as suitability for
available resources and facilities to carry out the project work.

The following projects are under consideration.

2.1 Hover board

FIGURE1.2 HOVER BOARD

2.2 SOLAR WATER SPRINKLER

FIGURE 1.3 SOLAR WATER SPRINKLER

2.3 THREE TYRE WAY TROLLEY

FIGURE 1.4 THREE TYRE WAY TROLLEY

2.4 Solar Grass Cutter

FIGURE 1.5 SOLAR GRASS CUTTER

We have selected the solar grass cutter as our project.

2.5 MARKET SURVEY

The study of the spending characteristics and purchasing power of the

consumer who are within your business's geographic area of operation; a
research method for defining the market parameters of a business.

We can with stand in the market but, we should have two things one
thing is that the project we have chosen never face any problem
regarding it’s working. On the basis of concept of products the market
survey and group discussion we had find that our project can be used in
stunts in the sky.
Without doubt we have selected the solar grass cutter because for saving
the energy, fuel and the power supply.

CHAPTER – 3 BASIC THEORY AND CONCEPTS

3.1 THEORY:-

 Working process:
Intelligent information appliance is the main direction of development in
the appliance control at irrigation fields. We designed a broad and
commendable range of Solar Grass Cutter along with solar panel. As the
energy conversation is very important in the current scenario and should
be done to a maximum extent where ever it is possible. Still, these
mowers grass cutting machineries all need the same things to work right
-- a motor, a rotating blade, a means of getting around and a way to get
rid of the grass clippings.

The controlling device of the whole system is provided using switch ON

the DC motor interfaced with grass cutting blades. The entire model
consists of two sections one controlling section and another designing
section of the model. The controlling section consists of Rechargeable
battery, relays switches and Solar panel. The system depending on the
charging circuit the motor can be controlled using relay switch. The solar
power stores the energy to a battery and then runs the motor through the
relay switch.

 Design:

In designing the cutting blade, the force required to cut the lawn as well
as the force acting on the blade was considered. The force required by
any sharp object to have impact on the grass is less than 10 Newton. It is
also dependent on the height, density and the area covered by the object
(Atkins, 1984). Therefore, in designing the blade of the solar powered
lawn mower, the force required for effective mowing should be greater
than 10 Newton.
A stainless steel was used in the construction of the cutting blade because
of its strength and weight which can transmit same speed as that of the
DC motor or a little less cause of friction.

CHAPTER – 4 PART LIST

SR.NO. DISCRIPTIONS NO OF PIECES

1. Solar Panel 1
2. Battery 1
3. Motor 2
4. Blade 1
5. PVC Pipe 26
6. Coupling, & Reducer 24
7. Caster Wheel 2
8. Fibre Sheet 1
9. Switch 2
10. Wire 4 meter
11. Normal Wheel 2
12. Circuit 1
13. Remote 1
14. Small Battery 2
15. Transistor 4
4.1 Solar Panel:

FIGURE 1.6 Solar panel

 First the solar cells are joints with the use bus bar and flux.

 Then according to use of solar panel, series and parallel connection

are given to the point

 Solar panel is used to save the electric energy .It is also use store
the energy with the help of battery.

4.2 Battery:
FIGURE 1.7 Battery

 Solar power can be store in the rechargeable battery and can be

further used for the grass cutting machine to run.

4.3 MOTOR:

Figure 1.8 Motor

 This motor is used for the rotating the blade and when the blade is
rotated the grass is cut. The motor is rotated at 2000 RPM.

 The motor is also used to rotate the wheel which move the body.

4.4 BLADE:

Figure 1.9 Blade

 We have used the homemade blade. In which there are four wings.

4.5 PVC PIPE:

Figure 2.1 PVC Pipe

 We have used the PVC pipe to make the body structure.

 By using PVC pipe the weight of the structure reduce, so the body
moves easily.

4.6 Coupling & Reducer:

Figure 2.2 Coupling & Reduce

 We have used the coupling & reducer in the body.

4.7 Caster Wheel:

Figure 2.3 caster wheel

 We used the caster wheel for moving the body

 Caster wheel are used to move high load object. With the help of
caster body move easily.

4.8 Fiber Sheet:

Figure 2.3 Fiber Sheet

 We have used the fiber to cover the body of the project.

 And we have used to kept the solar panel.

4.9 Switch:
Figure 2.4 Switch

 We have used the to ON OFF the blade.

 And for the circuit to do ON & OFF.

4.10 Wire:

Figure 2.5 Wire

 We have used the wire for giving different connection in motor,

circuit, transistor, etc.

4.11 Normal wheel:

Figure 2.6 Normal wheel

 It is used for giving feed to the front wheel.

 The motors are connected with this two wheel.

4.12 Circuit:

Figure 2.7 Circuit

 The brain of the project is the circuit.

 With the help of circuit the whole system of the project run’s.

4.13 Remote:

Figure 2.8 Remote

 We used the remote to control the solar grass cutter

.
 With the help of remote we can move the body.

4.14 Small Battery:

Figure 2.9 Small Battery

 We have used the of 9v to give the power to the circuit.

4.15 Transistor:

Figure 2.10 Transistor

 We used the transistor in the circuit to give the current.
 We used the four transistors in the circuit.

CHAPTER – 5 FINAL COSTING

SR.NO. DISCRIPTIONS PRICE

1. Solar Panel 1000
2. Battery 700
3. Motor 950
4. Blade 60
5. PVC pipe 150
6. Coupling, & Reducer 500
7. Caster wheel 300
8. Fibre Sheet 100
9. Switch 10
10. Wire 40
12. Circuit 50
13. Remote 50
14. Small battery 60
15. Transistor 30
TOTAL 4100

CHAPTER – 6 ADVANTAGES

 As there is no friction between parts, less maintenance is required.

 It does not cause any environmental pollution.

 As it is working on solar no fuel cost.

 More life of the solar panel.

 As the battery is used for backup it can be run in night also.

 High efficiency.

 We can reduce the wastage of power.

 Very easy to use.

 Low weight and easy to move any were.

 Easy assemble and disassemble.

 Design of it is compact.

CHAPTER – 7 APPLICATIONS
 It can be used in garden at home.

 It can be used in Public Park.

 It can be used in college.

 It can be used in party plots.

CHAPTER – 8 CONCLUSION

In the world today, all machines are designed with the aim of reducing or
eliminating green house gas emissions which is the major causes of
climate change. This solar powered grass cutter will meet the challenge of
environmental production and low cost of operation since there is no cost
for fuelling. A solar powered lawn mower has been developed for the use
of residences and establishments that have lawns where tractor driven
mowers could not be used.
The machine’s capacity is adequate for its purpose. The machine has
proved to be a possible replacement for the gasoline powered grass
cutter. In the presented paper provides the fabricated information about
the “Fabrication of Solar grass Cutting Machine” which was designed
such that the solar plate generates solar energy and utilizing this energy
for running the grass cutter motor. Integrating features of all the
hardware components used have been developed in it. Presence of every
module has been reasoned out and placed carefully, thus contributing to
the best working of the unit. Secondly, using highly advanced IC’s with
the help of growing technology, the project has been successfully
implemented. Thus the project has been successfully designed and tested.
INTRODUCTION

1.1 _INTRODUCTION

1.2

Due to the continuous increase in the cost of fuel and the effect of emission of gases from the

burnt fuel into the atmosphere, this necessitated the use of the abundant solar energy from the

sun as a source of power to drive a lawn mower.

A solar powered lawn mower was designed and developed, based on the general principle of

mowing. The designed solar powered lawnmower comprises of direct current (D.C) motor, a

rechargeable battery, solar panel, a stainless steel blade and control switch. Mowing is achieved

by the D.C motor which provides the required torque needed to drive the stainless steel blade

which is directly coupled to the shaft of the D.C motor.

The solar powered lawnmower is operated by the switch on the board which closes the circuit

and allows the flow of current to the motor which in turn drive the blade used for mowing. The
battery recharges through the solar charging controller. Performance evaluation of the developed

machine was carried out with different types of grasses.

The sun provides sustainable amount of the energy used for various purposes on earth for

atmospheric system. The difference is just the application of the energy source. It is assumed that

a lawnmower using solar as the energy source will address a number of issues that the standard

internal combustion engine and electric motors lawn mowers do not.

A lawnmower with solar energy will be easier to use, it eliminates down time by frequent trips to

the gas station for fill-ups and danger associated with gasoline spillage. The dangerous emissions

generated by the gasoline spillage and that of the internal combustion engine into the

atmosphere are eliminated. The solar powered lawnmower will help to reduce air pollution. Thus

solar grass cutter is used.

1.3 AIM OF PROJECT

1.4
To make up students mind, not only to work individually but also to work item.

To get the knowledge of each student in various subjects which he has studied before?

To prepare a team, not only to make project but, also to decide design, cost of raw material and

advantages and limitations of them.

The students can know that which and what kind of difficulties and constrains they have to face

and find the right decision difficult it.

FIGURE 1.1 A PERSON WITH SOLAR GRASS CUTTER

CHAPTER – 2 SELECTION OF PROJECT

Before selection of the project, discussion has to be between the team members and their

requirement in routing activities. We think on a similar product whether it is available I marked or

not thinking by different kinds of it features.

We can make modified product having more advantages at economics cost. Also we have to

consider the feasibility as well as suitability for available resources and facilities to carry out the

project work.

The following projects are under consideration.

2.1 Hover board

FIGURE1.2 HOVER BOARD
2.2 SOLAR WATER SPRINKLER

FIGURE 1.3 SOLAR WATER SPRINKLER

2.3 THREE TYRE WAY TROLLEY

FIGURE 1.4 THREE TYRE WAY TROLLEY

2.4 Solar Grass Cutter

FIGURE 1.5 SOLAR GRASS CUTTER

We have selected the solar grass cutter as our project.

2.5 MARKET SURVEY

The study of the spending characteristics and purchasing power of the consumer who are within

your business’s geographic area of operation; a research method for defining the market

parameters of a business.

We can with stand in the market but, we should have two things one thing is that the project we

have chosen never face any problem regarding it’s working. On the basis of concept of products

the market survey and group discussion we had find that our project can be used in stunts in the

sky.
Without doubt we have selected the solar grass cutter because for saving the energy, fuel and the

power supply.

CHAPTER – 3 BASIC THEORY AND CONCEPTS

3.1 THEORY:-

 Working process:

Intelligent information appliance is the main direction of development in the appliance control at

irrigation fields. We designed a broad and commendable range of Solar Grass Cutter along with

solar panel. As the energy conversation is very important in the current scenario and should be

done to a maximum extent where ever it is possible. Still, these mowers grass cutting machineries
all need the same things to work right – a motor, a rotating blade, a means of getting around and

a way to get rid of the grass clippings.

The controlling device of the whole system is provided using switch ON the DC motor interfaced

with grass cutting blades. The entire model consists of two sections one controlling section and

another designing section of the model. The controlling section consists of Rechargeable battery,

relays switches and Solar panel. The system depending on the charging circuit the motor can be

controlled using relay switch. The solar power stores the energy to a battery and then runs the

motor through the relay switch.

 Design:
In designing the cutting blade, the force required to cut the lawn as well as the force acting on the

blade was considered. The force required by any sharp object to have impact on the grass is less

than 10 Newton. It is also dependent on the height, density and the area covered by the object

(Atkins, 1984). Therefore, in designing the blade of the solar powered lawn mower, the force

required for effective mowing should be greater than 10 Newton.

A stainless steel was used in the construction of the cutting blade because of its strength and

weight which can transmit same speed as that of the DC motor or a little less cause of friction.

CHAPTER – 4 PART LIST

SR.NO. DISCRIPTIONS NO OF PIECES

1. Solar Panel 1

2. Battery 1

3. Motor 2

4. Blade 1

5. PVC Pipe 26

6. Coupling, & Reducer 24

7. Caster Wheel 2

8. Fibre Sheet 1
 9. Switch 2

10. Wire 4 meter

11. Normal Wheel 2

12. Circuit 1

13. Remote1

14. Small Battery 2

15. Transistor 4

4.1 Solar Panel:

FIGURE 1.6 Solar panel

 First the solar cells are joints with the use bus bar and flux.

 Then according to use of solar panel, series and parallel connection are given to the point

 Solar panel is used to save the electric energy .It is also use store the energy with the help

of battery.
4.2 Battery:

FIGURE 1.7 Battery

 Solar power can be store in the rechargeable battery and can be further used for the grass

cutting machine to run.

4.3 MOTOR:
Figure 1.8 Motor

 This motor is used for the rotating the blade and when the blade is rotated the grass is

cut. The motor is rotated at 2000 RPM.

 The motor is also used to rotate the wheel which move the body.

4.4 BLADE:
Figure 1.9 Blade

 We have used the homemade blade. In which there are four wings.

4.5 PVC PIPE:

Figure 2.1 PVC Pipe

 We have used the PVC pipe to make the body structure.

 By using PVC pipe the weight of the structure reduce, so the body moves easily.

4.6 Coupling & Reducer:

Figure 2.2 Coupling & Reduce

 We have used the coupling & reducer in the body.

4.7 Caster Wheel:

Figure 2.3 caster wheel

 We used the caster wheel for moving the body

 Caster wheel are used to move high load object. With the help of caster body move easily.
4.8 Fiber Sheet:

Figure 2.3 Fiber Sheet

 We have used the fiber to cover the body of the project.

 And we have used to kept the solar panel.

4.9 Switch:

Figure 2.4 Switch

 We have used the to ON OFF the blade.

 And for the circuit to do ON & OFF.

4.10 Wire:
Figure 2.5 Wire

 We have used the wire for giving different connection in motor, circuit, transistor, etc.

4.11 Normal wheel:

Figure 2.6 Normal wheel

 It is used for giving feed to the front wheel.

 The motors are connected with this two wheel.

4.12 Circuit:
Figure 2.7 Circuit

 The brain of the project is the circuit.

 With the help of circuit the whole system of the project run’s.

4.13 Remote:

Figure 2.8 Remote

 We used the remote to control the solar grass cutter

 With the help of remote we can move the body.

4.14 Small Battery:

Figure 2.9 Small Battery

 We have used the of 9v to give the power to the circuit.

4.15 Transistor:

Figure 2.10 Transistor

 We used the transistor in the circuit to give the current.

 We used the four transistors in the circuit.

CHAPTER – 5 FINAL COSTING

SR.NO. DISCRIPTIONS PRICE

1. Solar Panel 1000

2. Battery 700
3. Motor 950

4. Blade 60

5. PVC pipe 150

6. Coupling, & Reducer 500

7. Caster wheel 300

8. Fibre Sheet 100

9. Switch 10

10. Wire 40

11. Circuit 50
 12. Remote50

13. Small battery 60

14. Transistor 30

TOTAL 4100

CHAPTER – 6 ADVANTAGES

 As there is no friction between parts, less maintenance is required.

 It does not cause any environmental pollution.

 As it is working on solar no fuel cost.

 More life of the solar panel.

 As the battery is used for backup it can be run in night also.

 High efficiency.
 We can reduce the wastage of power.

 Very easy to use.

 Low weight and easy to move any were.

 Easy assemble and disassemble.

 Design of it is compact.
CHAPTER – 7 APPLICATIONS

 It can be used in garden at home.

 It can be used in Public Park.

 It can be used in college.

 It can be used in party plots.

CHAPTER – 8 CONCLUSION

In the world today, all machines are designed with the aim of reducing or eliminating green house

gas emissions which is the major causes of climate change. This solar powered grass cutter will
meet the challenge of environmental production and low cost of operation since there is no cost

for fuelling. A solar powered lawn mower has been developed for the use of residences and

establishments that have lawns where tractor driven mowers could not be used.

The machine’s capacity is adequate for its purpose. The machine has proved to be a possible

replacement for the gasoline powered grass cutter. In the presented paper provides the

fabricated information about the “Fabrication of Solar grass Cutting Machine” which was designed

such that the solar plate generates solar energy and utilizing this energy for running the grass

cutter motor. Integrating features of all the hardware components used have been developed in

it. Presence of every module has been reasoned out and placed carefully, thus contributing to

The best working of the unit. Secondly, using highly advanced IC’s with the help of growing

technology, the project has been successfully implemented. Thus the project has been

successfully designed and tested.

FIXED NANO WIRE

 Fig 3.2 FIXED NANO WIRE

Nanotechnologies have several applications which are like nanowires,

nanoelectronics, nanobots, nanomaterials, nano Chandria, etc. Hence,
nanotechnology refers to the development act or capability to effort with materials
or substance at the scale of 1 to 100 nanometers. The capacity of implementing at
this extent renders novel compensation to numerous products and applications such
as those established in semiconductor manufacturing, sub substances science, and
medicine, etc.
 ASR DIAGRAM

Fig 3.3 ASR DIAGRAM

A visual prosthesis is an experimental visual device intended to restore

functional vision in those suffering from partial or total blindness. In 1983 Joao
Lobo Antunes, a world-renowned Portuguese doctor, implanted a bionic eye in a
person born blind. The brothers Alan Chow & Vincent Chow have developed a
microchip containing -4 3500 photo diodes, which detect light and convert it into
electrical impulses which is called ASR.

ASR MICRO CHIP

 Fig 3.4 ASR MICRO CHIP

The ASR microchip is a 2-mm-diameter silicon-based device that contains

approximately 5000 microelectrode-tipped micro photodiodes and is powered by
incident light. The right eyes of 6 patients with retinitis pigmentosa were implanted
with the ASR microchip while the left eyes served as controls. Safety and visual
function information was collected.
RETINA CHIP OR ARTIFICIAL RETINA
 Fig 3.5 RETINA CHIP OR ARTIFICIAL RETINA

Artificial retina or retina chip is a device that electrically stimulates the retina. The
system is based on a pair of glasses with an integrated camera that the patient must
wear. The camera sends information to a chip that has been surgically implanted in
the retina. This chip sends the information through the optic nerve to the brain.
When the retina is electrically stimulated, the patient sees flashes or light sparks
emitted by each one of the electrodes that the device has. The latest generation
systems that have around 150 electrodes generate these sparks on patient’s vision,
arranged through his vision field, like 150 pixels of a black and white picture. The
image is, thus, very simple.

To get a better idea, current cameras have millions of pixels, so a 150 pixels
resolution is a very low image quality. Moreover, these pixels lack nuances such as
color, brightness, contrast, movement and global object perception, which a healthy
retina can provide. Humans do not perceive an image which is broken down dot
after dot. Instead, when we look at a face, we see the eyes, when we watch a scene,
we see a person moving… And that, with a low-resolution lacking nuance, which is
what offers the chip, it is difficult to interpret.
 PHOENIX 99 (CAMERA)

Fig 3.6 PHOENIX 99

The Phoenix 99 is wirelessly linked to a small camera attached to a pair of glasses it

works by stimulating a user's retina. The retina is the layer of light-sensitive cells at
the back of the eye that convert light into electrical messages, sent to the brain via
the optic nerve, and processed into what we see.

The Phoenix99 Bionic Eye is an implantable system, designed to restore a form of

vision to patients living with severe vision impairment and blindness caused by
degenerative diseases, such as retinitis pigmentosa. The device has two main
components which need to be implanted: a stimulator attached to the eye and a
communication module positioned under the skin behind the ear.

The Phoenix99 Bionic Eye works by stimulating the retina – a thin stack of neurons
lining the back of the eye. In healthy eyes, the cells in one of the layers turn
incoming light into electrical messages which are sent to the brain. In some retinal
diseases, the cells responsible for this crucial conversion degenerate, causing vision
impairment. The system bypasses these malfunctioning cells by stimulating the
remaining cells directly, effectively tricking the brain into believing that light was
sensed.
 CHAPTER 4
WORKING OF ARTIFICAL EYES

Fig 4.1 WORKING OF ARTIFICIAL EYE

1. Camera on glasses views Image

2. Signals are sent to video processing microchip
3. Processed information is sent back to receiver
4. Receiver sends information to electrodes in retinal implant
5. Electrodes stimulate retina to send information to brain
 CHAPTER 5
BLOCK DIAGRAM OF ARTIFICAL EYES

Fig 5.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF ARTIFICIAL EYES

 CHAPTER 6
EYES WORK

Fig 6.1 EYES WORK

The eye is an important and one of the most complex sensory organs that we
humans are endowed with. It helps us in visualizing objects and also helps us in
light perception, color and depth perception. Besides, these sense organs are pretty
much similar to cameras, and they help us see objects when light coming from
outside enters them. That being said, it is quite interesting to understand the
structure and working of the human eye. It also helps us in understanding how a
camera actually functions.
Your eyes are organs that allow you to see. They take in light from the world
around you and send visual information to your brain. Your eyes can see about 200
degrees in all directions, including in front of you and to the sides (peripheral
vision). Parts of your eyes work together to allow you to see images, movement and
depth. Your eyes can see millions of colors in varying shades.

Many conditions can affect how your eyes work, including common vision
problems like myopia (nearsightedness) astigmatism and eye injuries. Several
diseases and disorders that are not necessarily eye-related can cause problems in the
eyes, including autoimmune disorders, diabetes and high blood pressure
To keep your eyes healthy, you should see your provider for regular eye exams. Eat
a balanced diet, maintain a healthy weight and avoid smoking, which can damage
your eyes. Always wear protective eyewear to prevent injuries, especially during
contact sports or if you have a job working with tools that could potentially lead to
eye injuries welding, metalwork, woodworking, etc.
 CHAPTER 7
VISUAL SYSTEM

The human visual system is a remarkable instrument.

It features two mobile acquisition units each has formidable preprocessing circuitry
placed at a remote location from the central processing system (brain).
Its primary task includes transmitting images with a viewing angle of at least
140deg and resolution of 1 are min over a limited capacity carrier, the million or so
fibers in each optic nerve through these fibers the signals are passed to the so called
higher visual cortex of the brain.
 CHAPTER 8
THE PROCESSING OF AN ARTIFICIAL EYE

The eye networking system involves a camera that are connected to a pair of
glasses, which radiates high-frequency radio signals to a microchip implanted in the
retina. Electrodes on the implanted chip transforms these signals into electrical
impulses to give way to the cells inside the retina that directly is connected to the
optic nerve. These signals are then transferred with the sin optic nerve to the vision
processing centers of the brain where they are perceived as a picture
The artificial eye has the ability to work as similar to the real eye, by receiving
images from the camera that is placed along with glasses which the person can wear
and is a very minute device because it easily fits into the glass so that later on it can
be used again, as an artificial eye. The images captured by the retina are then sent to
a small electronic system. This device has the ability to transform the given image
data to electronic signal and later transfers it to receivers, to the retina more
precisely.
The electrode panel gives out pulses which reaches the optic nerve to the brain, also
in case of a damaged optic nerve the signals can be easily sent with the use of other
specialized devices. Just when the brain gets the signals, the brain starts processing
 CHAPTER 9
HUMAN EYE CONDITIONS

 More than 4.2 million Americans aged 40 years and older are either legally
blind (having best-corrected visual acuity of 6/60 or worse (=20/200) in the
better-seeing eye) or are with low vision (having best-corrected visual acuity
less than 6/12 (<20/40) in the better-seeing eye, excluding those who were
categorized as being blind).
 The leading causes of blindness and low vision in the United States
Glaucoma
 are primarily age-related eye diseases such as age-related macular
degeneration, cataract, diabetic retinopathy, and glaucoma. Other common
eye disorders include amblyopia and strabismus
 Refractive Errors
 Age-Related Macular Degeneration
 Cataract
 Diabetic Retinopathy
 Glaucoma

 CHAPTER 10
THREE TYPES OF EYE REMOVAL

EVISCERATION-
removal of the inner eye contents, iris and cornea; leaving the sclera behind with the
extraocular muscles still attached.

ENUCLEATION-
removal of the eyeball, leaving the remaining orbital contents intact: extraocular
muscles are detached and typically reattached to an orbital implant or fat graft.
Indications: tumors, infections, blind painful eye, severe trauma. An artificial eye is
fit following this eye surgery.

EXENTERATION-
removal of the contents of the eye socket (orbit) -4 including the eyeball, fat,
muscles and other adjacent structures of the eye.
 CHAPTER 11
POSSIBLE CONDITIONS LEADING TO AN ARTIFICIAL EYE

 Blind peoples.
 Ruptured globe.
 Cataract.
 Infection.
 Traumatic hyphemia.
 Orbital fracture.
 Closed-globe injury.
 Laceration.
 Penetrating eye injury.
 Perforating injury.
 Orbital compartment syndrome.
 CHAPTER 12
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF ARTIFICIAL EYE

ADVANTAGES
Although the device will not be able to restore the eyesight of the entire blind
community, researchers are certain many people will benefit from the technology.
For instance, age- related macular generation is the leading cause of blindness in the
industrialized world, with about 2 million Americans currently suffering from the
condition. The new technology will hopefully assist people suffering from this
condition, and individuals suffering from retinitis pigmentosa (a genetic condition)
but will not help glaucoma patients.

 Improving physical appearance

 High self-esteem
 A Beautiful face
 Increases self-confidence
 Opposite facial function
 It identifies the location or movement of objects and peoples
 Helps in other activities activities of daily life, such as detecting street curbs
and walking on a sidewalk without stepping off
 Upgradable external hardware and software to benefit from future
innovations
DISADVANTAGES
The scientists explain that the bionic eye will be affective for individuals who once
had sight, since their brain knows how to process visual information. The
unfortunate people who were born blind do not have the neurological capability to
process the data received via the wire. Furthermore, the optic nerve must be at least
partly functional. Otherwise, the data will not be fully processed. For many
individuals that were born blind, this is a problem as well, since their optic nerve
has never been used. This new technology will not be helpful for glaucoma patients.

 The final result of the implant cannot be known.

 It will be a very expensive technique.
 Not all eye patients can use the artificial eye as it requires certain
prerequisites to qualify.
 Understanding large objects can be difficult.
 If one part of the chip is damaged, the entire technique becomes
meaningless.
 Repairing is difficult if any of the devices get damaged.
 Those who lost their vision due to other reasons could not use this device.
 It may not work for blind people as children or as infants.
 The cost of the device is too high as $ 70,000.
 CHAPTER 13
CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE

Vision is the primary mechanism humans, and many other animals have for sensing
the world around them. The human eye is a remarkable biological structure –
approximately 100 million photoreceptor cells in the retina are spaced about one
three-hundredth of a millimeter apart to sense incoming light, which is focused by
the lens of the eye. The hemispherical shape of the retina also offers some benefit in
focusing light from a wide field of view. Signals from the photoreceptor cells are
then processed and sent to the brain for analysis through the optic nerve.
This complex structure makes the eye an excellent image-sensing device, but also
makes it rather difficult to reproduce artificially – a task that could prove useful in
robotics, prosthetics, and electronic devices like cameras. Current digital cameras
cannot match the resolution or field of view of the human eye for the same size
device but utilize widely used silicon-based manufacturing technologies (the same
as those used for microchips and in computers and cell phones). These techniques
are cheap, fast, and can be easily automated, but are limited to flat products.
 CHAPTER 14
REFERENCES

 GOOGLE
 YOUTUBE
 FRIENDS
 BOOKS