Indian Salaya Project 2x600MW Power Station Training Manual

Indian Salaya Project 2x600MW Power Station Training Manual
2x600MW Training Manual
（20110223）
中国哈尔滨汇通电力工程有限公司发布
Issued by Harbin Huitong Electric Power Engineering Co., Ltd.

Indian Salaya Project 2x600MW Power Station
Training Manual of Electric
ESSAR Group
哈尔滨电站工程有限责任公司
HARBIN POWER ENGINEERING COMPANY LIMITED
哈尔滨汇通电力工程有限公司
Harbin Huitong Electric Power Engineering Co., Ltd.
600MW Training Manual of Electric
CONTENT
1 Main Parameters and Operation Requirement of Generation Transformation System .......................................... 6
1.1 Overview and Technical Specification of the Generator...............................................................................................................6
1.1.1 Generator Overview: ..............................................................................................................................................................................6
1.1.2 Generator Technical Specification: .....................................................................................................................................................7
1.1.3 Generator Constitution:..........................................................................................................................................................................7
1.2 Excitation System Overview and Its Technical Specification ................................................................................................... 11
1.2.1 Automatic Voltage Regulator ............................................................................................................................................................ 12
1.2.2 Main Component of Static Excitation System .............................................................................................................................. 13
1.2.3 Function of AVR ................................................................................................................................................................................... 13
1.2.4 Automatic Voltage Regulator Limit ................................................................................................................................................. 14
1.2.5 Function of Inspection and Protection ............................................................................................................................................ 14
1.2.6 System Operation: ................................................................................................................................................................................ 15
1.3 Transformer............................................................................................................................................................................................ 17
1.3.1 Principle of Transformer ..................................................................................................................................................................... 17
1.3.2 Construction of The Transformer ..................................................................................................................................................... 18
1.3.3 Preparation and Test before Put Transformer into Operation .................................................................................................... 23
1.3.4 Transformer Operation Maintenance ............................................................................................................................................... 24
1.3.5 Regulation on Operation of The Transformer Cooling Device................................................................................................. 28
2 Main Electrical Connection and Auxiliary Power System......................................................................................................... 28
2.1 Concept of Main Electrical Connection .......................................................................................................................................... 28
2.1.1 Single Bus Connection ........................................................................................................................................................................ 29
2.1.2 Single Bus Sectional Connection ..................................................................................................................................................... 30
2.1.3 Double Bus Connection ...................................................................................................................................................................... 31
2.1.4 Sectionalized Double Bus ................................................................................................................................................................... 31
2.1.5 Sing Bus and Double Bus with By-pass ......................................................................................................................................... 32
2.1.6 One and A Half Circuit Breaker Connection ................................................................................................................................. 32
2.1.7 Unit Connection .................................................................................................................................................................................... 33
2.1.8 Bridge Circuit Connection ................................................................................................................................................................. 34
2.1.9 Quadrangle Connection ....................................................................................................................................................................... 34
2.2 HV Auxiliary Power System.............................................................................................................................................................. 35
2.3 LV Auxiliary Power System .............................................................................................................................................................. 36
2.4 Emergency Power System.................................................................................................................................................................. 37
2.5 DC System.............................................................................................................................................................................................. 39
2.5.1 DC Insulation Monitoring Device:................................................................................................................................................... 40
2.6 Uninterrupted Power Supply ............................................................................................................................................................. 41
3 Relay Protection and Auto Device ................................................................................................................................................... 43
3.1 Generator Transformer Unit Protection .......................................................................................................................................... 44
3.1.1 The Device Has The Below Characteristics .................................................................................................................................. 44
3.1.2 Protection for Realizing the Device ................................................................................................................................................. 45
3.2 Automatic Device Overview ............................................................................................................................................................. 57
3.2.1 Automatic Device of Power System................................................................................................................................................ 59
3.2.2 Synchronous Device ............................................................................................................................................................................ 59
3.3 Auxiliary Power Switching Device.................................................................................................................................................. 66
3.3.1 Principle and Analys is of Auxiliary Power Switching ................................................................................................................ 66
3.3.2 Auxiliary System BZT Devices:....................................................................................................................................................... 68
3.4 Auxiliary Power Protection................................................................................................................................................................ 70
3.4.1 LV Protection:........................................................................................................................................................................................ 70
3.4.2 HV Motor Protection Is Normally Including: ............................................................................................................................... 70
3.4.3 LV Motor Protection Is Normally Including: ................................................................................................................................ 72
4 Motor for Auxiliary Power................................................................................................................................................................. 73
4.1 AC Motor ................................................................................................................................................................................................ 73
4.1.1 The Basic Structure of The Cage-type Motor ............................................................................................................................... 73
4.1.2 Basic Structure of Winding Type Motor ......................................................................................................................................... 74
4.1.3 Work Principle of AC Asynchronous Motor.................................................................................................................................. 74
4.1.4 Startup Characteristic .......................................................................................................................................................................... 75
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4.2 DC Motor................................................................................................................................................................................................ 78
4.2.1 Stator:....................................................................................................................................................................................................... 78
4.2.2 Rotor ........................................................................................................................................................................................................ 80
4.2.3 Work Principle of DC Motor ............................................................................................................................................................. 81
5 Power Distribution Devices ............................................................................................................................................................... 83
5.1 HV Power Distribution Devices ....................................................................................................................................................... 83
5.1.1 Vacuum Circuit Breaker ...................................................................................................................................................................... 83
5.1.2 6KV CB (circuit breaker) Maintenance .......................................................................................................................................... 85
5.2 LV Power Distribution Device .......................................................................................................................................................... 87
6 Generator Startup and Disconnection.............................................................................................................................................. 87
6.1 Generator Startup.................................................................................................................................................................................. 87
6.1.1 Generator Startup Requirements ....................................................................................................................................................... 87
6.1.2 Generator Unit Startup Procedures .................................................................................................................................................. 88
6.2 Generator Disconnection .................................................................................................................................................................... 89
6.3 Generator Operation ............................................................................................................................................................................ 89
6.3.1 Generator Air-cooled Operation ....................................................................................................................................................... 90
6.3.2 Relation with MVA．U and l ............................................................................................................................................................ 90
6.3.3 Generator Operation with Varying Power Factor......................................................................................................................... 90
6.3.4 Generator Short—time Over Load Operation ............................................................................................................................... 91
6.3.5 Asynchronous Operation during Generator Loss of Excitation ................................................................................................ 91
6.3.6 Generator Operation of Water Supply Falling Short ................................................................................................................... 91
6.3.7 Unbalanced Load Operation .............................................................................................................................................................. 91
6.3.8 Unbalanced Short Circuit ................................................................................................................................................................... 92
6.3.9 Generator Peak Load Operation ....................................................................................................................................................... 92
6.3.10 Generator Leading Phase Operation ................................................................................................................................................ 92
6.3.11 Ranges of Voltage and Frequency .................................................................................................................................................... 92
6.3.12 Operating Hydrogen Pressure............................................................................................................................................................ 94
6.3.13 Relation of Hydrogen Cooler to Load ............................................................................................................................................. 94
6.3.14 Monitor and Matters Need Attention in Operation ...................................................................................................................... 94
7 Accident Handling of Generator Abnormal Operation Mode ................................................................................................... 95
7.1 Generator Emergency Shutdown...................................................................................................................................................... 95
7.2 Generator Overload Operation .......................................................................................................................................................... 95
7.3 Generator Three –phase Unbalance ................................................................................................................................................. 96
7.4 Generator Temperature Abnormality ............................................................................................................................................... 96
7.5 Oscillation or Step Out of Generator............................................................................................................................................... 97
7.5.1 Phenomena ............................................................................................................................................................................................. 97
7.5.2 Cause........................................................................................................................................................................................................ 97
7.5.3 Handling .................................................................................................................................................................................................. 98
7.6 Generator Loss of Excitation ............................................................................................................................................................. 98
7.6.1 Phenomena ............................................................................................................................................................................................. 98
7.6.2 Cause........................................................................................................................................................................................................ 98
7.6.3 Handling .................................................................................................................................................................................................. 99
7.7 Generator Reverse Power Operation ............................................................................................................................................... 99
7.7.1 Phenomena ............................................................................................................................................................................................. 99
7.7.2 Cause........................................................................................................................................................................................................ 99
7.7.3 Handling .................................................................................................................................................................................................. 99
7.8 Generator Stator Grounding............................................................................................................................................................. 100
7.8.1 Phenomena ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 100
7.8.2 Handling ................................................................................................................................................................................................ 100
7.9 Generator Rotor Grounding ............................................................................................................................................................. 100
7.9.1 Phenomena ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 100
7.9.2 Handling ................................................................................................................................................................................................ 100
7.10 Generator Over-excitation ................................................................................................................................................................ 101
7.10.1 Phenomena ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 101
7.10.2 Handling ................................................................................................................................................................................................ 101
7.11 Generator Main CB Tripping ........................................................................................................................................................... 102
7.11.1 Phenomena ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 102
7.11.2 Handling ................................................................................................................................................................................................ 102
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7.12 Generator Asynchronous Paralleling ............................................................................................................................................. 103
7.12.1 Phenomena ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 103
7.12.2 Cause...................................................................................................................................................................................................... 103
7.12.3 Handling ................................................................................................................................................................................................ 103
7.13 Handling of Abnormal Transformer Oil Level............................................................................................................................ 103
7.13.1 Transformer Oil Level Declines ..................................................................................................................................................... 103
7.13.2 Transformer Oil Level Is Too High ................................................................................................................................................ 104
7.14 Transformer on Fire ........................................................................................................................................................................... 104
7.15 Transformer Sounds Abnormal ....................................................................................................................................................... 104
7.16 DC bus Bar Voltage Abnormal and Handling ............................................................................................................................. 105
7.16.1 Phenomena ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 105
7.16.2 Handling ................................................................................................................................................................................................ 105
7.17 DC Charger Fault and Handling ..................................................................................................................................................... 105
7.17.1 Phenomena: Charge ―Alarm‖ Signal Light Is On. ..................................................................................................................... 105
7.17.2 Handling ................................................................................................................................................................................................ 105
7.18 DC System Grounding ...................................................................................................................................................................... 105
7.18.1 Phenomena ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 105
7.18.2 Handling ................................................................................................................................................................................................ 106
7.19 Attentions of Generator Under-excitation Operation ................................................................................................................ 106
7.20 Treatment of Main Transformer Temperature Abnormal ......................................................................................................... 107
7.21 Treatment of Main Transformer Gas Protection Acts ............................................................................................................... 107
7.21.1 Light Gas Action ................................................................................................................................................................................. 107
7.21.2 Treatment of Heavy Gas Action...................................................................................................................................................... 108
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Training Material of Electric for Indian Salaya Project
1 Main Parameters and Operation Requirement of Generation Transformation
System
Synchronous Generator Principle

Synchronous generator is working according to a basic principle of conductor cutting magnetic line of force to
generate induced electromotive force. So, synchronous generator is equipped with magnetic field to generate magnetic
line of force and conductor to cut this field, the former is rotor and the latter is stator (or armature). A certain air gap
is existed between rotor and stator. There are three phase stator winding AX, BY, CZ on the stator, which is
symmetrical distributed in the stator core slot w ith 120‘ space difference electrical degree. Upon a couple of pole of the
rotor is equipped with DC excitation rotor winding, the magnetic flux which is generated when DC current goes into
rotor winding by way of brush and slip ring is comprised into main magnetic circuit by N pole going through air gap,
stator core and then entering into S pole through air gap.
Picture 3-1 Working principle of synchronous generator

Stator; 2- Rotor; 3- Slip ring
When the rotor of the generator is driven by initial motor and takes rotating speed of 3000 r/m for stable rotating,
conductor of stator three phase winding cuts the magnetic line of force in proper order, thus the three phase winding
induced three phases of AC electromotive forces of the same size, with 120° phase difference between each other.
The diversion of the displayed rotor, if air gap magnetic flux density is distributed in accordance with sinusoidal wave,
the three-phase winding induced electromotive force waveform is sinusoidal wave, the phase sequence is A→B→C.
1.1 Overvie w and technical specification of the generator
1.1.1 Generator Overview:
Generator is directly coupling driven by turbine and installed in indoor, the working environment is:
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Altitude should not exceed l000 m;
Environment temperature is 5℃～40℃;
The surrounding doesn‘t contain conducting dust, aggressive gas or dangers as explosion, vibration impact and
mechanical damage.
Working manner of generator is continuous long-time operation. Generator of this type adopts static excitation system.
It adopts totally-enclosed structure; hydrogen is used as cooling medium during operation. Ventilation system includes
air fan and hydrogen cooler. The ventilation system is independent totally-enclosed structure to prevent dirt or damp
gas from entering. Stator winding is water inner cooling, rotor winding is air inner cooling.
1.1.2 Generator Technical Specification:
Rated capacity 705.88MVA

Rated power 600MW
Maximum continuous power according to the specification in the contract
Rated power factor 0.85
Rated voltage 20KV
Rated current 20377A
Rated excitation voltage (90℃ accountant value) 465.6V
Rated excitation current (90% accountant value) 4557A
Rated frequency 50Hz
Rated rotating speed 3000r/min
Phase 3
Stator winding connection pattern Y
Stator winding outlet terminals 6
Excitation pattern Static excitation
Rated efficiency 98.86%
Not yet plugged the
120M3
Air capacity inside the rotor
generator Have plugged the
110M3
rotor
Insulation class of generator stator and rotor F stage
1.1.3 Generator Constitution:
Generator is constituted of components like stator, rotor, end cover and bearing, oil sealing device, cooler, terminal box,
outgoing line and porcelain terminal, collector ring and noise isolating cover brush-rocker assembling.
1） Stator frame and stator core
a) Stator frame:
Stator frame is a casing of welded plate, the function of the frame is to accommodate and support stator core,
winding and provide multiply paths for whole generator inner circulation cooling hydrogen. The stator f rame
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inner separator is equipped with the function to strengthen the stiffness of the frame to support stator core
and avoid harmonic oscillation, at the same time, multiply annular regions are arranged between stator core
and the casing, reasonable design of the vents and air ducts between the frame isolators guarantees enough
wind flow can be obtained at the air districts
b) Stator core
Stator core is superimposed of made of sector stamping which is made of silicon steel to lessen I ron loss.
The stamping is made of thin silicon steel, the two sides are insulated. Every stamping is insulated to lessen
the spiral flow to the minimum. The insulating print baked on the stamping can keep its insulation resistance
value in normal operation temperature scope.
The stampings are superimposed on the set screw and divided into different core section to provide vent air
duct.
The stampings are equipped with open slot to place stator bar, dove-tail groove at notch of stamping slot is
used to place slot wedge to fix stator bar.
Core teeth are pressurized by non-magnetic steel space blocks under the core support plates. To reduce end
heating because of magnetic flux leakage at stator core end and electrical loss, this core is superimposed into
step shape to increase air gap between the stamping and rotor, and the core teeth are equipped with radial
slotting.
To lessen eddy loss, magnetic shield is set at stator iron end.
c) Stator bar
The stator winding is formed by insulated bars assembled in the slots of the stator core, jointed at the ends to
form coils, and connected to the proper phase belts by bus rings.
d) Stator winding end fixing
Stator winding end adopts rigid-flex banding fixing structure. End of stator winding is fixed on the large
integral cone supporting ring by radial adjustable bounding ring, nose end radial supporting ring, resin filled
supporting tube between upper and lower bars and materials of proper shaped to form a firm integrity.
e) Manifold and lead manifold
Stator parallel rings are directly cooled by the water the insulation hose is mode of Teflon which can isolates
the stator winding from ground electrically, and at the same time absorbs thermal expansion and contraction
and vibration of the stator winding
2） Rotor
Rotor is constituted of rotor shaft, winding and end isolation fixing component, damping system, protecting ring,
air fan, coupler and connector ring, etc.
a) Rotor shaft
Rotor shaft is processed from Ni-Cr-Mo-V alloy steel solid forging machine. Its quality is guaranteed by
mechanical, chemical, metallurgical inspection and non-destructive testing. The slot on the rotor proper is to
install rotor coil, rotor coil is fixed in the rotor slot by slot wedge, when the rotor rotates, and slot wedge will
bear centrifugal force of the bearing coil.
On the direction that rotor pole is perpendicular to the rotor shaft, arranged the lateral passing hollow to
balance the rigidity of the magnetic pole direction and the right angle direction. Rotor pole, fan bosses and
collector ring fan are equipped with balance weights to reduce rotor vibration.
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b) Rotor winding and protection ring
Process gas ducts on the rotor conductor, combined into a shape and installed in the rotor slot. Epoxy glass
fabric swatch is used as interturn insulator, slot insulation is mold ed structure. The packing strip under the
wedge is epoxy glass cloth insulation, installed on top of conductor and between the rotor wedges to
guarantee a high grounding resistance value and can bear centrifugal force of the conductor. Between the end
coils, the epoxy glass fabric cloth insulation pad is installed to prevent end winding displacement which is
because of thermal stress and centrifugal force. Besides, end winding is supported by protecting ring which
is shrunk at end of rotor proper end. Between protecting ring and rotor proper is equipped with ring keys to
prevent protecting ring from axial displacement. Grounding insulation between the protecting ring and
rotor coil is segmental pad which is made of epoxy glass fabric swatch; the protecting ring is made of alloy
steel of high-strength non-magnetic.
c) Rotor damper system
Every pole surface (big teeth) of the generator rotor is equipped with two damper slots, whole damper copper
strip is placed in the slot to avoid overheating point around the c ross slot. At the same time, rotor wedge
adopts extruded aluminum alloy and connection blocks are used between each rotor wedge to connect and so
that the current can pass connecting point of every wedge juncture successfully, thus prevent the teeth part at
slot wedge juncture from forming overheating point. Besides, end wedge which connects protecting ring
adopts beryllium copper, so that the connection between protecting ring and end wedge can be excellent and
be parallelized with every damper cooper bar, wedges in every slot of the coil through end wedge to form the
reliable cage rotor damper system.
d) End plate and bearing
The outer end shield is built-in with main bearing and gland oil seal devices for supporting the rotor, and oil
piping for feeding oil to them. The outer end shield is divided into upper and lower halves at horizontal axis
to facilitate disassembling and reassembling.
The joint between the upper and lower halves as well as between the outer end shield itself and the stator
frame have grooves to be injected with seal compound to prevent leakage of hydrogen gas out of the
generator
The rotor shaft passes through the outer end shield out of the machine, so gland oil sealing devices are
provided to prevent hydrogen gas leakage.
The joint between the upper and lower halves as well as between the outer end shield itself and the stator
frame have grooves to be injected with seal compound to prevent leakage of hydrogen gas out of the
generator
The rotor shaft passes through the outer end shield out of the machine, so gland oil sealing devices are
provided to prevent hydrogen gas leakage.
The gland oil sealing devices are mounted inside of the bearings so that the bearing metal can be inspected
simply by removing the bearing cap without discharging hydrogen gas.
The bearing seat, seal casing, and oil deflector on the collector end mounted are insulated from generator
frame for prevent the shaft current.
The bearings shall be of split construction and the gland oil sealing is the double-ring and double-flow type.
e) Gland seal device
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A shaft sealing device is installed inside the machine to come inside of the bearing, and is used to prevent
hydrogen gas leaking from the machine through the shaft penetrate part.
The seal casing is mounted on the outer end shield. There are two seal rings of inner (hydrogen side) and
outer (air side) ring.
The seal ring is always supplied with sealing oil which is 84kPa higher than the inside hydrogen gas pressure.
The sealing oil passes through the gap between the seal ring and shaft, and is drained dividing into the
hydrogen side and air side.
f) Hydrogen gas cooler
One unit gas cooler is installed on the each cooler dome of the stator frame
Cooling water carries out heat from hydrogen gas that is heated while being circulated within the generator.
The hydrogen gas cooler is composed of a heat exchange section having a bundle of remove heat pieces, tube
sheets holding ends of the tube bundle, and water boxes.
g) Lead Box、Lead connector＆Lead Bushing
Lead box is welded by non-magnetic steel plate and installed at the bottom of E.E stator frame(shown in Fig.
11), within the box, there are six main lead made of hollow copper tube and six lead bushings, the main lead
and stator phase rings are connected by flexible connectors.
Lead wire and lead bushing are cooled by water.
h) Collector Ring, Collector house and Brush holder rigging assembly
Collector ring assembly consists of collector ring on the short shaft、insulation sleeve、conducting bolt and
conducting pole etc. is connected with generator rotor by coupling of short shaft
The collector rings consist of negative and positive poles, which are made Of high quality alloy steel and
shrunk onto insulated shaft.
The outer surface of the collector ring has spiral grooves for cooling and removal of dust. The collector ring
has axial holes for cooling ventilation and is fitted with a shaft mounted fan between both rings for reducing
temperature rise caused by excitation current.
Collector house and Brush holder rigging assembly consists of collector house install on the base, plates used
for form the wind zone, brush holder assembly, brush box, conductive plate, bearing support etc.
i) Seating plate, Axial Anchor and Transverse Anchor
The entire weight of the generator is supported on both side welded feet, and there is seating plate underside
feet. Seating plate which is made of high quality thick steel plate is used for changing generator vertical
height and equalizing loading weight of generator foundation. Provide some shims and jacking bolts used for
adjusting height. Seating plates are accurately grouted in place before generator assembly. Later realignment
should be made by changing the mount of shims between the feet and seating plates when installing.
Generator transverse and axial positions are well kept through generator frame axial anchor and bearing
bracket transverse anchor on the seating plate, and during installing they must be accurately matched
according to their real position.
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1.2 Excitation System Overvie w and Its Technical Specification
Excitation System Concept

Main task of the excitation system is to provide an adjustable DC current to excitation winding of the generator, to
meet the requirement for generator normal operation. Controlling the excitation of the synchronous generator is one of
the main means to control generator operation. Function of the excitation system:
 Maintain the end voltage of the generator
 Control the distribution of reactive power
 Improve the stability of synchronous generator paralleling operation.
Excitation system can be classified according to below aspects:
Self-excitation and separate excitation mode;
DC exciter and AC excitation mode; every excitation mode includes self-excitation and separate excitation mode;
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Other classification pattern: such as brush and brushless excitation system; rotary excitation and static excitation
system;
Among which brushless system is divided into: pilot exciter is permanent magnetic or self-excitation.
At present, static excitation system is a main form of excitation. It is popularized to be used in large medium hydraulic
power unit, thermal power unit, pumped storage unit and nuclear power unit.
Self shunt excitation system is also named static excitation system. Characteristic of this excitation system is:
 No main, pilot exciter, excitation power source is from generator end and supplies to generator excitation winding
excitation through rectifier transformer and silicone controlled rectifier.
 No rotary component, sample structure, short shafting, less bearing block
 Slip ring, carbon brush, field suppression device are arranged in the excitation loop, fast reaction;
 Higher excitation power can be provided.
Generator excitation system adopts self shunt excitation static excitation system, which is mainly composed of unit end
excitation transformer, silicon controlled rectifier, automatic voltage regulator (AVR), de-excitation and over voltage
protection device and field flashing equipment, etc. Automatic voltage regulator applies digital, ―main/standby
redundant pattern, can be automatically tracked mutually and is equipped with protection devices like ―automatic‖,
―manual‖ control mode and under-excitation, over-excitation limitation and power system stabilizer. Excitation
transformer adopts three phase dry type transformer, field flashing mode of excitation system adopts AC 415V
auxiliary power supply excitation.
1.2.1 Automatic Voltage Regulator
AVR adopts UNITROL 5000 type (Q55-O/U251-S6000) equipment of ABB Company.
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1.2.2 Main Component of Static Excitation System
Power source, control part and actual value measuring, power rectifying bridge, field suppression device
Power source part of the system including is used for providing power voltage excitation transformer of power rectifier
bridge and supply power source to power plant auxiliary power source such as field flashing equipment, system startup
and electric breaking.
The control section automatically regu lates exciting voltage and current according to system requirement. Include:
generator voltage and stator current measuring regulator (PID controller) and gate pole control unit of silicon control
rectifier. Power rectifier part could transform AC input voltage into DC voltage which is needed by generator
excitation winding. UNITROL excitation system adopts fully-controlled silicone control rectifying bridge, and
arranged according to DB6 pattern.
Field suppression equipment is used for unit quick de-excitation; it includes field switch, de-excitation resistance and
field over-voltage protection loop (Jumper).
1.2.3 Function of AVR
The main purpose of AVR is to control and adjust end voltage and reactive power of synchronous generator exactly.
That required a fast reaction of excitation voltage to operation condition. The reaction time is only several milliseconds.
So, AVR must be a quick controller, it should calculate the deviation of the set value and feedback value continually,
and complete the regulating calculation in the shortest time. Control the trigger angle of silicone control rectifying
bridge. The main functions are as below:
1) Regulate the pre-set value
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2) Active compensation
3) Reactive power compensation
4) V/Hz limiter
5) Automatically tracking
1.2.4 Automatic Voltage Regulator Limit
1) Over-excitation limiter
2) Under-excitation limiter
3) Stator current limiter (over-excitation side and under-excitation limiter)
4) P/Q limiter
5) Excitation current limiter corresponding to temperature
1.2.5 Function of Inspection and Protection
1) Monitoring of actual value (detection of PT fault):

Detection of PT fault is realized by comparing the measuring value of generator end voltage and excitation
transformer secondary side voltage. If the difference of the two voltage exceeds the setting value (15% of
generator end voltage rated value), logical controller will start to change over: if two channels share one group of
PT, it will be switched to manual mode operation form automatic mode, if two channels uses their own PT and the
PT disconnection happened on the operation channel, it will be switched to automatic mode of standby channel
from automatic mode of operation channel. If the two group of PT are fault, switch to manual.
2) Measuring of rotor temperature
Rotor temperature measurement is realized by calculating the resistance of the excitation winding.
3) Over-current protection:
Over-current protection is divided into inverse time lag over-current protection and instantaneous over-current
protection. The character of over-current protection is similar with that of the maximum excitation current limiter,
but character curve of over-current protection is higher than that of the maximum excitation current limiter.
4) Loss of excitation protection:
When generator operating point exceeds the stable limit, loss of excitation protection acts, tripped generator.
5) Over-excitation protection (V/Hz relay):
It is used to prevent synchronous generator and transformer over magnetic flux. Over excitation protection firstly
calculates out the present unit end voltage allowable value according to the generator frequency and the set value.
If the actual voltage of generator exceeds the allowable value, it will trigger the timer to delay. If the voltage still
hasn‘t back to the allowable value before the delayed time, it will issue trip signal.
6) Temperature detection of excitation transformer:
UNITROL. 5000 software can measure the temperature of the winding through PTC which is embedded at the top
of excitation transformer secondary coil temperature or PT100 sensor. If use PTC, each phase will use two sensors
which will be connected in series and then connect to two analog value output points of the fast I/O board. The
regulator detects whether the temperature of the present excitation transformer has arrived the preset two stage
temperate set value. Warning if exceeds stage one set value, trip if exceeds stage two set value.
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7) Other detection and protection function:
 Electrical controlling board
Be equipped with the self-diagnosis function including program execution fault (watch dog). The diagnosed fault
will be displayed by seven section digitron of COB on the main control board. Besides, function of regenerator
stabilized voltage supply output voltage monitoring is also provided. Silicon control rectifying bridge is equipped
below monitoring functions:
Power electron device is equipped with fuse of fuse warning contact;
Break-over supervision;
Cooling flow and air fan;
Supervision of rectifying bridge;
Supervision of rectifying bridge lockout;
AC side over-voltage protection is equipped with fuse of fuse warning contact.
 AC side over-voltage protection
AC side over voltage protection device which is located at AC side of every rectifying bridge can absorb thyristor
commutation over-tension peak. It is mainly constituted by one three phase diode rectifying bridge and the capacitanc e
connected with their DC side. When high frequency over-voltage appears, the capacitance presents characteristic of
low impedance, which plays a part of filtration. Parallel a discharge resistor with the capacitance, the over-tension
energy stored in the capacitance then can be absorbed. The capacitor should bear higher di/dt. Protection fuse with
warning connection is installed at AC side of diode rectifying bridge.
 DC side over-voltage protection
When generator end failure, such as short-circuit, mis-synchronous and / or asynchronous, the negative field current
will be induced and over-voltage would be generated in the rotor loop. So measures should be taken to limit this
over-voltage to below silicon controlled reversed peak voltage and rotor voltage endurance, enough safety margin
should be left. Normally the jumper is used to complete DC side over-voltage protection. This circuit adopts diode.
BOD detects forward voltage and inverse voltage in the rotor circuit. When the generated over-voltage is high enough,
BOD acts, triggers corresponding silicon controlled rectifier, parallel de-excitation resistance to the two ends of the
rotor, and issue trip command to trip the field CB immediately.
 Rotor grounding protection:
The purpose of rotor grounding protection is to supervise the insulation standard of rotor grounding. If users required,
ABB can provide grounding protection relay which model is UNS3020. Measurement of relay adopts bridge principle
of Wheatstone, two capacitances create balance of measuring bridge; one connects the anode and ground, the other
connects cathode and the ground. This relay is not only can detect the insulation standard of the excitation winding but
also the insulation standard of all main circuit equipment inc luding secondary c oil of excitation transformer. The relay
is equipped with two devices, grounding resistance set value and delay time is adjustable. Grounding fault warning is
equipped with the function of self-keeping, and can be reset by the button on the relay board. The relay also has
function of on-line test.
1.2.6 System Operation:
1） Necessary conditions for safety operation

²Commissioning is completed.
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²Periodically maintain according to the plan.
²Eliminate the fault through.
²All alteration to the set values (parameters) should be checked and tested.
2） Check before power on:

Before putting in excitation system, all power sources should be guaranteed powered on, safety startup can be
carried out. Below check should be carried out:
²No system maintenance is carrying out at site.
²All control cabinets and power cabinets are ready and locked.
²Temporary counterpoise of generator output end, excitation transformer and excitation cabinet I/O end have been
removed.
² Regulator power source and excitation switch control power source have been put in.
² No warning and fault information.
²Switch excitation system to remote control.
²Switch excitation system to automatic mode operation.

²Generator arrive rated rotating speed. (Check the rotating speed displayed on the display devices)
3） Switching order
Action Display Control
1 Turn on excitation switch Indicating lamp ON Turn on excitation
lights switch
2 Put in excitation system Indicating lamp ON Create voltage Within
lights 5-20 seconds
Generator no-load operation
3 Excitation system is ready for on load Regulate generator
operation. voltage to set value.
Adjust generator voltage to grid
voltage with excitation increasing /
reducing button.
4 When grid voltage is synchronous Maintain reactive power
with generator voltage, close of generator around
generator main switch zero.
Generator on load operation.
5 Adjust generator reactive power to the Regulate voltage of the
required standard within operation generator generate
limit with excitation increasing / reactive power.
reducing button.
4） Check during operation

Below periodical check should be carried out during operation:
a) In the control room
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No limiter action.
²Set value of operation regulator didn‘t come to the limit position.
²Tracking in the channels is equal, channels are ready for changeover.
²Excitation current, voltage and reactive power of generator are stable.

Though excitation current regulating function of manual mode is under monitoring of the monitor all the time, we
still recommend periodical change over to manual operation mode, such as after every startup, a short-time
operation can be carried out to test its performance. Though function of the standby channels is under monitoring
of the monitor all the time, we still recommend periodical change over to standby channel, such as after every
startup, a short-time operation can be carried out to test its performance.
b) By excitation cabinet:
²No warning action.
²No abnormal noise.
1.3 Transforme r
1.3.1 Principle of Transformer
Transformer is static electrical equipment; it converts an AC electrical energy of voltage, current into another electrical
energy of voltage, current of same frequency by employing electromagnetic induction principle. Transformer plays an
extremely important role in the power system, no matter in the power plants or the substations, transformers of
different types and different capacity can be seeing.
Transformer employs electromagnetic induction principle for energy exchanging. The main part of the construction is
two (or more) windings of mutual insulation, which is covered on the same core, between the two winding is coupled
by the field. Besides the auto-transformer, the other transformers has no direct connection with electricity,
transformation of energy takes magnetic field as medium. For the two windings, the one connects to the power source
is simply called original side (or primary side), the other directly connects to the load is called secondary winding,
simply called deputy side. When the original side connects to the AC power source, under action of additional voltage,
the AC current passes in the primary winding and generates alternating magnetic flux in the core, the frequency is
accordance with the frequency of the additional voltage, this alternating magnetic flux links primary and secondary
winding at the same time, according to electromagnetic induction principle, the alternating magnetic flux inducts
potential of the same frequency in primary and deputy winding, the deputy side then can output electric energy to the
load since the potential is equipped, thus realized the energy transformation. The difference of the turns and winding
connection of primary and secondary winding can generate different voltage, current and phase of original and deputy
side.
According to the phase, the transformer can be divided into three-phase transformer and signal phase transformer. In
the three-phase power system, the three-phase transformer is normally be used. When the capacity is over large and is
limited by transporting conditions, connecting three signal transformers into a three-phase transformer is also can be
used in the three-phase power system.
According to quantity of the winding, the transformer can be divided into double and three-winding transformer. The
double winding transformer is that: the primary winding on the step-up transformer is LV winding, secondary winding
is HV winding and the step-down transformer is opposite, split winding transformer is that, two secondary windings
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are set on the same phase on base of double winding transformer. For the transformer whose capacity is larger (larger
than 5600kVA), there might be three windings to connect three different voltage, this kind of transformer is called
three-winding transformer.
According to the cooling medium, the transformer can be divided into oil-impregnated transformer, dry type
transformer (air cooling) and water cooling transformer. The dry type transformer is mostly used in the places of low
voltage, small capacity or fire and explosion prevention, while transformers with higher voltage, larger capacity is
mostly oil-impregnated, called oil-impregnated transformer. Most of the power transformer is oil-impregnated.
According to the ability to adjust tap changer on load, the transformer can be divided into on-load regulating
transformer and no-load regulating transformer.
1.3.2 Construction of the Transformer
The most important part of power transformer is core and winding, which is the effective part for electromagnetism
energy transformation and is called the body of the transformer. As for the oil-impregnated transformer, the body is
impregnated in the oil tank, which is the casing of transformer, inside the tank is filled with transformer oil, which
plays a role of insulation and heat-dispersing. Radiator is installed at external of the oil tank; upper of the oil tank is
installed oil storage cabinet (oil conservator), pressure-relief vent (explosion proof pipe or pressure relief valve),
insulation porcelain pipe, etc. The insulation porcelain pipe is leading the HV, LV lead wire inside the transformer to
external of the oil tank, it is not only used as grounding insulation of lead wire, but also plays a role of fixing lead wire.
Besides, some transformers are equipped with cooling system as needed to guarantee the temperature rising of the
transformer not exceeds the permitted value under rated operation condition and to guarantee the design service life.
1- HV bushing; 2-tap charger; 3-LV bushing; 4-gas relay; 5-preesure-relief vent (explosion proof pipe); 6-oil
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conservator (oil storage cabinet); 7-oil level indicator; 8-breather (moisture absorber); 9-radiator;
10-nameplate; 11- grounding screw; 12-oil sample valve; 14-valve; 15-winding (coil); 16-signal
thermometer; 17-core; 18-oil purifier; 19-oil tank; 20-transformer oil.
1） Core. Core is the main magnetic circuit of coupler magnetic flux in transformer, to improve magneto conductivity
of the transformer magnetic circuit; core material should adopt ferromagnetism material of high permeability, less
magnetic hysteresis and spiral flow loss. The core is divided into core column and yoke, the core column is
covered with winding, and yoke connects the core column to form a closed magnetic circuit.
There are two types of basic constructions of the transformer core, one is core type core, the other is shell type
core. Since core transformer is simpler than the shell type on construction and the insulation between the winding
and core is easy to handle, the core of power transformer mostly is mostly of core type.
The three-phase transformer is divided into three-phase three-column type and three-phase five-column type.
Three-phase three-column type is to locate three windings of A,B, C three phases on three core column separately,
three core columns then form the magnetic loop together with upper and lower magnetic yoke. Compared to
three-phase three-column type, the three-phase five-column type has two more branch cores at two ends of the
core column, which is called bypass yoke and no winding is on the bypass yoke. Along with the continuous
magnification of the power transformer signal unit capacity, the volume is correspondingly magnified, which
conflicts with the height limitation of the transportation, one of the solving methods is to adopt three-phase
five-column type core. It can nearly reduce half of the height of upper yoke and lower yoke, so that the height of
the whole transformer can be reduced for about a height of a yoke, while the value of magnetic flux density in the
reduced yoke is still kept.
Picture 4-4 inner iron type three-phase three-column type transformer core
Along with the increase of transformer capacity, the diameter of the core column is magnified, stages of the step is
also increased. To prevent the generated het in the core is taken away when the isolation oil is circulating, and get
an excellent cooling effect, the section of the core should be made into step shape, heat-dispersing duct (oil duct)
is also should be arranged on the core, the direction of the heat-dispersing duct can either be paralleling to the
siliconized plate, or be vertical. The transformer core is insulated with oil tank; core ground is led to oil external
ground through additional insulating bushing. Since the core is working under environment of magnetic field,
under effect of electromagnetic induction and capacitance, electric potential will certainly be generated on the
core, if the electric potential increases along with the time, it will threat to the core insulation which will
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breakdown the insulation between the cores, so grounding is must. Core cannot be directly connected to the oil
tank casing for grounding, or the current access may be formed through oil tank casing and generate ring current.
So multipoint earthing grounding cannot be adopted but only one point grounding can be used to prevent
generation of ring current.
2） Winding. Winding is the electrical part of transformer, is coiled of insulation conduction wire of copper or
aluminum, the HV, LV winding is shrunk on the core column according to the concentric cylinder, under normal
condition, to convenient for insulation treatment, the LV winding is always put inner side near the core and the
HV winding is outer side. Between the HV, LV winding, LV winding and core column, the insulation air gap and
heat-dispersing duct is left. To disperse the heat effectively, heat-dispersing oil duct is set between the windings.
Longitudinal and transversal oil ducts are set between the double winding, pressure oil flows regularly according
to the set direction in the oil tank to guarantee the low temperature cooling oil flows by every winding and take
away the heat so that the winding can be effectively cooled, so the cooling effect will be ideal.
3） Oil tank. The oil tank is the casing of oil-impregnated transformer, it is welded of steel plate, and the
transformation body is put in the oil tank. According to the capacity of the transformer, the oil tank structure is
divided into two types: body hanging and casing suspending. Since the volume and weight of the large capacity
transformation are large and heavy, they are made into casing hanging type, this kind of casing is like a bell jar, so
it is also named bell jar oil tank. When the body need to be maintained, hoisting away the bell jar shaped casing,
that is the upper oil tank, body are exposed outside and can be maintained. Casing hanging is much easier than
body hanging and no heavy lifting device is required. Cas ing hanging transformer is constituted by upper oil tank
(bell jar tank casing), lower oil tank and the body. Oil storage cabinet (also named oil conservator) is installed on
the casing. Oil tank of the oil-impregnated transformer is filled of transformer oil, which plays a role not only for
cooling but also for insulation. The impurity or moisture contained in the oil will lessen the insulation
performance of the oil, so it is required that the transformer oil in the oil tank should better not contact with the
ambient air, thus this oil tank should be covered tightly, but when the temperature of the oil varies, the volume of
the oil will be expanded or contracted, which will rise or reduce the oil level. For the small transformers, the
method of headspace is always adopted, that is the oil in the casing will not be full to the tank cover, but to the
large and medium transformer, this headspace will lead the oil quality go bad because the section of oil tank is
larger, oil surface will contact with more air, especially the HV side of large, medium power transformer, the
voltage is high, when the insulating strength of the oil reduced, it will treat to the safety operation of the
transformer immediately, oil storage tank can solve this problem. Oil storage cabinet is also named oil conservator,
or oil expander, connects to the casing through connection pipe of gas relay, the upper part is installed a breather.
Generally, half of the oil storage cabinet is oil, the other half is air, the tank casing is always full of transformer oil,
when the oil expanded after heating, oil level of the oil storage tank will be raised, air of the upper part is then
discharged into the atmosphere, when cooling down, the oil level decreased, external air then enters into the oil
storage tank through the pipe of the breather, the oil level can be raised and reduced freely according to the
temperature. The contact surface of the oil and air is the section of oil storage tank all the time, thus reduce the
contact surface of the oil and surface, lower end of the breather is equipped with silicon which can absorb
moisture and impurity. Besides, wholly sealed magnetic oil level indicator is installed on the oil storage tank.
After the oil storage cabinet is installed on the transformer, it is good to install a gas relay, when the inside of the
transformer is seriously fault, and generates large amount of gas, gas relay cuts in the trip loop of the breaker and
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cut the transformer.
4） Auxiliary parts
Gas relay. Gas relay is a protection device of oil-impregnated transformer with oil storage cabinet (oil
conservator). This relay is installed in the connection pipes between transformer oil tank and oil storage tank,
when the inside transformer fault, it will send out warning signal or break the operation of transformer.
When the transformer is under normal operation, inside the gas relay is full of transformer oil, if the ins ide of the
transformer fault, the gas will accumulate on the upper part of the capacity which is generated because of high
temperature decomposing the oil, and force the oil level to be reduced, at this time, float inside the gas relay will
move due to the buoyancy, when this float moves to some limited location, the magnet inside it will close the
dry-reed contact, connect the signal loop and alarm; if the oil level of the transformer is reduced because of oil
leakage, signal will also be sent out. It transformer is seriously fault, oil surge will be appeared, and oil flow will
be generated in the connection pipe, which will impulse the damper in the gas relay, when the damper moves to
some certain set position, the other dry-reed contact is closed, connect the trip circuit, break all power sources
which connect to the transformer to protect the transformer. External of the gas relay is composed of casing proper,
upper cover, trip test button, vent valve, terminal box, etc. For the transformers newly put in, there might be
some gas not yet been exhausted, discharge the air via vent valve after confirming.
a) Moisture absorber (also named breather). Moisture absorber is used for clearing and drying the impurity and
moisture contained in the air which entered into the transformer oil storage tank becaus e of transformer oil
temperature variation, to keep the insulation strength of the transformer oil. Absorber main body is glass pipe;
inside the glass pipe is the silicone immersed in the cobalt chloride, which is used as dryer, inside the casing
is filled with transformer oil, used as impurity medium. When the volume of transformer oil expanded
because of transformer load or environment variation, the gas in the oil storage cabinet will generate breath
through moisture absorber to remove the impurity and moisture in the air and keep the insulation strength of
the transformer oil in the transformer. During the process of using, pay attention to inspect whether the color
of the silicon inside the moisture absorber is changed, whether the transformer oil used to be filtered is over
dirty or whether the oil level is lower than the oil level line because of evaporation, if the color of the silicon
is changed or the oil level is lower than the oil level line or the oil quality is over dirty, dry or replace the
silicon, add or replace transformer oil.
Oil purifier. Oil purifier of the transformer is a container with absorbent (silicon), used in oil-impregnated
self-cooling or oil-impregnated air cooling transformer. The working principle of oil purifier is: under
operation, difference of temperature of upper and lower oil in the transformer oil tank leads to concentration
difference of transformer oil, and leads to oil circulation, when part of the transformer oil flows pass the
purifier with absorbance, the moisture, impurities like free carbon will be absorbed, so that the transformer
oil can be continuously regenerated purified.
Explos ion proof pipe (pressure relief unit). Explosion proof pipe, pressure relief unit is used as a protection
device, when inner side of oil-impregnated type transformer is fault, the pressure will be relieved to protect
the transformer. Explosion proof pipe (pressure-relief vent) is a steel round tube, a glass or phenolic film is
equipped at the top outlet, the lower part is connected with the oil tank, when the pressure inside the oil tank
rose, oil and the gas broke through the glass or phenolic film and sprayed outside, prevent the oil tank from
breaking. The pressure relief is controlled by the spring. When the pressure in the oil tank reaches the
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startup pressure of pressure relief unit, valve cover rising pressure exceeds the pressure of spring and acts,
the valve cover is then opened, release the pressure in the oil tank. At the time when open the valve cover,
the driving device is driven, stirred the signal switch and send out the signal, the indicating pole is jacked up
at the mean while, when the pressure in the oil tank is reduced or back to the normal value, the valve cover
will automatically reset through the spring, it not only prevents accident from expanding because of oil tank
fault of the transformer and also avoid the phenomena that it continues to spray oil and enter into the inside
of the transformer together with the rain and air after the inner pressure of the transformer is released.
Oil storage cabinet (oil conservator). The oil storage cabinet is normally constituted by oil storage cabinet,
oil level indicator, oil-resisting gum diaphragm bag, breather pipe, moisture absorber. The oil storage tank is
mostly used to store the transformer oil whose volume will be changed with the variation of temperature, end
of the cabinet is equipped with the oil level indicator, used to response the calibrate of oil level rise and
reduce. A diaphragm bag is installed in the oil storage cabinet, the bag is connects the gas through breather
and moisture absorber, the external of the bag connects the transformer oil, when the oil in the transformer
oil tank expanded or contracted, oil surface in the oil storage tank will rise and reduce, that will lead the
diaphragm to discharge gas to the outside or automatically charge air to balance the inner, outer side pressure,
that plays a role of breathing.
b) Bushing. Bushing is constituted by insulation s leeve of porcelain material and conductive pole, after passing
through the oil tank cover, the lower end of conductive pole connects the winding lead wire, upper end
connects the line. The bushing takes multi-level cylindrical capacitor (simply named capacitor core) which is
composed of transformer oil-impregnated cable paper and metal equalizing plate, porcelain sleeve is used the
container of external insulation and oil. Porcelain sleeve used at open-air end adopts large, small alternate
umbrella.
Cooling system. Dry type transformer is normally divided into air cooling type and self-cooling type.
Cooling mode of oil-impregnated type power transformer, according to the capacity, it mostly includes
oil-impregnated self-cooling type, oil-impregnated air cooling type and forced oil air cooling. In the forced
oil air cooler construction system, under action of oil-submerged pump, the upper hot oil of transformer is
absorbed into the cooler through butterfly valve, connection pipe, after cooling the hot oil, the temperature is
reduced, and the oil-submerged pump then pump the cold oil into the bottom of the transformer through
pipes, circulating like this to-and-fro, the transformer oil is then cooled. To improve the effect of cooling
transformer body, the oil flow guiding is installed ins ide the transformer. The ―guiding‖ is that: when the oil
is sent back to the transformer after external cooling, large amount of the cooling oil flows inside the
transformer upon the given path. So at each side of the clamp at bottom of the transformer body should be
equipped with one duct to connect the external cooling pipe; the cooling oil flows through this duct and then
passes the supporting plane below the winding through several pipe branches, flow up to pass the cooling oil
duct of the core and inside of the winding, strengthen the contact of cooling oil and the heating component,
take away the heat effectively generated by loss thus improve the inner cooling effect largely.
Pressure regulator. To regulate the output voltage of transformer, the transformer HV winding turns can be
adjusted to regulate the voltage is a certain scope. Generally, some taps are led out from some part (middle
or end) of the HV winding, and be connected on the switchable tap charger. The tap charger which is only
changed over under condition of power off is loss-of-excitation regulating switch or no-load regulating
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switch; the tap charger which can be changed over under condition that the load can be uninterrupted is load
regulating switch. Under no-load regulation, the voltage regulating charger should be adjusted to the
corresponding position according to the grid voltage, or use no-load voltage regulating tap charger to operate
the handle, so that the handle can be directed at the tapping location. What needs attention is that, no load
voltage regulating should cut power source of all s ides of the transformer and only after taking all the safety
measures can the voltage regulation be carried out. On-load tapping switch is also named load regulating tap
charger, the basic principle is lead out some taps in the HV winding of the transformer, by way of on-load
voltage regulating tap charger, under condition the load current is not interrupted, switch to another tap from
one tap to reach the effective turns for HV winding transformation, that is, target of changing the transformer
no-load voltage ratio. During the process of switching over, the transition resistance is required to connect
two tap chargers and avoid the danger of loss of power in process of switching over.
c) Dry type transformer temperature round display control instrument safety reliable operation and
service life of the power transformer. To a large extent, it is depend on safety reliability of the transformer
winding insulation. Temperature of the winding exceeds insulation tolerance temperature thus damage the
insulation, one of the main reasons that lead the transformer for abnormal working.
Dry type transformer temperature round display control instrument adopts technology of single chip
processor; winding temperature is measured by three platinum thermo resistance pre-buried in the dry type
transformer three-phase winding, controlling and displaying temperature rising of transformer winding is
realized by temperature controlling instrument, which is also equipped with the functions like
over-temperature warning etc. to guarantee the operation of transformer is in the safe temperature scope.
When the temperature of winding is higher than 110℃ during operation, the temperature controlling box
then starts up air fan for forcing air cooling; when the temperature is decreased to 90℃, stop the air fan; if
the temperature continues to rise, temperature controlling box then give out over-temperature warning
(115℃) and over-temperature trip signal (170℃). Press the manual button of the air fan, the air fan will be
manually started up and continue to operation to realize forcing air cooling, under condition of forcing air
cooling, the rated capacity of the transformer can be increased for 50%.
5） Transformer nameplate
Every transformer is equipped with a nameplate which marked the type and rated value of the transformer. Rated
value is a limited value of the parameters specified by manufacturer according to national standard when the
transformer is normally used. The transformer can go for a long-time safe, economic operation under rated
value.
1.3.3 Preparation and Test before Put Transformer into Operation
Before put transformer into operation, retreat all related work permits, short circuit connects to the ground, temporary
signing board, warning board and temporary barrier should be all removed and registered, cancelled; recover the
permanent safety barrier. Tools, materials and other sundries unrelated to the operation should be cleaned up by the
maintenance personnel.
New installed transformer or the one after general overhaul or shutdown for a long time (above 15 days), before put
into operation, should make the following preparation:
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1) Transformer protection has been verified and could be put into
2) HV, LV side‘s CB, isolating switch of transformer are fine, driving test is qualified.
3) Transformer isolating resistance value and electricity test are qualified (taken formal test report as final)
4) Transformer cooling device and voltage regulating device test are qualified.
5) The tap‘s position of transformer has been recorded in the specific record book.
6) All parts of transformer are fine and satisfy the operation condition.
7) Operation permit for putting transformer into operation has been filled and signed after all levels‘ examination.
8) As soon as receiving the order of starting operation, could put transformer into operation.
Before Put into Operation, the Transformer Should Be Check Carefully by the Following Items
1) Transformer should be filled with oil, oil conservator oil level should be normal.
2) Transformer gas relay should be filled with oil, no gas should be left inside, secondary circuit should be fine.
3) Porcelain bushing of the transformer lead wire should be clean and bright, oil color and oil level should be fine.
4) Nothing left on the top the transformer, tap position is correct, voltage regulating device turns flexibly, local gear
indicating should comply with the centralized control room gear indicating.
5) All connection of transformer HV, LV side should be firm, the shell grounding is fine.
6) Transformer explosion proof tube and explosion proof film or pressure releaser, Dehydrating breather is fine,
color of the silica gel is normal
7) All parts of transformer proper should be clean, without crack, oil leakage.
8) All valves of transformer oil conservator, radiator, gas replay are opened
9) Cooling device of the transformer meets the operation condition.
10) Thermometer of the transformer is fine and undamaged, indicating correctly.
11) Transformer protection device and protection outlet clamp‘s position meets the operation condition.
All electricity test determination winding‘s resistance value and absorptance, leaking current of determination
winding and porcelain bushing, medium consumption, insulation oil withstand voltage test, chemical composition
test, before put transformer into operation should ask related personnel for the situation of all tests, and the result
reflected by the insulation oil test report, confirm the transformer to be put in is with qualified performance.
1.3.4 Transformer Operation Maintenance
Under the regulated cooling condition, could operate for a long time according to the regulation of the data plate.
Regulation on Operation Voltage of Transformer:
1) During operation, the allowed variable scope of the voltage of the transformer is rated voltage±5％, at the time,
the capacity of the transformer doesn‘t change.
2) No matter at what voltage grade of the tap, the voltage it with should not higher than the 105% of corresponding
grade‘s voltage.
Regulation on Transformer Operation Temperature
1) Force oil circulating air cooled transformer‘s upper oil temperature should not higher than 75℃, the maximum
should not higher than 85℃
2) Oil-immersed self-cooling, oil-immersed air-cooled transformer‘s upper oil temperature should not exceed 85℃,
the maximum should not exceed 95℃
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3) When the oil-immersed air-cooled transformer‘s fan stop working, should monitor that the upper oil temperature
should not exceed the regulated value; when the upper oil temperature isn‘t higher than 55℃, could operate
without opening fan under the rated load.
4) Force oil circulating air cooled transformer, when all cooling device stop working, allowed to operate under the
regulated load for 20 min; if after all cooling device stop working, but the upper oil temperature is lower than 75℃
still, than it‘s allowed to rise to 75℃. But when all cooling device stop working, the related protection clamp
should be quit, allowed operation time should not over 1h.
5) The insulation grade of the dry transformer is class F, during normal operation should notice that its winding‘s
temperature rising should not over 100℃; when the environmental temperature is 35℃, the maximum allowed
temperature rising should not over 135℃.
Regulation on Transformer Insulation Resistance
1) During maintenance or after power off, the transformer should be measured for its insulation resistance value
before put into operation or hot standby, and make the related record for the convenience of checking and
verification.
2) In the normal situation of the test of the transformer winding insulation resistance (temperature: 20~30℃,
moisture content≤90%): HV – LV grounding≥300MΩ, use 2500V megohmmeter for measurement, LV –
grounding ≥100MΩ, use 500V megohmmeter for measurement.
3) Absorptance ≥1.3, if it doesn‘t meet this regulation, it should be considered as qualified resistance value of the
transformer, should not put this transformer into operation.
4) In the moisture environment, the resistance value of the transformer will dec line a bit. Generally, if the insulation
resistance value of every 1000V rated voltage is less than 2MΩ(reading in one minute under 25℃), it can satisfy
the operation requirement.
5) After measuring the insulation resistance value, the transformer should discharge to the ground, three phase
winding should discharge to ground.
Inspection Items during the Normal Operation of the Transformer
1) Oil conservator, oil-filled porcelain brushing‘s oil color, oil level of the transformer should be normal and without
leaking oil.
2) The outside surface of the porcelain of the transformer should be clean and bright without crack, discharge trace
and other abnormality.
3) The transformer operating sound should be normal, the proper has no oil leakage, Dehydrating breather should be
fine and undamaged, silica gel should be dry and with normal color.
4) All part‘s temperature of transformer should be normal, all radiator and cooler‘s temperature should be normal
and without oil leakage.
5) Oil-submerged pump and air fan of transformer work normally, the open and close position of oil pipe valves is
correct, no vibration and other abnormality.
6) Transformer leading wire joint, cable, bus bar should not overheat.
7) Explos ion proof tube, explosion proof film of transformer should be fine and undamaged (main transformer,
auxiliary power transformer, HV public power transformer, startup backup transformer all adopt pressure releaser,
check that there should be no action signal)
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Gas replay of transformer should have no gas, the valve connecting relay and oil storage tank should open, gas
relay should have no oil leakage.
Special requirement for transformer inspection
1) In the rainy, snowy days, the indoor transformer inspection should check if the transformer room has seepage;
outdoor transformer should check if there is snow pack or ice, check if the leading wire, porcelain brushing,
insulation supporting porcelain insulator appear overflash or discharge.
2) After thunder storm days, should check the outdoor transformer has the sign of discharge or stricken by the
thunder, the transformer with thunder arrester should check if the arrester acted.
3) In the windy days should check the outdoor transformer HV side leading wire vibrates tightened or loosen, is
there any sundries on the top of transformer or Busbar Bridge.
4) In the fog days should check if any part of the outdoor transformer sparkling, discharge or heard abnormal sound.
5) When the environmental temperature changes fiercely, should check the outdoor transformer oil level and oil
filled porcelain brushing oil level is normal, the change of the upper oil of the transformer is normal.
6) When the transformer is under over-load, should enhance the monitor to the transformer; and make detailed
record to the overload current value, time and temperature changing.
7) After the main transformer tripped due to the accident, except regular inspection, carry out serious inspection, if
necessary carry out chromatographic analysis and related test.
Related Regulation of Regulating the Tap
The regulation of the tap switch grade of main transformer, should be carried out according to the dispatcher; HV
auxiliary power transformer, auxiliary HV public transformer and auxiliary LV tap switch grade regulation, should
based on the our plant‘s auxiliary bus bar voltage, and shift leader‘s order. Transformer tap switch regulation should be
carried out by electricity on duty personnel with the help of the maintenanc e personnel. States of transformer grade
after regulation should be explained by written in the specific recording book, in the convenience for verifying
transformer grade and voltage operation maintenance.
For the no-load voltage regulating transformer, when shift the tap grade, should be carried out when the transformer
out of power, after shifting the tap still require measuring the transformer 3 phases winding‘s DC resistance value,
check if the balance kept among 3 phases. Before measurement, should lock the grade position tightly
Startup backup loaded voltage regulating CB grade regulation should base on the auxiliary transformer voltage or
parallelized auxiliary HV transformer, auxiliary HV public transformer voltage, according to the order of the s hift
leader.
Before regulation should check if loaded voltage regulating switch CB oil tank oil color, oil level are normal; operation
mechanism, operation power should be kept in the good state. When using loaded voltage regulating CB to regulate to
HV or LV, every time only one voltage grade could be regulated, meanwhile watch the change of the voltage, when the
voltage become stable, then carry out another regulation of the grade. Multi-regulation in one time is not allowed to
prevent the contact of the loaded voltage regulating CB from burning. After regulate the loaded voltage regulating CB
grade, should make detailed record about the voltage grade value and actual voltage before and after regulation.
Base on the every transformer grade‘s voltage parameter, compare and check if transformer operation under this
voltage is comply with this grade‘s rated voltage before and after regulation. If not, or other abnormality appears,
should report for treatment immediately.
Operation Sequence of Regulating Voltage Grade by No-loaded Tap CB
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1) Cut off the power of the transformer, prepare safety measures; regulation should be assisted by the operation
personnel and carried out by the maintenance personnel.
2) Unscrew the bolt of the operation handle of the tap
3) Turn the tap CB to the new voltage grade‘s position. To clean up the oxide film and sediment on the surface of the
contact, should turn the tap CB to the new voltage grade position, turn right and left for 5, 6times then in position.
4) Measuring the transformer HV side 3 phases‘ DC resistance value, the difference between the maximum and
minimum value should not bigger than 2% of minimum value, and check the lock position.
5) Screw the positioning bolt of the tap CB handle.
6) Make detailed record of the new voltage grade and 3 phases DC resistance value after regulation.
Operation Sequence for Regulating the Loaded Voltage Regulating CB
1) Check if the electrical motor power safe of the loaded voltage regulating device is fine.
2) Check if the tapping position indicator power of the loaded voltage regulating device is fine.
3) Check if the grade indicating inside the loaded voltage regulating device mechanism box is comply with the grade
on the CRT.
4) According to the preset voltage regulating target press the rising voltage or reducing the voltage operation button,
watch the changes of grade indicating lamp and voltmeter indicating value, gradually regulate the voltage to the
required value.
5) After finish the regulating, still should check if the grade indicating ins ide the loaded voltage regulating device
mechanism box is comply with the CRT indicating value.
6) Carry out overall inspection to the transformer and loaded voltage regulating device, there should be no
abnormality.
Loaded Voltage Regulating CB Should Be Maintained According to the Following Requirement.
1) After every 1000 changeover operation, should take oil sample from the loaded voltage regulating selector switch
oil tank for oil quality test. If it‘s lower than the voltage endurance standard of 30KV, should replace or filter the
oil; when the operation period reaches 1 year or the after 3000 times regulation, should replace the oil to
guarantee the stable operation of loaded voltage regulating CB.
2) After changeover for 5000 times or 5 years‘ operation of the loaded voltage regulating CB, should pull out the CB
proper from the oil tank, clean up the whole CB proper and insulation cylinder, measure the burning degree of the
contact, if necessary should replace the severely burned contact; check if the transition resistance is fine, ensure
the loaded voltage regulating selector switch works reliably.
3) During over-load operation of transformer, not allow to operate the loaded voltage regulating selector switch for
voltage regulation.
4) To avoid the operation of loaded voltage regulating selector switch when the transformer is under severe
over-load or system short circuit, the current lock device is added to regulating circuit, and this device should be
put in during operation.
5) After loaded voltage regulating selector switch‘s gas protection and explosion proof device acted, should check
out the reason, or not allow putting transformer into operation.
6) Loaded voltage regulating selector switch operation should be at the good state.
7) Sealing door of the loaded voltage regulating selector switch‘s operation mechanism should be closed to prevent
snow, dust from getting in.
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8) During operation or voltage regulating changeover operating of loaded voltage regulating selector switch, if the
over voltage, over current indicating continuously swings, it may be caused by loaded voltage regulating selector
switch‘s transition resistance or changeover contact burned. At this time should apply to the shift leader for
stopping running the transformer, only after contact the maintenance personnel for maintenance that could carry
on operation.
9) Regularly collect the voltage regulating gas, enhance the maintenance to the voltage regulating gas.
10) Loaded voltage regulating selector switch‘s operation mechanism‘s mechanical moving part should be maintained
fine lubrication, periodically check if all grease cups have sufficient oil, make sure the lubrication oil being
ejected fully; brake pad of the brake electromagnet should be kept dry without oil contamination.
1.3.5 Regulation on Operation of the Transformer Cooling Device
Regulation on Operation of the Cooling Device

1) Force air cooled transformer‘s cooling device should be put in before energized the transformer, and stop running
after power off. If the transformer accident tripped, wait until the transformer oil temperature reduces to the
normal level then could stop cooling device; if the inner of the transformer breakdown, should stop the cooling
device immediately, cut off the power of the cooling device immediately.
2) Dry air cooler of transformer, should auto or manual start/stop according the operating temperature of the
transformer.
3) Force air cooled transformer cooling device‘s 2 line power supply should be reliable, power selector switch
generally should be switched to ―I line working‖ or ―II line working‖, at the time when working power trips, the
other line‘s power should be put in in time automatically. When the power selector switch switched to ―I, II
section working‖, two lines‘ power supply the power to the cooler. Such mode only could be used when the 2
lines power contact breakdown, not as normal operation mode. Under normal situation, transformer cooling
device interlock CB should in auto mode, one group cooler in backup mode, 2 groups in assistant mode, others in
normal operation mode. When any group cooler trips, backup cooler should put in automatically, if it fails,
assistant cooler should put in.
2 Main Electrical Connection and Auxiliary Power System
2.1 Concept of Main Electrical Connection
Power plant, substation‘s primary connection is composed by the primary equipment directly used for production,
integration, manipulation, transmission and dispatching electrical power, usually it also called main electrical
connection
Basic requirement of main electrical connection
 Reliability: influence to the stability of the system when breaker under maintenance, bus breakdown or under
maintenance power off scope and time, plant and substation all out of power supply.
 Flexibility: convenient for operation, dispatching and expansion
 Economy: saving the primary investment, using less area, costing less electrical energy.
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Basic mode of the main electrical connection
main electrical
wiring
wiring without
wiring with bus
bus
one and a half bridge-circuit quadrangle

single bus wiring double bus wiring Unit wiring
wiring wiring wiring
sectionalized sectionalized
double-bus
single-bus wiring wiring
added by-pass added by-pass
2.1.1 Single Bus Connection
Picture 4-1 Single bus connection

S-Power (generator or transformer) inlet wire
QF-breaker; W-Bus; QS-disconnecting switch
QE-earthing switch; WL-outlet wire (transmission line)
1) Related names:
QS21
Bus side disconnecting switch QS21
QS22
Line side disconnecting switch QS22
QF2
Breaker QF2
QE
Earthing isolating switch
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2) Operating sequence
Sending power: bus side disconnecting switch ->line side disconnecting switch->breaker
Cut off power: breaker->line side disconnecting switch->bus side disconnecting switch
Principle: avoid closing isolating switch with load.
Avoid the bus fault, fault expansion due to the misoperation.
3) Connection characteristic analysis
Reliability: weak. Bus breakdown will cause overall shutdown
Flexibility: convenient for operating
Dispatching: inconvenient. Power only could operate parallel
Expansion: convenient
Economy: good. Once investment, not too much equipment
2.1.2 Single Bus Sectional Connection
Picture 4-2 Single bus sectional connection

1) Connection characteristic analysis (compare with sing bus)
Power and load connect to the different section of bus
Reliability: bus breakdown or under maintenance: power off scope only limited within the fault section
Flexibility: dispatching: more convenient. Bus could under paralleling and splitting operation
Economy: once investment: add sectional equipment. Numbers of section depends on the power numbers.
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2.1.3 Double Bus Connection
Picture 4-3 Double bus connection

1) Connection characteristic (compare with single bus sectional) 2 groups‘ buses work as backup for each other,
every inlet and outlet wire could connect to the 2 buses.
Reliability: higher
Bus fault: circuit on the faulted bus changeover to another bus.
Operation: pull off first then close
Bus maintenance
Operation: pull off first then close (wait for the closing of electric potential and bus coupler)
Flexibility: dispatching: more convenient
Economy: once investment: add bus side isolating switch.
2.1.4 Sectionalized Double Bus
Picture: sectionalized double bus connection
1) Connection characteristic analysis (compare with double bus)

Reliability: bus fault: old sectionalized circuit changeover to bus
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Economy: once investment: add sectionalized and bus coupler equipment
2.1.5 Sing Bus and Double Bus with By-pass

By-pass circuit, uninterrupted maintenance circuit outlet wire breaker
Reliability: trip maintenance: by-pass supplied by this circuit.
Economy: once investment: add by-pass equipment
2.1.6 One and A Half Circuit Breaker Connection
Picture 4-11 one and a half circuit breaker connection mode (disconnecting switch isn’t showed in the Picture)
(a) Cross connection; (b) non-cross connection
3 breakers make one series, connected between 2 buses, and 2 lead wire out of it
Reliability: high
Flexibility: high
Operation: avoid using disconnecting switch for lots of switching operation
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Economy: once investment: add tie circuit breaker to each series
2.1.7 Unit Connection
Picture 4-13 unit connection

(a) Generator-double winding transformer unit connection
(b) Generator-three winding transformer unit connection
(c) Generator-transformer-line unit connection
1) Connection characteristic
Reliability: closed bus, low probability of generator outlet fault, low short circuit current
Flexibility: simple operation
Economy: less CB equipment
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2.1.8 Bridge Circuit Connection
Picture 4-15 bridge circuit connection

(a) Inner-bridge connection; (b) outer-bridge connection
Used in the situation of 2 circuit inlet wire, 2 main transformer. Use transformer as reference, divided to inner bridge,
out bridge
Inner bridge: because the line is longer, the transformer doesn‘t changeover frequently
Outer bridge: because the line is shorter, have penetrating power
Reliability: weaker than sectionalized single bus
Flexibility: weaker than sectionalized single bus
Economy: 2 CB fewer than the sectionalized single bus
2.1.9 Quadrangle Connection
Picture 4-16 polygonal connection

(a) Quadrangle connection; (b) triangle connection
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Breaker connected end to end, numbers of connected circuit should be equal with the numbers of breaker
Reliability: breaker maintenance should not affect the power supplying
Flexibility: operation: easy
Dispatching: hard for close-loop, open-loop/protection arrangement
Expansion: inconvenient
Economy: one CB less than sectionalized single bus or double bus
1.2 This Project‘s Main Connection
The project‘s generator adopts the mode of unit connection, behind every generator outlet breaker, there are 2 HV
auxiliary transformers and 1 HV backup transformer; each HV auxiliary transformer supplies power to one section
11kv bus through the connection of the tie breaker. HV backup transformer supplies power to one section of 11kv bus,
and connected to another generator‘s backup section through tie switch. Bus adopts 3/2 connection. There are 2
generators, 4 outlet wires totally. Another one outlet wire‘s position used as backup.
2.2 HV Auxiliary Power System
Auxiliary power system means the system composed by the unit HV, LV auxiliary transformer and
shutdown/maintenance transformer and their power supplying networks and auxiliary load. Its power supplying scope
include auxiliary load, coal handling system, desulphurization system, de-ash system, water treatment system,
circulating water system inside the main workshop
HV auxiliary system is divided into 3.3KV and 11KV two systems
11KV HV auxiliary distribution device supply power to the bellowing load
 Electrical motor with rated capacity ≥1500kw
 11/3.45kv：distribution transformer
 11/0 433kv LV auxiliary transformer
33KV HV auxiliary distribution device supplying power to the below load
 Electrical motor with rated capacity≥200kw, and<1500kw
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2.3 LV Auxiliary Powe r System
415/240v LV auxiliary distribution device supplying power to the below load

 Electrical motor supplied by power center with rated capacity of 75kw —200kw and other load
 Electrical motor supplied by the MCC with the rated capacity below 75kw and other LV load
415/240V auxiliary system within the supplying scope of the main machine island is the type of single bus connection,
adopting 3 phases 4 wires system.
² In this phase project, 5 turbine MCC distribution sections set in every unit, supply power to turbine LV load with
the capacity less than 75kw within the main machines island supplying scope
They are turbine MCC1A section, turbine MCC1B section, turbine MCC2A section, turbine MCC2B section and
turbine 6.9m MCC section separately.
Among them, there is one sub-section breaker between turbine MCC1A section and turbine MCC1B, another
sub-section breaker between turbine MCC2A and turbine MCC2B, turbine 6.9 MCC section is one dual-power MCC
section. Primary drawing is as below:
In this phase project, 2 boiler MCC distribution sections set in every unit, supply power to boiler LV load with the
capacity less than 75kw within the machines island supplying scope
They are boiler MCC1 section and MCC2 section, both are dual-power. The primary drawing is as below
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 In this phase project, one public MCC distribution section set in 2 units, supply power to fuel oil and other
LV load with the capacity less than 75kw within the main machines island supplying scope.
 4 ESP proper distribution sections are set in ESP system temporarily.
They are ESP A, B, C, D section separately. Among them, there is one tie breaker between ESP A, B section,
and another one tie breaker between ESP C, D section. Primary drawin is as below:
2.4 Emergency Powe r System
Emergency power supply is set to supplying power to accident emergency load during full plant accident power off
causing unit out of control, equipment damaged, making the power supply can‘t be recovered in long time.
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In the main machines island, 2 sections turbine emergency MCC, 2 sections boiler emergency MCC are set and
connected to the corresponding emergency load. During normal operation, it‘s supplied by the corresponding LV
auxiliary working PC; when unit accident happens and shutdown, diesel generator unit should auto startup and
supplied power to emergency section.
The project will install one 1500KVA, 414V, 50Hz diesel engine to provide power to the whole plant‘s emergency
section MCC.
The working power incoming feeder CB of each emergency section is No 1 incoming feeder CB, backup incoming
feeder CB is No 2 CB
Its control logic is as below:
No 1 CB manual switching on conditions:
 No 1 CB is at the open position
 No 1 CB control circuit has no fault and No 1 CB has no faultily tripping
 Emergency section out of power
 No 2 CB is at the open position
 No 1 CB preparing switching conditions satisfied
 No 1 CB has selected ―remote‖ control mode
No 1 CB manual switching off conditions:
 No 1 CB has selected to be controlled by DCS
 No 1 CB is at the switching on position
No 1 CB automaitcal switching off conditions:
 No 1 CB is at the switching on position
 Emergency section power failure
No 2 CB manual switching on conditions:
 No2 CB is at the open position
 No 2 CB control circult has no fault and No 1 CB has no fautily tripping
 Emergency section out of power
 No 1 CB is at open postion
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 Diesel engine generator runs nornally
 Outlet CB of diesel engine generator is at switching on position
 No 2 CB preparing switching on positions satisfied
 No 2 CB has selected ―remote‖ control mode
No 2 CB manual switching off conditions:
 No 2 CB has selected to be controlled by DCS
 No 2 CB is at switching on position
No2 CB automatical switching on conditions
 Throw powr failure interlock startup in
 No 1 CB switches off
 No 2 CB control circuit has no fault and No 1 CB has no fautily tripping
 Emergency section power failure
 Diesel engine generator runs nornally
 Outlet CB of diesel engine generator is at switching off position
No 2 CB automatical switching off conditions
 5s after sending the No 2 CB switching off instruction, No 2 CB should at the switching off position, emergency
section should out of power
2.5 DC System
To guarantee the power supply to control load like control, signal, relay protection and auto device within the main
machines island, ensure the unit is safe, every unit main machines island is equipped with one 220V DC switch board.
Two circuit power inlet wires connect to different accumulator respectively and can be changeover according to the
requirement. The system generally made up by charger, accumulator, DC switchboard, insulation monitoring device,
voltage monitoring device.
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2.5.1 DC Insulation Monitoring Device:
The project uses Type PM3BJ DC system insulation monitoring device as DC insulation monitoring device
It‘s used for monitoring the DC system voltage, insulation of bus and all branches,
Functions and Characteristics:
Using liquid crystal and Chinese characters displaying, easy to operate;
Display the bus voltage value by digit, and monitor the bus overvoltage or under voltage situations;
Display the resistance value of earthing insulation of positive, negative bus by digit.automatical and manual pertrol
inspection to all branches insulation is available, the user could acquire the number of the faulted branch and
corresponding positive, negative insulation resistance value easily; the test accuracy of each branch insulation
resistance won‘t be affected by distributed capacitance
PM3BJ single section bus type is suitable for electrical power DC operation system of single section bus;
This device needs no signal insert to the DC system, so it has no affect the DC system;
Working Principle:
Bus Monitoring
During normal operation, the device will monitor the bus voltage, taking samples of its positive, negative earthing
voltage and sending to A/D transformer, after the processment of micro computer and digital calculation, directily
displaying the bus voltage value and corresponding earthing insulation resistance value of positive, negative bus. When
the bus earthing insulation resistance value is lower than setting warning threshold value, the device enters the branch
detecting state, measures and finds out the branch insulation lowing down and corrsesponding insulation resistance.
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Warning threshold value could be set by the user.
Branch Round Inspection
It will use specific DC sensor cover on the positive, negative feeder both at the same time, when the branch dosen‘t
earth, value of DC through the sensor is equal and with reverse direction, the magnetic fied generated will be balanced
out mutally. There is no signal come out from sensor secondary side; when one branch‘s positive or negative earthing,
then its positive, negative earthing DC leakage current‘s vetor sum won‘t be zero, the amount of leakage current will
reflect the value of branch‘s equivalent insulation resistance and send the signal of sensor secondary side to micro
computer after A/D transformation, after series of calculation could acquire the positive, negative pole earthing
resistance value of all earthing branches (possible more branches earthing at the same time). To the situation that the
insulation resistance value of branch positive, negative pole low down at the same time, after special processment, this
device could also detect that correctly.
Working Process
When the detected DC system has no earthing fault, the deivce keeps monitoring one or two sections‘ bus voltage or
positive, negative bus earthing insulation resistance value, and displays the bus parameter by digit.
When the detected DC system has earthing fault, the ―DC eathing‖ indicating lamp on the panel lights, the device will
automatically or indicate the user to manually operate, entering the branch round inspection process. The round
inspection mode of branch (auto or manual) could be set by user.
Note:
1) The device is not suitable for loop-powered DC system, mean more feeder branch supply pwer to one loaded
supplying system at the same time (the branch leakage sensor composites the loop will saturate);
2) When the device spots the AC earthing, will automatically or manually round inspec all branches, if no abnormal
branch spotted, then it could caused by:
DC bus or the electric circuit in front of it earthing;
1) Earthing branch‘s sensor break down;
2) Earthing branch dosen‘t covers the sensor;
3) If the earthing warning resistance value set by the user is too low, then when press the ―abnormal display‖ buttom,
it won‘t display the earthing branch whose real resistance is higher than the setting value;
4) When more points of non-metal earthing exist in the DC system, this device could find out earthing branches; if
one or more metal eathing points exist among them, this device could only find out one metal earthing branch
which is most close to this device(because leakage current of detected system has been short circuited by this
branch, other non-metal contanct and contact far away to this device have no current run through), only after
eliminate the fault of this metal earthing branch, could find out the second metal-earthing which is scond most
close to the device and so on, unitl all eathing branches have been find out.
2.6 Uninterrupted Powe r Supply
To guarantee the continuous power supply to the unit Distribution Control System, auto device, thermal protection,
smart device, regulating device and thermal meter, every unit is equipped with 2 sets of independent AC Uninterrupted
Power Supply device, using the same by-pass, could paralleling operate.
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Generally, the UPS system is composited by rectifier, inverter, static CB, manual by pass CB power, ac cumulator (DC
power), etc.
UPS Operation Mode
Normal Operation
During normal operation turn the manual by-pass CB (Q050) to the AUTO. AC input (municipal power supply of
rectifier) enters the rectifier controlled by phase angle through one municipal power supply reactor; rectifier will make
up the oscillations and changes of the municipal power supply voltage to maintain the stable DC voltage. Rectifier
supply power to the inverter, make sure connected battery is at the backup state (floating charge and step-up charge is
upon the battery‘s charging state and battery type). Then, inverter through optimizing the sinusoidal wave pulse
modulation control, transfer the DC voltage to AC voltage, supplying load directly or through one static CB EA.
Battery Operation
When the municipal power supply out of the required range or the rectifier breakdown, UPS will turn to battery
operation automatically, battery operation mode is: battery -> inverter -> static CB EA -> load
When the power drops or breakdown, inverter won‘t be supplied by rectifier anymore; by that time, the battery auto
put in, and supplying current continuously; when the battery discharging UPS will give signal, the lost of voltage will
be made up by inverter, so the UPS output voltage will be continuously unchanged.
If the it gets close to the lower limit of the battery discharging, UPS will give a warn signal, if it reaches the lower limit
of the battery discharging, system will turn to the bypass operation automatically. If there is no bypass power or the
bypass power beyond the allowed scope, system will auto shutdown. When municipal power recovered or diesel
generator emergency power startup, rectifier will recover power supply to the inverter immediately and charge the
battery at the same time. The above could only realize when UPS program is auto mode, municipal power supply has
recovered. If not, have to manual start it.
Bypass Operation
This system part can make the power equipment directly shift to bypass supplying uninterrupted within the allowed
tolerance. The changeover could be done by control signal or manually.
No matter the auto or manual normal changeover, it can only realize when the UPS voltage, frequency and phase are
synchronized with the bypass. Main municipal power supply error beyond the allowed scope will suppress the normal
changeover. It‘s possible that changeover the system to the bypass unsynchronized, it will cause a break of 10~20ms.
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When the system is synchronized with the municipal power, changeover only could be done manually.
When the power supply by inverter could not be guaranteed within the allowed scope, load will turn to being supplied
by the bypass automatically. When the bypass municipal breakdown, if the rectifier is available then the auto
changeover could be used, or turn to battery operation, if the battery is available and within the allowed tolerance (only
could be used in the situation that system is switched to bypass manually). So, it‘s possible that the output voltage
disappear temporary. Charging only, not supply power to the load.
3 Relay Protection and Auto Device
Purpose of relay protection: electrical system is composited by generator, transformer, bus bar, transmission and
distribution line and power equipment. All electrical components and whole system are in normal operation generally,
the fault and abnormal operation also could be possible, such as short circuit, disconnection, overload and so on.
Short circuit usually is accompanied with strong current; meanwhile the system voltage reduces a lot. Arc of short
circuit point and the short circuit current thermal effect and mechanical effect will directly damage the electrical
equipment, voltage reducing will affect the power consumer ‘s normal working. The more severe consequence of short
circuit is due to the voltage reducing, the stability of synchronized operation between the electrical system and power
plant will be broken, causing system oscillation, directly make the whole system collapse. So all kinds of short circuit
are the most common and hazardous
So called abnormal operation state means the normal operation of the system is interrupted, make the operation
parameter deflect the normal value. Like, long time overload operation will make the current-carrying part and
insulation materials of the electrical components overheat, make the equipment insulation aging accelerated or damage
the equipment.
The improper or delay disposal of the fault or abnormal operation may cause the accident in the electrical system and
personnel injury, equipment damage, consumer out of power supply, power quality dropping to the intolerant degree.
To avoid accident, relay protection is installed on the every electrical equipment of the electrical system, to reflect their
fault and abnormality so trigger the action of CB tripping or sending signal.
Task of Relay Protection
 Main purpose of the relay protection is automatically, selectively, quickly eliminate the faulted component from
the electrical system, and prevent the faulted component from further damage.
 When the protected component appears abnormal operation, protection device usually send the signal with a
certain delay, according to the personnel and equipment safety requirement, acts to the trip if necessary.
To guarantee the safe, reliable and continuous operation of electrical system, besides relay protection device, there are
auto reclose CB, backup power auto put in, auto changeover load, synchronal motor‗s auto excitation regulating and
other specific safety auto device. They are focus on the emergency disposal after accident or during abnormal
operation of system, ensure the continuous power supply to the important load and recover the normal operation of the
electrical system.
What should be pointed out is, as the expansion of the electrical system, the requirement for the safe operation is rising.
Relay protection device is not enough to guarantee the safe power supply. So the safety monitoring system which uses
all level‘s computers as center, adopting layered control mode should be set. The system could replace the manual
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control to all operation state including normal operation; ensure the safe operation of the electrical system.
Basic Requirement of Relay Protection
 Selectivity, means when the protection acts, it could cut off the faulted components from the electrical system
selectively, manage to diminish the power off range to ensure that the health part of the system could carry on safe
operation.
 Quick activity, when fault happens, the protection device should cut off the fault quickly. This could improve the
stability of the electrical system synchronized operation, reduce the time of consumer working under the low
voltage, diminish the damaging degree of the faulted component, prevent health equipment damage caused by
over-current
 Sensitivity means the react ability to the fault or abnormal operation happens within its protected range. In fact, it
requires the relay protection be able to react when the fault or abnormal operation happens within its protected
range.
 Reliability requires the protection device should act reliably when it have to, and no misoperation when it isn‘t
required to. No missing operation and misoperation.
3.1 Generator Transformer Unit Protection
The project uses the protection for the generator is the new generation, complete 32 digit protection device produced
by Shanghai Areva Electrical Automation Co., Ltd.
This series product adopts the international advance design concept, design technics and test platform.
3.1.1 The Device Has the Below Characteristics
High Dexterity, High Precision, High Capacity

²Using 32 bit CPU structure, HF main frequency, makes the product with rich function, perfect protection and stable
performance
²Ultra high capacity RAM and FLASH, could store 10.5s wave recording 20 times, or the overall length of 210s multi
wave recording.
² Flexible programmable logic function, completely visual logic program, make the protection could fully coordinate
with the binary input or between protections.
²Multi communication protocol integration, providing MODBUS, IEC60870-5-103, DNP3.0, COURIER 4 protocols.
²Integration of main and backup protection
²The same type device could perform different principle main protection, reduce the maintenance work.
Advance Technics
² Set double CT inside, different CT voltage ration only required changing terminal number
² Complete closure machine box with dust, water, electromagnet interruption, vibration proof function; terminal with
big contact
² 20 years‘ designed lifetime, no maintenance required full rage, no regulating component, with perfect self
inspection
² Strong expansion ability of hardware, digital input/output could be expanded according to the requirement.
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3.1.2 Protection for Realizing the Device
Protection Principle
P343 protection provide rich main, backup protection, here mainly briefly introduce all protection function‘s principle
and the details of protection the device could provide, related set value and its regulating scope please refer ―Set
Instruction of P34X Generator Protection Device‖
1) Differential protection
Ration restrain differential protection
Provide 2 ration set, initial gradient ―Gen Diff K1‖ will be used until through the current big curve ―Gen Diff s2‖, the
second section gradient ―Gen Diff K2‖ used in through current ― Gen Diff S2‖ above set.
For any value through current, percentage differential action current could be calculated by the below formula:
1 2
Protection action formula as below:
Its differential characteristic as showed in Picture 3 – 1
Picture 3 – 1 percentage restrain differential protection characteristic

High impedance differential protection
High impedance differential protection principle connection as showed in Picture 3 – 2, for P343 device, the main
judege reference is current through the stable resistance. The ―R‖ in the Picture means relay; device‘s configuration
showed as Picture 3 – 3.
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Picture 3 – 3 High impedance differential protection principle
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Picture 3-3 P343 Apply the High impedance differential protection connection
2) Transverse differential protection
Transverse differential protection acts on the interturn short circuit of generator stator, phase fault can be also acted,
reflect sealing-off of any parallel winding of the stator, protect unbalance current among stator parallel winding with
very high third harmonic filtration ratio.
Current comes from single or multiple TA current among parallel winding neutral points of generator stator. Trip or
signal can be finished by time lag, as well as interacted with other protection or input, such as interacted with rotor one
point grounding protection. 。
P343 provided a special CT which is applied to unit zero-sequence transverse differential protection.
3) Phase over-current protection
P34X relay provided a four-section directional over-current component, which provided time-lag reserve protection for
systems and high set-point protection of quick action for motor faults.
Each over-current protection with time lag, among these, the first section and second section can choose inverse time
lag or definite time. The third section and fourth section are only provided DT characteristic, which are set to zero to
cause instantaneous action. Each section can be chose to enable or disable.
4) Negative sequence over-current protection
As the reserve of external asymmetrical fault, protection provided four sections DT negative sequence over-current
protection. Each section can be set with or without direction, the direction polarization quantity is negative sequence
voltage; and direction angle can be set freely. To prevent misoperation of negative sequence over-current protection
with direction when PT breaks line, the protection can be set PT line broke blocking.
5) System reserve protection
System reserve protection mainly serves three ways: voltage controlled over-current protection, voltage limited
over-current protection, and low-impedance protection. Ways of protection characteristic as following:
Voltage controlled over-current protection
The way of protection action characteristic as shown in picture 3-4, when voltage is lower than setting value,
correspondingly reduce threshold of current to the product of original setting value and over-current factor.
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Current
setting
Measuring voltage
Picture 3-4 Action characteristic of voltage controlled over-current protection

Voltage limited over-current protection
The difference between voltage limited over-current protection and voltage controlled over-protection is voltage
limited over-current protection changing threshold related to a current and voltage linear in two setting voltage scope.
The action characteristic is shown in picture 3-5.
Current
setting
Measuring voltage
Picture 3-5 Action characteristic of voltage limited over-current protection

Low-impedance protection
Protection measured impedance values among three phases, any impedance acts in the setting scope. Action
characteristic is an impedance circle without direction, the centre at the original point.
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Trip
Picture 3-6 Action characteristic of low-impedance protection

6) Voltage protection
Device provided two-section over voltage and two-section low voltage protection, both can be set measuring to be line
voltage or phase voltage as well as can be set any phase voltage low action or three-phase voltage full low action; the
first time characteristic of over voltage or low voltage can choose definite time or inverse time lag, the second time
characteristic choose definite time only. Each section can put into or quit freely, among these, low voltage protection
can be blocked by breaker broke from the position.
7) Negative sequence voltage protection
Device provided a section of negative sequence voltage protection, as a component of over-current protection of
generator compound voltage or as asymmetry protection of generator voltage by measuring negative sequence phase
voltage. The protection set a section of setting value and a section of time lag, which can quit by negative sequence
protection to put into / quit the breaker.
8) Frequency protection
Device provided four-section low frequency and two-section over frequency protection, each section can be put into or
quitted freely, among these, low frequency protection can be blocked by breaker broke from the position; each section
can have the characteristic of definite time, which can act on signal or trip.
9) Frequency abnormal protection
To prevent generator is working outside the rated frequency for a long time to cause generator mechanical damaged,
device provided six-section frequency abnormal protection with the function of time accumulation; each protection can
be set upper limit and lower limit of frequency freely, time accumulation is stored in battery memory of keeping
memory, to ensure memorizing generator abnormal frequency working condition after direct circuit disappeared. Each
setting value of time accumulation can be set separately, the maximum setting value can up to 3.6MS. To prevent
wrongly accumulated time in each frequency when the generator startup, each protection should provide a setting for
time delay. Following picture shows the time accumulation process of frequency abnormal protection.
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Picture 3-7 Time accumulation of frequency abnormal protection

10) Excitation loss protection
P34X excitation loss protection includes two components, one is impedance component with two-section time lag, the
other one is power factor alarm component, which shown in picture 3-7. The components base on A phase circuit, A
phase voltage and A phase impedance measured after the input of relays IA and VA. Impedance component can be set
time lag and time return separately. Power factor alarm component mainly judges input phase angle of generator, the
alarm from alarm angle over setting can be delay.
On account of the high judgment requirement from large unit to excitation loss protection, necessary to have the
judgments of system low voltage, generator terminal over current and excitation low voltage, etc. for combining with
judgments, this way can use protection components equipped inside the device to edit and assemble excitation loss
protection logic needed on site. Here instruction for a basic component fof excitation protection.
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Impedance of generator
normal operation
Alarm angle
Picture 3-8 Impedance component characteristic of excitation loss protection

11) Over-load protection on rotator surface
Device provided a negative sequence overload alarm and a negative sequence overheat inverse time lag, computing
formula of negative sequence current as following:
Computing formula of negative sequence overheat time characteristic:
Among these:
12>2 Current set is negative sequence start-up current of negative sequence
12>2k Setting is time constant of negative sequence
12 is negative sequence current of actual measurement
Moreover, negative sequence overheat section provided maximum action time and minimum action time, which are
used in coordinating with adjacent component protection and ensuring generator does not bear exceeding rated heat
capacity.
12) Power protection
P34X Standard power protection component of relay according to following formula to calculate three-phase active
power, using relay input terminals la, lb, lc and Va, Vb, Vc during the calculating.
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P =Vala cosφ a+Vblb cosφ b+Vclc cosφ c
Two sections of power protection provided can be separately set to reverse power, over power, low forward power or
be forbidden, each power protection can be delay startup or return as well as be disconnected the latch by machine
terminal circuit breaker.
13) Longitudinal zero-sequence interturn protection blocked by negative sequence power direction
Short circuit between interphase and interturn in generator is the asymmetry from generator terminal three phases to
neutral (neutral point of generator does not grounded directly), i.e. generator terminal three phases occurs longitudinal
zero-sequence voltage 3Uo for neutral point; when single phase grounding fault occurs in internal or external of
generator, generator terminal three phases occurs horizontal zero-sequence voltage 3Uo for earth. To detect short
circuit between interphase and interturn of generator (including stator winding sealing-off fault), 3Uo should be
measured but not reacted, to avoid confounding single phase earth fault (corresponding protection only sends alarm
signal but not trip) and unsymmetrical short-circuit (corresponding protection action trips immediately), so special
potential transformer should be equipped. Its primary neutral point connected with generator neutral point directly and
grounding is not allowed, so the primary winding of instrument transformer should be full insulated. The configuration
shown in following picture 3-9:
Picture 3-9 Special PT configuration way of longitudinal zero-sequence protection

The principle of interturn protection utilizes the coordination with special zero-sequence voltage, negative sequence
apparent power and negative sequence current direction protection components in the device for realization. The locking
way of negative sequence power direction can be two kinds, one is to consist coincidence gate of forward direction with
negative sequence apparent power flowed into from generator and longitudinal zero-sequence, the other one is to block
longitudinal zero-sequence by forward direction with negative sequence apparent power flowed out from generator, the
former has some advantages.
The logic of former scheme shown in following picture 3-10:
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Interturn protection action
Picture 3-10 Interturn protection logic diagram of forward direction with negative sequence power flowed out
from generator
The logic of latter scheme shown in following picture 3-11:
Interturn protection action
Picture 3-11 Interturn protection logic diagram of forward direction with negative sequence power
flowed into from generator
Among these, VN2 is longitudinal zero-sequence voltage threshold, I2>1 is applied to judge negative sequence power
direction, S2 is negative sequence power threshold, VTS Fast Block is PT wire-break blocking.
14) Stator grounding protection
Protection device provided multi-way grounding protection components, among these, there are two-section
zero-sequence over current, high-resistance or low-resistance restrained grounding based on current judgment;
sensitive zero-sequence direction grounding and sensitive power direction grounding based on current and voltage
judgments; two-section 3Uo stator grounding and third harmonic voltage stator grounding based on voltage judgment.
Among these, third harmonic voltage stator grounding can be constituted 100% of stator grounding protection with any
grounding protection based on current or voltage. The basic principles and options of each grounding protection
introduced as following:
Zero-sequence over current protection
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Device provided two-section zero-sequence over current protection, using single zero-sequence CT to switch in,
among these, the first section can choose inverse time lag or definite time with various international standards, the
second section only provided definite time characteristic. The components can signal or trip.
Sensitive current grounding/restrained grounding protection
Device uses separate single sensitive CT to switch in, which requires CT has higher sensitivity and linearity; sensitive
current and restrained grounding protection can be provided various ways as following : sensitive current direction
grounding, sensitive power direction grounding, high-resistance restrained grounding, low-resistance restrained
grounding, low-resistance restrained grounding and sensitive current direction grounding, low -resistance restrained
grounding and sensitive power direction grounding, any of the direction can be put into or quitted freely.
Zero-sequence overvoltage (3Uo) stator grounding protection
Protection comes from zero-sequence voltage of generator terminal or neutral point, or self produce from three-phase
voltage. The two measuring ways separately provided two-section setting value and time limit, among these, the first
section can choose definite time or reverse time lag, and reverse time lag can be returned with delay.
Third harmonic voltage (3W) stator grounding protection
Protection comes from third harmonic voltage of generator terminal or neutral point, which has very high filtration
ratio. According to the different changes between generator terminal third harmonic voltage and neutral point third
harmonic voltage of generator third harmonic when the stator closes to neutral point grounding, during generator
closed to neutral point grounding, generator terminal third harmonic voltage will be ris ing, and neutral point third
harmonic voltage will be declining. Therefore, protection provided two types of over voltage type and low voltage type,
and low voltage type can be set blocking of low voltage, low active power, low reactive power, and low apparent
power to prevent protection misoperation when units shutdown. Third harmonic voltage stator grounding protection
has very high sensitivity, which can be constituted 100% of stator grounding protection with zero-sequence
over-voltage stator grounding protection, zero-sequence over-current stator grounding protection and sensitive current
grounding/restrained grounding protection.
15) Over-excitation protection
P34x relay provided a section of over-excitation alarm and four-section over-excitation trip protection components,
protection measures the ratio V/HZ of voltage and frequency, and acts when the ratio exceeded setting value. Alarm
section is fixed definite time, which can be provided protection alarm, the first section of trip has the delay
characteristics of definite time or reverse time lag, besides, it can provide three-section definite time trip components.
The characteristic of reverse time lag as following formula:

TMS
t=(M-1)2
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In the formula of V/f
M= (V/f Trip setting value)
V=Voltage measured
F=Frequency measured
16) Inadvertent energizing protection
Inadvertent energizing protection automatically quit operation after generator paralleled in, automatically put into
operation after paralleled off. To ensure correct action of the component, voltage input of relay should come from
potential transformer of generator side, and the voltage transformer of bus side is not allowable. Moreover, according
to actual need on site to increase auxiliary logic judgment at the position such as circuit breaker position, etc. Picture
3-8 shows internal logic of inadvertent energizing protection.
Trip
Instantaneous over-current detector

Three-phase low-voltage detector
VT fault output of monitoring logic
from voltage transformer
Picture 3-12 Internal fixed logic of inadvertent energizing protection

17) Generator out-of-step protection
Out-of-step protection reflects change trajectory of measuring impedance at generator terminal. It only reflects
out-of-step condition of generator, reliably to avoid system short circuit and stable vibration, and can distinguish the
accelerating out-of-step protection and decelerating out-of-step when out-of-step begin oscilliation.
P343 Out-of-step characteristic is composed of three parts, which shown in R/X of picture 3-9. The first part is
dual-lens curve; the second part is a straight line, which is called live axle. The axle is divided into two equal
hyperbolas, and is divided impedance plane into left and right halves equally. The third part is reactance line, and the
straight line is orthogonal with live axle.
Slop θ of live axle and hyperbolas is dictated by system total impedance. Equivalent impedance of system and step-up
transformer decided the impedance ZA at the forward reach of hyperbolas, and transient reactance of generator dictated
the impedance ZB at the reverse reach of hyperbolas. Width of the hyperbolas varies with different setting of angle α.
The reactance line, orthogonal with hyperbolas and live axle, is applied to defining the impedance swing centre is lay
in generator or power system. According to the point ZC of live axle on hyperbolas to draw the straight line shown in
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diagram 3-9, reactance line is divided hyperbolas into two reaches, reach 1 and reach 2 (inductive line upper half and
inductive line lower half).
Value Zc determined the distance between reactance line and original point. In high-voltage power system, the
reactance line can provide us a method for judging two conditions of generator out-of-step and system power swing.
When the value of Zc determined, enough overmeasure should be reversed to ensure it can cover the reactance of
step-up transformer. Generally we advise to set Zc to be 90% of transformer reactance.
Live axle
Reactance line
Hype rbola
Picture 3-13 Out-of-step protection using characteristics of live axle and hyperbola
18) Circuit breaker fail protection
Circuit breaker fail protection uses two timers, ‗CB Fail 1 Timer‘ and ‗CB Fail 2 Timer‘, which can be conPictured
according to following conditions:
Simple circuit breaker fail protection only uses ‗CB Fail 1 Timer‘. When CB opened due to isolation fault, ‗CB Fail 1
Timer‘ will be started up and then recovered normally. At this time, if protection device didn‘t detect CB disconnection,
‗CB Fail 1 Timer‘ will close CB fail output contact due to time exceeded (Fault output contact can be defined by
programmable logic scheme). The contact is applied to reverse trip protection of upper switchgear, and full input line
from disconnection to fault bus under general condition.
Secondary trip protection design scheme with reserve delay trip protection. In such application,‗CB Fail 1 Timer‘ is
applied to send trip command to secondary trip control circuit of the same CB. The way requires CB to be dual trip
coils construction, which is called the second trip scheme. If secondary trip failed, protection device also sends reverse
trip command after a certain time delay. Reverse trip use ‗CB Fail 2 Timer‘ for timing, the timer also starts time
counting at the moment of protection component primarily sends trip command. The working way of ‗CB Fail 1 Timer‘
and ‗CB Fail 2 Timer‘ can be conPictured, they can be triggered by trip command sent from protection component in
protection relay, also can be triggered by trip command of external protection device. To isolate input end from a
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photoelectricity of protection relay through using programmable graphic logic language, which is defined as ‗External
Trip‘, and it can achieve the above-mentioned second working way of timer.
The resetting of CB fail protection has various ways, which can be reset by non-current, CB disconnection and
non-current, protection return and non-current, etc.
19) Generator thermal over-load protection
Protect heating curve of analog generator, the heating equation as following:
t=Tln(Ieq2-Ip2)/(Ieq2-(Thermal I>)2)
Thereamong:
T: Thermal constant of the protected objective
Leq: Equivalent current of actual measurement
Lp: Thermotolerant current
Thermal I>: Thermal current setting value can be set different constants for generator heating and cooling, to more
realistically simulate generator heating and cooling curves.
Monitoring function of device:
Potential transformer circuit (PT) monitoring
Potential transformer (PT) monitoring is applied to detect fault of single phase, two phases or three phases PT,
provided indication signal and optionally blocked protection components related to voltage signal. During the
application with MCB or other external potential transformer monitoring equipments, a photoelectricity input contact
can be set to start up alarm and blocking to the potential transformer monitoring.
Current transformer circuit (CT) monitoring
Current transformer (CT) monitoring is applied to detect fault of each phase CT signal, and optionally blocked
protection components related to current signal. Differential protection device can provide secondary CT monitoring,
and can be applied to block differential protection.
CB monitoring
Device can achieve CB status and condition monitoring through input of CB auxiliary contact and current
measurement when acts on CB, timely send CB fault or maintenance alarm.
Under the status of CB opened and closed, protection is monitoring trip circuit. Monitoring is achieved by
photoelectricity isolates input contact and programmable scheme logic.
3.2 Automatic Device Overview
Power plant electric automatic device (or called electric automatic control device) has two types: i.e. automatic
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adjusting device and automatic operation device. The former includes as generator excitation automatic adjusting
device, frequency and active power automatic adjusting device; the latter includes as synchronizing generator
automatic parallel device.
Electric automatic control device is main link in automatic control system. Any automatic control system can be
showed in following picture:
Control Measuring
information information
Operating status information of control objective is sent to automatic control device, which will overall analys is the
information sent, and sends out control information according control requirement, that is controlling command to
achieve the scheduled control target. According to the composition and characteristics of power system, the automatic
control system is roughly divided into following aspects.
Automatic monitoring and control of power systems
The main task of automatic monitoring and control of power systems is to improve secure and economic operation of
power system. Each power plant and substation of power systems sends real-time information of reflecting power
system operation state from remote terminal device to computer system of the dispatch control center, the compu ter
timely analyze the operation of power system and display state by man-machine interface system for the operating
personnel. This not only for the operating personnel to focus on creating conditions for conducting grid operation, but
also preventive measures took timely after safety analysis can greatly improve the security of grid operation. At the
same time, this can greatly improve economic operation of power systems with the support of computer economic
operation software.
Power plant power machinery controlled automatically by power plant power machinery has very big difference with
different types of power plant, such as water power plant, thermal power plant, nuclear power plant, etc., whose power
equipments are entirely different as well as a great disparity in control requirements and control discipline. Automatic
control of power plant power machinery is the main component of power plant automatic control. The newly-installed
200MW above turbo-generator unit needs to equip special computer for monitoring.
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3.2.1 Automatic Device of Power System
Main electrical connection scheme equipment in power plant and substation operates automatic devices of control and
operation is basic automation equipment directly in service to security and economy of power system as well as
ensuring electric energy quality.
Synchronous generator is machinery produced electric energy by conversion of energy, shown in the diagram below.
It has two controllable inputs -- power element and the excitation current, the output includes active power and reactive
power, they are also associated with the grid frequency and power quality of generator terminal voltage, such as P - f
controller and Q - U controller shown in the diagram are automatic devices for power systems maintain power quality.
The operation of electrical equipments is divided into two types of normal operation and anti-accident operation. Such
as the operation of generator parallel in operation according to operation plan is normal operation. The emergency
operation to prevent accident spreading when accident occurs in network is anti-accident operation. The automatic
operation device of taking corresponding measures for systemic emergency of power system is called power system
safety automatic control device. Automation of electrical equipment operation is the basis of power system automation.
3.2.2 Synchronous Device
Automatic parallel of synchronous generator
All generator units in power system are parallel operation. The so-called parallel operation is each generator rotor in
system is rotating with the same electrical angular velocity, phase-angle difference among all generator rotors will not
exceed allowable limit value; and reduced voltage of generator outlet is approximately equal. Only meet these
conditions, generator in power system can be parallel operation. Meanwhile, generator is operating in system is called
synchronous operation.
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Synchronous generator as well as each power system combined together for parallel operation will bring huge
economic benefits. On the one hand to improve reliability of power supply and quality of electric energy; on the other
hand to distribute load more reasonably, in order to reduce reverse capacity of the system and make full use of various
power resources, to achieve the purpose of economical operation.
Generally, generator unit and other generators are not synchronous before power system parallel operation put into. If
you want to make it parallel operation with other generators operated in system, should according to certain
requirements for completing all of the operations. This operation of putting generator into power system parallel
operation is called parallel operation or synchronous operation. The device is applied to completing parallel operation
is called synchronous device. Parallel operation is an important and frequent operation in power plant, which should be
treated seriously, in order that after parallel operation, generator can quickly achieve the purpose of synchronous
operation. During normal operation, units for generator operation in power system will be varied frequently with the
load fluctuations. Synchronous generator should take parallel operation frequently to put units into system for parallel
operation. When accident occurred, usually use parallel operation to rapidly put reverse generator into network
operation, in order to rapidly resume normal operation of total system. Parallel operation should be accurate; otherwise,
if improper operation or misoperation occurred, will bring extremely serious consequences to power systems:
1) Possible to produce huge surge current, even huger than short current of generator terminal;
2) To cause serious decline in system voltage;
3) To make power system causes oscillation so that the system collapsed;
4) Powerful electromotive force produced from surge current possibly causes serious damage to electrical
equipments, so that difficult to recover in short term.
To rapidly pull motor into synchronization after parallel operation, before the operation, generally according to
different parallel methods to make generators waited for parallel meet certain conditions. No matter adopt what kind of
operation method, should work together to follow the basic requirements and principles :
1) During parallel operation, surge current should be as small as possible, its instantaneous value maximum should
not exceed the allowable value (such as rated current for once to twice);
2) After generator put into systems, should be rapidly pulled into synchronous operation status, the temporal status
should be short in order to reduce turbulence to power systems.
Parallel Modes of Synchronous Generator
Parallel modes of synchronous generator are divided into quasi-synchronization parallel and self-synchronization
parallel, their usage and using conditions are different.
1） Quasi-synchronization parallel Quasi-synchronization parallel coupled with excitation to generator did not put
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into the system, and adjust the voltage and frequency, put generator into systems when meeting parallel condition
(i.e. voltage and frequency are equal with system, as well we the same phases). If CB closed under the ideal
condition, the current value of generator stator circuit will be zero, which won‘t produce impact from current or
electromagnetic torque. This is the biggest advantage of quasi-synchronization parallel. However, in actual
parallel operation, difficult to achieve above-mentioned ideal conditions, it will always produce certain current
impact and electromagnetic torque impact. Generally, as long as the impact is not serious, and won‘t exceed the
allowable range, it won‘t bring any damage to generator. But actually the difference always existed, if big
frequency difference between the two, which is the speed of generator before parallel is too fast or too slow, and
after parallel overmuch positive or negative active load took rapidly, even may be out of parallel. If big voltage
difference between the two, impact balancing current with reactive nature occurred when CB closed; if big phase
angle difference when CB closed, impact balancing current with active nature occurred. To reduce this impact, in
actual operation, adjusting voltage and frequency from generator waited for parallel and system for waited
parallel before CB closed, at the same time to meet following three conditions of quasi-synchronization parallel:
a) Frequency condition: Keep frequency of generator waited for parallel closes to system frequency, generally
frequency difference should not exceed 0.2 ~ 0.5%.
b) Voltage condition: Keep voltage of generator waited for parallel closes to equal system voltage, generally
voltage difference should not exceed 5~10%.
c) Phase angle condition: When above-mentioned conditions has been adjusted to meet requirements, some
time earlier to send off pulse to the CB before voltage phase angles of CB on both sides are coincident, so
that the phase angles between voltage of CB on both sides exactly to be zero in instant of closing CB, at this
time surge current will be minimum. Usually the phase angle difference is not available to exceed 10 degrees
or so.
Above-mentioned conditions can be met due to adjusting frequency, voltage and phase angle of generator by
quasi-synchronization parallel, so the surge current will be very small after CB closed, rapidly pulled to parallel
with minimal turbulence for the system. Therefore, quasi-synchronization parallel is the most widely applied to
power system. Under normal operation condition, generally to adopt quasi-synchronization parallel for operation,
must prevent non-synchronization parallel during adopting quas i-synchronization parallel, otherwise generator
may be damaged. If non-synchronization CB closed when the phase-difference between generator and systems is
equal to 180 degrees, the surge current of generator stator winding will be twice as big as three-phase short circuit
of generator outlet. Great impact electromagnetic torque will be caused when non-synchronization parallel, under
the most adverse conditions, the maximal impact electromagnetic torque of hydroelectric generator with damper
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winding may reach 8 to 26 times the rated torque, but the maximal electromagnetic torque when three-phase short
circuit instantly be only 3 to 8 times the rated value. The above explained non-synchronization parallel may
damage the generator seriously. For example, a generator non-synchronization parallel during
quasi-synchronization parallel in 1997 in our country, the result of generator damaged seriously caused insulation
damage of stator winding to short circuit, and the generator damaged seriously. The main reasons of
non-synchronization are secondary connection error, incorrect action of synchronous devices, misoperation by
operators, etc. To prevent above-mentioned hazard, to require the contact related to synchronization must be
accurate, the tolerance of synchronous devices or instruments must meet the requirements, and the operation
should be took by experienced operators when manual quasi-synchronization operation, etc.
2） When accident occurred in self-synchronization parallel system, the voltage and frequency will be reduced and
varied. Meanwhile, quasi-synchronization parallel will be in trouble, thus self-synchronization parallel occurred.
Self-synchronization increases speed of synchronous generator of final excitation current to be close to system
frequency; under the conditions of slip angle frequency does not exceed the allowable value as well as unit
acceleration is lower than a setting value, firstly to put generator into system, thereupon put excitation current into
the rotator. Under normal condition, power system can pull parallel generator to synchronization.
Self-synchronization has no requirements to angle and voltage conditions, and rotating condition can be relaxed.
General allowable slip will be 2~3% in normal condition and will reach 10% in emergency condition. The most
advantage of self-synchronization parallel is quick parallel process and simple operation. Due to generator waits
for parallel without excitation when put into system, this parallel way fundamentally eliminated the possibility of
non-synchronization. Meanwhile, parallel operation is simple. It does not have the problems of adjusting and
calibrating voltage and phase angle, only adjust the rotating speed of generator, which is easy to achieve
automation of operation process. In addition, self-synchronization can significantly reduce time required for
parallel. The hydroelectric generator with automatic self-synchronization parallel usually needs 20~40 seconds
only or less from emitting boot pulse to generator out into system. The advantage of self-synchronization parallel
creates good condition for starting up reverse units when low frequency and low voltage occurred in power
system emergency. It plays an important role for preventing system collapse and emergency expand as well as
rapidly recovering normal working of system. When generator put into system applied self-synchronization
parallel, as generator without excitation, which is equal to system occurred short circuit when system through
very small sub-transient reactance of generator, so the impact current is large when CB closed, it will bring
system voltage declining for short time. Electromotive force brought from impact current may cause adverse
effect to stator winding insulation and stator winding end; impact electromagnetic torque will also cause torsion
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and vibration to unit shaft. But generally, comparing with crash three-phase short circuit of generator outlet, will
be shorter time and quicker attenuation for impact current and impact electromagnetic torque.
Maximum impact current in self-synchronization CB closed must be smaller than the current when three phases
short circuit in generator outlet, generally the generator can bear the impact current. Because crash three-phase
short circuit is a condition must be considered when designed and manufactured generator, the usage of
self-synchronization usually won‘t cause serious result to generator. For the reduce of voltage, as generator
rapidly added excitation after put into it, and rapid excitation and excitation forcing device of other generators in
system are operating, usually they can recover voltage to 95% or above of the rated value, which won‘t affect
normal operation for the users. Noteworthy is crash three-phase short circuit of generator is infrequent, and
parallel operation needed frequently. Frequently to adopt self-synchronization, electromotive force of impact
current may cause accumulating deformation and damage to stator winding insulation of generator and the end.
Especially in self-synchronization, generator is usually at cold state; its adverse effect may be more serious than
three-phase short circuit at hot state. All these are the disadvantages of self-synchronization. So, generator with
adverse conditions in stator winding insulation aged or end fixed should be limited in using self-synchronization
frequently. In addition, when self-synchronization parallel, reduced value and recovered time of network voltage
related to the factors of capacity of input generator, etc. Under general condition, this voltage reduced won‘t affect
normal operation of system, but for the generators with larger proportion of total generating capacity in the system,
when needed should be calculated by each main voltage monitoring node in order to confirm the usage of
self-synchronization or not.
Quasi-synchronization parallel and self-synchronization parallel have different advantages and disadvantages. To
reduce impact of system when generator paralleled, ‗Relay Protection and Security Automatic Device Technical
Requirement‘ 3.6.2 as following: Under normal situation, synchronous generator parallel should be used by
quasi-synchronization parallel; under emergency situation, hydraulic generator can be used self-synchronization,
turbonator below 100MW can be also used self-synchronization. With the generalize and popularization of
microcomputer automatic quasi-synchronization devices, accuracy and reliability of automatic
quasi-synchronization are guaranteed, the time of parallel process is much shorted, the rapidity completely can be
compared with self-synchronization, so less and less use for self-synchronization.
3） Selection of synchronous node and introduction of synchronous voltage
The choice of synchronous node aims to achieve parallel operation with system, Power plants must have parts of
CB are took parallel operation by synchronous device (i.e. synchronous close CB), these are applied to
synchronization parallel circuit breaker, namely called synchronous node. In general, if a circuit breaker is
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disconnected, both sides have power and might without synchronization; the breaker should be synchronization
node. ‗Relay Protection and Security Automatic Device Technical Requirement‘ 3.6.1 showed that: In power plant,
the following breaker can be synchronized operation, such as generators, transformers group high-voltage sides of
generator duplex winding group, each power side of generator three-winding transformer groups, low voltage side
or high voltage side of duplex winding transformer, each supply side of three-winding transformer , busbar
subsection, busbar contact, bypass, 35KV and above system link line, and other CB possible to have
asynchronous close CB.
The introduction of the synchronous voltage adopts quasi-synchronizing for parallel, which needs to compare
with amplitude, frequency and phase of generator waited for parallel and system voltage. Therefore, should lead
waited generator and system voltage to synchronous device for comparative judgment. The voltage led to
synchronous device usually took from different voltage transformers. In power plants, if step-up transformer uses
Y/△一 11 for connection, corresponding voltage phases on both sides of this transformer are different, due to
transformer is applied to obtain synchronous voltage is possible to be installed in different places, some installed
in generator voltage side, some installed in transformer hv side, and transformer itself also have different
connection, so it may occur this circumstance, that is the voltage phase led to synchronous device obtained from
transformer secondary winding mismatches the actual voltage phase of waited generator and system on both sides
of synchronous node, this may cause asynchronous close CB. In order to avoid this situation, we must ensure
voltage phase obtained from transformer matches the actual voltage phase on both sides of synchronous node. For
the situation introduced the voltage phase mismatch, should according to the specific situation, or using change
voltage transformer connected group, or using corner transformer correcting voltage phase. In addition, all input
voltage of synchronous device is 100V, therefore, should guarantee secondary voltage of all voltage transformer
in synchronous is 100V.
4） Basic principle of synchronous parallel
Under the situation of meeting parallel conditions, to use quasi-synchronization parallel to put generator waited
for parallel into network for operation. It can make impact current be very small and minimal disturbance to
network in the condition of reliable control only. Therefore, quasi-synchronization is main parallel way in
operation of power system.
Construction principle of automatic quasi-synchronization device automatic quasi-synchronization device according to
its construction principle to be divided into two kinds as following:
1) Constant ryoma phase-angle synchronous device
This device required to send switching pulse early from a constant phase before pulsating voltage exceeds zero
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provides for zero before the voltage pulse. Since ryoma phase-angle is constant, the ryoma time cannot be a
certain value. So in theory, cannot guarantee satisfy quasi-synchronizing conditions, resulting in impact current
occurred possibly is larger than the devices‘ below mentioned constant ryoma time when close CB. In order to
make impact current value is not exceed allowable value when close CB, the allowable value of slip frequency
must be limited in a certain scope, the value can be calculated and obtained according to the parameters of
generator. Needed ryoma phase angle can be obtained. Because of its simple structure, formerly many power
plants have used such devices, but they already gradually are replaced by synchronous devices with constant
ryoma time and better performance. However, the principle using pulse voltage values to reflect the phase angle
difference still has been adopted widely.
2) Constant ryoma time synchronous device
This device required to send switching pulse early from a constant ryoma time, whose value is equal to switching
time of the CB. So for different kinds of slip conditions (as long as matching frequency difference conditions), the
time amount n advance of sending off pulse is unchanged in principle. Therefore, basically quasi-synchronization
condition can be met in parallel with small difference and small impact current only. This device is widely applied
currently in the power system.
Synchronous devices used for this project are SYN5202 automatic synchronous devices made by ABB Company.
SYN5202 auto synchronization device operation state

S/N Equipment LED display Description
1 Fault locking BLOCKED &ERROR Equipment break down and is locked

state
2 No-fault locking BLOCKED Equipment is at Setting mode or Test mode, mean it is at
state a kind of safe state for equipment commissioning and
maintenanc
Setting Mode: equipment won‘t send any instruction
Test Mode
²Test Mode(could be configurated according to digital
input and output): during synchronization test operation,
usually synchronization operation will be started by
adjustment instruction, but the parallelizing instruction
will be transferred by configurable relay, not through
instruction relay;
² TESTton(paramaeter): forced sending parallelizing
instruction
²TESTU_Match(parameter): forced sending parallelizing
instruction;
²TEST f-Match(parameter): forced sending frequency
adjusting instruction
3 Ready state READY Ready, synchronization could be started
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4 Operation state OPERATING Synchronization operation is going on
Synchronization operation syquence
 First, should connect the electronic equipment to the power (recommend: permanent connection)
 Pre-selection should be completed by digital input (parameter collection, paralleling point and other possible
option);
 After all pre-selection completed, use the startup impulse to choose synchronization. Pre-selection and startup
impulse could be carried on simultaneously. Startup impulse should be kept at least 0.5s (recommend: 1-2s), but,
it could be kept at activated state before synchronization operation ends (stops).
 After sending the startup instruction, it will connect to relay contact used for selecting paralleling point.
Adjustable parameter locking time t block could prevent sending instruction during choose measuring maximum
voltage and before choose measuring maximum voltage. If choose parameter collection aftermath,then parameter
locking time t block begin to count, locking time t block‘s default value is 2s.
 When synchronization device is carrying on synchronization operation, system will refuse any changes made to
the parameter collection.
 Stop synchronization operation
 Generally, could use connecting breaker auxiliary contact (permanent open) to stop synchronization operation.
This contact‘s signal will be transferred to SYNCHROTACT 5, then synchronization device stop inputting.
 Under some special instance, stop synchronization operation could without connecting breaker; by then one
parallel stop instruction will be transferred to SYNCHROTACT 5 synchronization device (manual trigger or auto
trigger).
Stop signal should be kept at least 0.5s (recommend: 1-2s), but also could be kept activated before restart new
synchronization operation.
3.3 Auxiliary Power Switching Device
3.3.1 Principle and Analysis of Auxiliary Power Switching
One of the characteristics of large-capacity thermal power unit when auxiliary power switching is adopting unit plant
centralized control way, the security reliability of auxiliary power system plays an important role to total unit as well as
security and reliability of total plant, and auxiliary power switching is an important link of total auxiliary power system,
the basic requirement from generator unit to auxiliary power switching is security and reliability, the security embodied
in no equipment damaged in switching process, and reliability embodied in improving success ratio of switching, to
reduce emergency of boiler shutdown and operation stopped caused by reverse change over-current or important
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auxiliaries trip.
The previous auxiliary power switching mainly adopt following ways:
1） Relay starts up reverse power for inputting directly or through low voltage relay delay with the auxiliary contact
of working CB
2） Add delay when closing circuit to avoid 180°opposition closing CB for short delay
Electric or electronic synchronization checking relay for another series of ordinary machine during closing circuit
3） String residual voltage verification link in switching circuit is called residual voltage switching. But according to
relevant material, above several auxiliary power switching way are not good enough to meet the safety and
reliability requirements. Domestic relevant material has provided many problems and accidents related to
auxiliary power switching, such as shut down equipments and boiler, equipments damaged, etc. In fact some
problems from auxiliary power switching undeserved are obvious and sudden, and some are gradually varied,
such as motor or reverse transformer might not be immediately damaged by once or twice impacts, even if
damaged, which also might not cause enough attention. Auxiliary power switching process concerned with many
factors, no problems occurred in long time doesn't mean no hidden trouble existed. Abroad the fast switching has
been applied widely to emergency switching in auxiliary power, domestic recent new project basically also
adopted this fast-cut switching devices. Along with the wide application of vacuum and SF6 breaker, already
has no doubt for auxiliary power supply to adopt a new-generation fast-cut switching.
Auxiliary power switching way Auxiliary power switching ways can be classified by CB action sequence, start -up
reasons and switching speed.
Classification by Switching Action Sequence (action sequence takes examples of working power switched to
reverse power)
1） Parallel switching. Firstly closed reverse power, paralleling of two power supply in short time, then trip the work
power. The way is usually used to normal switching, suc h as startup and shutdown. Besides, parallel is divided
into two kinds of parallel automation and parallel semi-automation.
2） Tandem switching. Firstly trip the work power, after confirm work CB tripped, to close reverse power. Barbus
power-off time will be at least as reverse CB closing circuit time. The way is usually used to emergency
switching.
3） Synchronous switching. It is between parallel switching and tandem switching. Reverse command is sent out
after trip work command sent and before work switch trip. Busbar power-off time is more than 0ms and lower
than reverse CB clos ing circuit time, which can be adjusted by setting delay. It is used not only for normal
switching but also for emergency switching.
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Classification by Start-up Reason:
1） Normal manual switching. Manual operation startup by operators, fast cut device takes separate closing circuit
operation by setting manual switching way (parallel switching and synchronous switching).
2） Emergency automatic switching. Startup by protection contact, at the same time of trip work power CB by
generator-transformer unit, auxiliary and other protection outlet to start up fast cut device for switching, fast -cut
device takes separate closing circuit operation following setting automatic switching way (tandem switching and
synchronous switching).
3） Abnormal automatic switching. There are two kinds of abnormal situations, one is busbar loss voltage. After
busbar voltage is lower than setting voltage and achieves setting delay, devices start up automatically, and follow
automatic way for switching. The other one is work power CB mis-trip, start up device by work CB auxiliary
contact, and close reverse power supply when met switching condition.
Classification by Switching Speed:
1） Quick switching
2） Short delay switching
3） Synchronization catching switching
4） Residual voltage switching
3.3.2 Auxiliary System BZT Devices:
Widely use BZT devices in auxiliary system, BZT device is basically the same as mini-unit auxiliary fast-cut device on
the functions, both can ensure auxiliary reverse power source self-input after auxiliary working power supply lost. Just
fast-cut device has bi-directional power switching and other functions, but BZT device only can switch working power
supply to reverse power supply. Comparing with fast-cut device, BZT device includes slow action time and other
disadvantages, though it is widely used because of the simple construction and reasonable price.
1） BZT device work principle
BZT device is an automatic putting-into device for standby power supply. When the work supply is cut off by
fault, it can promptly put into the standby power supply. The followings are the advantages of the BZT device:
a) Improve the reliability of power supply, save construction investment.
b) Simplify relay protection.
c) Limit the short circuit current and improve the bus bar remained voltage.
2） Basic requirements for BZT device:
Startup conditions for BZT device:
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a) Ensure that the BZT device only works after power cut. The work bus bar voltage loose may cause fault of
power supply transformer, in order to prevent the standby transformer from being connected to the broken
transformer which may lose the function of BZT device or even enlarge the breakdown and increase the
equipment damage degree, therefore, during the design of the BZT device, the following points shall be
considered:
b) No matter the power cut is caused by any reason, the BZT device shall act promptly. At the time, the work
power supply cannot supply power to the load bus bar, and the power supply to the client is cut, therefore,
the BZT device have to start up.
c) Actually, in order to satisfy the above two points, BZT device shall consists of startup part and automatic
switch-on part. When the work bus bar loses voltage, the startup part acts and switches off the breaker of
work power; after breaker of work power is switched off, the automatic switch-on part will promptly switch
on the breaker of standby power supply.
d) It shall be ensure that the BZT device only acts once. When the faults like continues short circuit happen in
work power bus bar or when the continuous short circuit caused by breaker switch-off failure in outgoing
line, the relay protection acts, and the work power supply is cut off. After a certain period, put into the
standby power supply. Since the fault still exists, the relay protective device acts and then the standby power
supply will be cut off. After that, it is not allowed to put into the standby power supply, in order to avoid
connecting the bus bar with fault and cause impact to the system.
e) In order to realize this purpose, it is necessary to control the switch-on impulse of standby power supply so
as to make it only send the switch-on command once rather than carry out switch-on for several times. The
BZT device action time is based on the principle that the time of power cut with load shall be as short as
possible, begin with the bus bar voltage lose and end with standby power is put into. In between, there is a
period of power cut. If the period of power cut is short, it will be good to the clients ‘ motor automatic startup,
but if the power cut period is short, it will cause relatively high remained voltage of the motor. When the
BZT device acts, it may cause strong impulse current and impact torque, which may bring damage to the
motor. Therefore, for the bus bar of auxiliary power equipped with motor with HV and high capacity, the
power cut time shall be above 1S. Of course, for the LV motor, since the decay of its rotor is prompt, the
problem is not serious.
f) When the voltage lost occurs in work bus bar, standby bus bar, and BZT shall not act. Under normal
condition, the standby bus bar is without voltage, BZT device shall be quit in order to avoid unnecessary
action; when the power supply is lost or the fault occurred in system brings the voltage loss of work bus bar
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and standby bus bar, the BZT device shall not act so as to ensure that the power is supplied by work power
supply when the power is recovered.
g) When the PT secondary fuse is fused, the BZT device shall not start up.
h) If the standby power supply is connected to the bus bar with fault, the protective action shall be accelerated.
3.4 Auxiliary Power Protection
3.4.1 LV Protection:
Functions of generator LV protection: when the supply bus bar voltage of motor is reduced for a short time or
recovered from instant interruption, to prevent the voltage of power source reduced seriously when motor
automatically starts up, LV protection is normally installed on the secondary motor, when the voltage of power source
goes to a certain value, LV protection will cut power supply to the secondary motor and recover voltage of power
source to sufficient level so as to guarantee the automatic startup of important motor.
LV protection is also installed on the important motor. It is because that when the recovery for voltage of power source
takes too much time (cannot meet the professional requirement of technology), power source of that important motor
will be cut after a longer time).
According to “Relay Protection and Automation Design Regulation of Power Device” (GB/T50062-2008), motor of
medium voltage motor should be equipped with LV protection. Some time for delay is set for LV protection of not only
the important motor but the secondary motor, just the time is different.
3.4.2 HV Motor Protection Is Normally Including:
1) Current quick-break protection
Current quick-break protection is one of the main protections of motor terminal lead and stator winding phase
fault.
To guarantee the current quick-break protection is reliably un-acted during process of motor full-load startup, the
current of quick-break protection action is required to be heavier than the startup current of motor full-load
startup.
2) Over-heat protection
Over-heat protection is used as main protection of motor thermal overload and back-up protection of stator
winding or terminal phase fault. Its action model has taken the comprehensive heat effect and heat accumulation
generated by motor positive, negative current into consideration.
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3) Imbalance protection (phase-failure, opposition)
When motor phase-failure, opposition, rotor winding or terminal lead unbalanced phase fault, stator winding
interturn short circuit is happened, negative sequence current will be generated, that will lead the current to two
times power frequency and largely increase the additional heat of the rotor and danger to the safety operation of
the motor. Installing unbalanced protection should be according to two individual negative over current
protections of negative current.
4) Over-load protection
Overload protection reflects the magnitude of the current; the equipment is equipped with a section of overload
protection with definite time-lag. Overload action can select trip outlet or signal through setting. When current of
A, B C any phase exceeds current set value of overload, the equipment sends warning signal or outlet trips
through set time-lag.
5) Undercurrent protection
Undercurrent protection is used to reflect the situation of motor low load. The equipment is equipped with a
section of undercurrent protection to monitor whether the motor is low load operation.
6) Overvoltage protection
To avoid overvoltage protection misoperation aroused by using phase voltage when single phase grounding, the
equipment overvoltage protection takes bus bar voltage. Switch is at close position and any of UAB, UBC, UCA
is higher than the overvoltage set value, trip or signal when the delayed time is up.
7) LV protection
Switch is at close position and any of UAB, UBC, UCA is lower than the LV set value, trip or signal when the
delayed time is up. LV action can select trip outlet or signal through setting.
8) Self-starting control protection
After motor no-voltage trip, if the set self-starting time is up and voltage is recovered back, send command of
motor close isolator, it s guarantees the self-starting of important motors and when other protections trip, the
automatic interlock of the equipment starts automatically.
9) Blocked protection
During normal operation of motor, if the rotor is stocked, the current will be magnified, when the current is larger
than the set value, delayed time protection trips, which is blocked protection.
10) Overheat trip block control
After overheat protection action, to avoid the motor starts again when the temperature is over high, the equipment
trips and relay doesn‘t return, when delay-heat-dispersing is normal, this trip contact returns.
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11) Frequent startup protection
During actual operation, if the motor cannot be started up, operators can continue several times in a shorter time
to frequently start the motor, or some motors have special load, which required frequent trip and startup again.
Since every startup requires larger starting current and intervals of several starting are short so the motor has
danger of serious overheat. Thus the equipments are set with motor frequent startup protection.
12) Equipment warning
When equipment detects below faults, it will send out operating abnormal signal and warning
3.4.3 LV Motor Protection Is Normally Including:
1) Overheat protection
The equipment can build motor heating model under any conditions to provide exact overheat protection.
2) Overload protection
Overload protection, its time character can select one character of two action time characters of time lag and
above normal reverse time lag
Phase-failure /imbalance protection set
Motor acts when lack of phase or three phase imbalance fault
3) Block (over current) protection
Rotor of the motor blocked because of mechanical fault or over load, the radiation effect aroused by over large
block current will easily damage the motor, so the block (over current )protection is equipped with.
4) Long-time startup protection
Startup current of the motor is a little large, if it takes too much long time, it will heat damage the motor. So the
long-time startup protection is equipped with.
5) Under-load protection
Some motors of pump kind, no-load or under load operation will damage the motor.
6) Grounding protection
7) LV protection
8) Overvoltage protection
Voltage over high will lead to motor insulation damage, so the overvoltage protection is equipped with.
9) Phase sequence protection
Some motor are not allowed for counter startup operation, so the phase sequence protection is equipped with.
10) Under-power operation
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Under-power is also an under-load protection. When motor operates under-load, since the power factor is low, but
the current of the motor is not always small, under-power protection will have better under-load protection to the
motor than under-current.
11) Leakage current protection
Current used for leakage current protection comes from leakage sensor of external, mainly used on protection of
non-direct grounding to guarantee the safety of personnel.
12) Temperature protection
The pre-buried thermistor in the stator of motor can generate fast resistance value variation according to the
temperature, controller can receive the input of a thermistor, when arrives a certain value, it will shut down or give
warning instruction.
4 Motor for Auxiliary Power
4.1 AC Motor
AC asynchronous motor has two types: cage type and winding type, while the differences of the two types exist in the
rotor winding structure, but they have the same characteristics of startup and operation.
4.1.1 The Basic Structure of the Cage-type Motor
The cage-type motor is composed of the static stator and rotary roller. There is an air gap between and stator and rotor
(the gap is 0.2~2mm generally), which is used as the magnetic field where rotor rolling to cut the winding. Moreover,
there are end plate, bearing, and inner and outer bearing cover on the two ends of the rotor to support it. For build
cooling air route, there is an air hood, and the outgoing line of rotor winding end is connected to the end of the terminal
box of outside the seat. On the rotor, there is not only iron core and cage winding, but also other parts like shaft and fan.
The structure is as the following Picture:
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1) Stator: The stator is composed of seat, rotor‘s iron core, and rotor‘s winding.
The rotor ‘s seat is the supporting part of rotor ‘s iron core, which is made by cast iron for small type motor and
made by welded steel plate for large type motor.
Rotor‘s iron core is made by the overlapped squeezed silicon steel plate with thickness of 0.5mm, after integration
then mounted in the seat. The rotor ‘s iron core forms the rotor magnetic route of the motor. In order to reduce the
eddy current loss, the overlapped plates are insulated by a layer of insulation paint. For the stator ‘s winding, the
stator‘s winding of small type asynchronous motor made by copper core or aluminum core wrapped with high
strength paint; for the large type asynchronous motor, its coil which is made by rectangular section copper core or
aluminum core is arranged in the stator trough.
2) Rotor The rotor is composed of rotary shaft, rotor ‘s iron core and rotor ‘s winding.
The rotary shaft usually adopts carbon steel as its material, which has the functions of supporting and fixing the
rotor and transmit power. The rotor ‘s iron core forms the rotor magnetic circuit. It adopts the 0.5mm thick silicon
steel plate, after squeezed and overlapped into an integrated cylinder and then be covered on the rotary shaft. The
winding is located in the trough of outer circle of rotor iron core. For the rotor of cage type motor, when there is
no iron core, the all around the winding forms a cage, while its copper bar or aluminum bar becomes the
conductor of the rotor and the short circuit ring (also called end ring) is momentarily contacted to form a closed
circuit at the two ends of the conductor.
4.1.2 Basic Structure of Winding Type Motor
The differences of winding-type and cage-type asynchronous motors exist in the rotor‘s winding, for the winding-type,
in the rotor trough it is equipped with a three-phase symmetric winding similar to the rotor, the three-phase winding
back end is internally connected into a star shape, and the three-phase front end is led out by rotor shaft center and
connected to the sliding ring. The sliding ring connected to externally connected resistor through brush can improve
the speed-regulating and startup performance of the motor. After connection of the externally connected resistor and
startup, the brush will lift up, and the three-phase sliding ring will directly be shorted circuit, in order to decrease the
loss during operation.
4.1.3 Work Principle of AC Asynchronous Motor
The rotor symmetric three-phase winding is connected to AC power supply, with symmetric three-phase current
running in to build rotor stator magnetic potential to create rolling magnetic field. Some momentary rotor current
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direction and its rolling magnetic flux in the magnetic field, as showing in the following Picture, the magnetic field is
rolling in the clockwise direction with synchronous speed n1, at this time, the rotor conductor cut the stator magnetic
field and generate inductive potential. We can adopt right hand rule to judge the potential direction of the conductor.
And this potential generates current in the self-close-circuit rotor ‘s winding. And the directions of the current and the
potential are the same.
、
Picture 7-2 Work Principle of Asynchronous Motor
In the magnetic field, the rotor ‘s winding with current is affected by magnetic force and magnetic rotary torque. We
can use the left hand rule to judge that the rotor‘ winding is affected by a clockwise magnetic force and magnetic
torque, which cause the rotor rolling along the stator ‘s rolling magnetic field at the speed n. If the rotary shaft is with
mechanical load, the motor will change the input power into the output mechanical power on the shaft.
From this we can see that the rotation of asynchronous motor is caused by inductive current which is generated from
the rotor‘s winding and the rolling magnetic field, so it is call ―inductive motor‖, or we can say that the necessary
condition for asynchronous motor rotation is that there is difference between the rotor‘s rotary speed n and rotary speed
of stator‘s magnetic field n1, that is to say, n≠n1, so the motor is also called ―Asynchronous motor‖.
Startup characteristics of AC asynchronous motor: When the asynchronous is connected to the power supply, the rotor
will roll from the static state till its speed reaches certain period. This rotation period is called startup.
4.1.4 Startup Characteristic
The startup performance of the AC asynchronous motor is usually judged by the startup current multiple 1st and the
startup torque multiple Mst. For ordinary cage-type motor, usually, the startup current multiple is (4~7)IN, the startup
torque multiple Mst is (0.9~1.3) MN. From this we can see, when the startup current is relative high and the startup
torque is relative low, and then the startup performance is relative bad. Long startup time will cause the danger of
overheat of the motor ‘s winding or even cause the normal operation of the other motors and electric equipments in
auxiliary power system. Therefore, the motor with excellent startup performance shall be the one with low current,
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high torque, and short startup time.
1) The reasons for high startup current: When the inductive motor not in service, connect the power supply, the
rolling magnetic field cut the rotor ‘s winding at the highest speed which causes inductive potential and the
inductive current in the conductor, and the magnetic flux generated by the current is reacted by the magnetic flux
generated by the rotor. The rotor ‘s magnetic field will increase the current for maintaining the original
corresponding magnetic flux so that the rotor current will be very high and the stator current will also be very high.
After startup, the current will dec line, at this time, the inductive potential will decline, the current will decline,
and the rotor current will decline too till it reaches the normal value.
2) The reasons for low startup torque
Since the startup torque and rotor current, and stator magnetic flux and power factor is in direct proportion, that is
to say, M=ф mI2COSф . And the power factor is related with the ratio of impedance X and resistance r, that is to
say, when the x/r ratio is high then the power factor is low, and when the x/r ratio is low then the power factor is
high, and the impedance is related to the frequency. During startup, the proportion of reactive power component is
high; the rolling magnetic field cut the winding at the highest speed, so the frequency of rotor current is the
highest and the impedance of the rotor ‘s winding is the highest at this time; therefore, the power factor is low. At
the same time, since the inner impedance of the motor make the decline of the main magnetic flux during startup,
so from the whole, the startup torque is very low.
Startup mode: For AC asynchronous motor, there are two startup modes, direct startup and
voltage-declining startup.
Direct startup is also called full voltage startup. It adopts the startup mode that the motor is directly connected to
the system through CB. At this time, the startup current is high, which may bring unfavorable impact to the motor
body and auxiliary power system. But since the startup time of AC motor is not long, the startup current cannot
burn down the motor, so at this time we shall consider the impact of startup current to the other electric
equipments in auxiliary power system. Specifically speaking, the direct startup is limited by the transformer
capacity of the power supply. The larger is the transformer capacity; the lower is the voltage decline in the circuit
caused by the startup current.
Voltage-declining startup is to connect the reactor or auto-transformer in the stator circuit and adopt Y—△
transforming mode. During startup, let the voltage on stator winding be lower than the rated voltage, so as to limit
the startup current and to lift up the startup torque. But this startup method requires large investment and is not
economical, so in our power plant only the air compressor adopts this kind of startup method.
Motor Winding-type Startup
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The startup mode adopts voltage-declining startup mode, that is to say, the Y—△ transforming startup mode. During
startup, inner circuit changes the connection of stator ‘s winding into Y shape. After normal startup, inner circuit change
the stator ‘s winding into △ shape, so as to reduce the startup current and startup torque through the Y shape
connection to the 1/3 of the values through △ shape connection, therefore accomplish the purpose of improving the
startup performance.
Operation characteristics of AC asynchronous motor: It means the relationship between the output power and the rotary
speed, output torque, rotor current, power factor, and efficiency, under the rated voltage and rated frequency.
1) Rotary speed characteristics and differential rotary speed characteristics
When motor is started up with no load, at this time, the output power is 0, and the rotary speed is the highest, and
the differential rotary speed ratio is 0. When the motor is with load and the output power is not 0, at this time, the
rotary speed declines and the differential rotary speed increases till the motor is running stably, and the change
tendency is small.
2) Torque characteristics
From the output torque at the motor shaft end M2=P2/Ω =P2/(2П n/60) we can see, during the normal operation
from no load to rated load, the rotary speed n changes subtly, so the torque change subtly too.
3) Stator current characteristics
During motor startup with no load, the stator current at this time is only 1/3 of the rated current, when with load,
at this time, breaking torque of the motor ‘ s rotor declines and the rotary speed raises, in order to main the original
rated rotary speed, it is necessary to increase the exciting current to maintain the original torque of motor stator
and rotor; therefore the stator current increases along with the increase of the load, and the stator current increases
relatively till the motor operates normally with load.
4) Power factor characteristics
When with no load, the rotary shaft output power is 0, stator current is used to build the magnetic field basically,
its main component is reactive magnetic current, and the COSф is very low at this time with value of aruond0.2.
When with load, along with increase of the rotary shaft output power, the active power component of stator
current increases, and COSф increases; the COSф value reach the peak with the rated load; when the load exceed
the rated value, because the differential rotary speed increases, the rotor frequency increases, rotor impedance
increases, the rotor power factor declines, and the rotor current reactive power component increase, so the power
factor COSф declines.
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4.2 DC Motor
DC motor in power plant is mainly change the DC electric energy into the mechanical energy. With excellent startup
performance, the motor have problem of current direction change, and have difficulty of complex structure, high cost,
and inconvenient maintenance.
The basic structure of DC motor: The structure of DC motor includes two parts: fixed stator and rotor brush.
1-outgoing line box, 2-terminal box, 3-direction exchanger, 4- brush, 5-main magnetic pole, 6-armature,
7-seat, 8-fan, 9-end plate
4.2.1 Stator:
Stator is composed by main magnetic pole, direction exchanging magnetic pole, seat, end plate, and brush.
1) Main magnetic pole
Main magnetic pole is used to generate main magnetic field, and make the inductive potential. As per Picture 7-5,
it is composed of the iron core and exciting winding. The iron core is made by the 0.5～1.5mm low carbon steel
plate after overlapping and fixing by rivets. The enlarged part near the air gap is called pole shoe, the pole shoe
has function of supporting the exciting winding, and make the magnetic flux in air gap have waveform layout.
The exciting winding is made from copper line, which is winded after immersed in insulation liquid and then
cover on the magnetic iron core. The magnetic pole N, S is laid out alternately, and spread evenly and fixed by
screw on the inner circle of the seat.
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1-main pole iron core, 2-exciting magnetic winding, 3-seat

2) Commutating pole
It is used to improve the DC motor ‘s commutation, it is also called additional pole. It is composed of iron core and
the winding of commutating pole. The iron core usually adopts a whole block of steel or thick steel plate, the
winding of commutating pole with less turn quantity is concatenated with the winding of the armature. The pole
quantity of the commutating pole is usually the same with the quantity of the main magnetic pole.
1-the iron core of commutating pole, 2- the winding of commutating pole

The air gap between commutating pole and armature can be adjusted.
3) Seat
The Seat is the shell of the motor, and is also a part of the motor magnetic circuit, which is made by the casted low
carbon steel or welded steel plate. There are end plates at the ends. There is a bearing equipped on the end plates
of middle and small motor type motors to support the rotary shaft. The large type motor adopts pedestal type
sliding bearing.
4) Brush device
Its function is to connect the armature of rotary part and the external electric circuit, and lead in the DC voltage
and current to the winding of armature. The brush device is composed of the brush, brush-holder, seat of brush
pole, and bus bar. See the Picture 7-7. The brush is usually made from the graphite and copper powder after
burning and bake. It is arranged in the brush-holder and on the surface of commutator by the stress of a spring.
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The quantity of brush pole is usually the same with the mesh of the main magnetic pole.
1-brush-holder, 2-brush, 3-brush pole, 4-brush seat, 5-spring plate
4.2.2 Rotor
The rotor is composed of the armature iron core, armature winding and commutator.
1) Iron core of armature
The iron core of armature is a part of the motor magnetic circuit; generally, it is made by the 0.35mmor 0.5mm
thick silicon steel sheet with teeth and slots after overlapping. The winding of armature is located in the slot of the
iron core.
2) Winding of armature
Its function is to generate inductive potential and magnetic torque, in order to realize the energy conversion. The
winding of armature is made from the components of the insulated copper line. It is located in the slot of armature
iron core, with the lead line ends of the components connected with the commutator bars under a certain rule. The
slot of the armature winding is compressed by an insulated slot wedge, with its ends bound by the steel wire or no
weft glass fiber.
3) Commutator: the commutator is a key part of a DC motor. It changes the AC potential of the internal winding of
armature into the DC potential of the brush. The commutator is composed of the inter -insulated commuator bars,
with circle external. The commutator bar is made by the hard electrolytic copper, with insulation layer of
0.4~1.0mm thick mica. The end of the cylinder is clamped by a V shape clamper ring. Mica insulation layer is
also adopted between the V shape clamper rings. The end of every commutator bar has a convex riser which is
used to connect to the end of the lead line of winding component.
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1-commutator bar, 2- mica piece, 3- V shape mica ring, 4- v shape steel ring, 5- steel cover, 6-insulated sleeve, 7-
screw compressed circle
4.2.3 Work Principle of DC Motor
The rotation process of DC motor: The DC motor works under the magnetic force rule; it apply the rule that the
energized conductor rolls under the magnetic force in the magnetic field.
Connect the brush A and B to the power supply. The current runs from positive brush B to negative brush A as per
Picture 7-9, the current direction in the coil is d→a. According to magnetic force rule, through left hand rule, we can
judge that the brush coil is affected by the clockwise torque, and this torque is called magnetic torque. After the
armature rolls to more than half circle, the effective side dc is under the N pole, effective side ab is under the S pole;
but the direction of the current in the coil is changed into a→d. Therefore, through left hand rule we can see, the coil is
still affected by the clockwise magnetic torque. The brush still maintains the same rotation direction. Actually, the DC
motor‘s armature is composed of many coils, these coils bring the magnetic torque which not only drives the rotation
of armature, but also drives the mechanical load on the shaft.
Work principle of DC motor: View from the DC current source, two routes of DC power supply positive pole and a
route of negative pole are connected to the terminal box of the motor. One route of positive power supply is connected
to the winding of motor stator, another route of positive power supply is connected to the winding of motor armature,
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and the two routes of positive pole of power supply are connected to a negative power supply so as to form the stator
winding circuit and armature wind circuit. When the DC motor startup is closed, in the stator winding, there will be a
fixed main N, S pole magnetic field with characteristic of a permanent magnetic iron. Because the armature winding is
constituted by many branches, and every branch constitute circuit through commutator and brush. When another DC
power supply is connected to the armature winding through brush and commutator, by left hand rule, it can be judged
that the armature winding is affected by a driving electric-magnetic torque which causes the rotation of the motor rotor.
When the rotor rotates, armature winding cut the main magnetic field, and in armature winding an AC armature
potential is generated and then an AC current is generated too. An armature magnetic motive force is built to eliminate
the main magnetic field in air gap and weaken the air gap in order to maintain the air gap magnetic field. The main
magnetic field will increase the exciting current to maintain the air gap magnetic field so as to make the motor current
increase till the motor operates normally. At this time the armature reaction reaches balance, and that is why we can see
that during startup the ampere meter indication value increases continuously then become stable when the startup
becomes normal operation.
When every branch of DC motor armature winding rotates 90°, a current commutation will occur in the two sides of
every branch (its characteristic is like AC current), after the reaction of commutator, the AC current becom e DC current,
so that the current directions in brush positive and negative poles remain the same, therefore the AC electromotive
force in armature winding is changed into DC electromotive force. The commutation is a key problem for DC motor.
When winding component runs from a branch and short-circuited by brush, then another branch will be applied.
Because the current direction of the winding components of nearby branches are opposite, so in the short process when
the winding component change from one branch to another after being short-circuited by brush, the current direction in
the winding component will commutate once. The process which the short-circuit current in winding component after
being short-circuit is commutated is called commutation. The winding component which is short-circuited during
changing from a branch to another branch is called commutating component. Because the commutating period of
commutating component is short, and the commutating component is affected by self -inductance and mutual
inductance, in commutating component, there will certainly be a reactance electromotive force and a reacted
electromotive force. The two electromotive forces will resist the commutation in commutating component, so as to
create a commutating sparkle between commutating components and brush. If the sparkle cannot be eliminated, it will
endanger the safety operation of motor or even burn down the motor.
Therefore, measures shall be taken to eliminate the sparkle. Generally, a commutating pole will be equipped in the DC
motor, which will be used to reduce the influence during commutation. The commutating pole is usually located
between the geometric center line of main magnetic poles, and be concatenated with armature winding through
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opposite poles. This makes the magnetic field value of commutating pole is in direct ratio with the value of armature
current, and in the commutating area creates commutating magnetic field with opposite direction compare with the
armature‘s reacted electromotive force and reactance‘s electromotive force. And in the commutating component,
creates commutating electromotive force to buck the reactance‘s electromotive force and armature‘s electromotive
force, to weaken the sparkle on the surface of the commutator during motor operation, in order to ensure the safety and
reliable operation of the motor.
5 Power Distribution Devices
5.1 HV Power Distribution Devices
HV switchgear usually adopts metal-armouring middle-arranged and withdrawing type vacuum circuit breaker,
metal-armouring middle-arranged and withdrawing type F-C circuit breaker. The switchgears with capacity of more than
2000KW adopt vacuum circuit breaker, and others adopt F-C circuit breaker.
5.1.1 Vacuum Circuit Breaker
The heart of the circuit breaker is the vacuum arc-extinction unit. The arc-extinction unit is a reliable device which is
composed of a pair of contactor, a metal steam condensing cover, and a corrugated pipe. One of the contactor moves in
the corrugated pipe. All the parts are in the vacuum-sealed shell, compared with other arc-extinction technology, there
are many advantages for vacuum arc-extinction. It adopts the best medium. The vacuum arc-extinction unit has small
dimension, so the weight, dimension, and complexity of the circuit breaker can be relatively reduced; and it will not
bring destruction to the environment, because, during arc-extinction it is no necessary to use oil, gas, or HV gas so that
the design of the circuit breaker can be simplified.
Advantages of vacuum arc-extinction unit compared with other technology
1) Compared with other technology, it is easier to carry out maintenance. When the POWER/VAC needs to carry out
maintenance, the maintenance time can be saved by 50%. For example, since the contactor of vacuum
arc-extinction unit is completely sealed in the h igh vacuum environment without pollution, it is no necessary to
carry out maintenance to the contactor during the whole life span. Compared with the original air magnetic field
arc-extinction circuit breaker, the vacuum circuit breaker doesn‘t need some tired works like withdraw the heavy
arc-extinction slot and isolating box, clean the contactor, and carry out check, change and test. And compared with
the sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) and oil arc-extinction circuit breaker, the vacuum arc-extinction doesn‘t need
special device to extract arc-extinction medium.
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2) Arc-extinction is safe and reliable. Typical arc-extinction action occurs at the first time when the current is over
zero after contactor is separated, so at this time, the vacuum clearance dielectric of air gap is strong, the switch-off
time is short, the arc-extinction is silent, and the sound in the mechanism is low.
3) Low corrosion of the contractor: Because the geometric shape of contactor make the arc move from contactor
area to contactor ‘s screw, so the corrosion of the contactor is low. This means that the life span of vacuum
arc-extinction unit is longer
Switch-on operation: After press the switch-on button or startup the switch-on electric magnetic iron, the
switching on process begins. The switching latch rotates in anticlockwise direction, the roller separates from the
cam, and the cam rotates in anticlockwise direction under the force of the closing spring, through push the pole of
the latch to move downward to drive the main shaft and lever of the system. The drag bar moves upward in a line
till the moving and static contactors contact with each other, and press the spring of the contactor to create a
needed force between the moving and static contactors, at this time, the roller at the elbow and the closing latch
act with each other at this position and keep stable contact, so as to complete switch-on operation.
Switch –off operation: When press the latch button or start up the switch-off electric magnetic iron, the trip
upward plate rotates in clockwise direction and forced upward plate rotates in clockwise direction. This make the
tripping latch separates from the roller at the elbow. Under the effect of tripping spring and contact spring, the
main shaft, lever and the whole driving system rotate in clockwise direction, at the same time, the insulation pole
drives the moving contactor to separate from the static contactor at a certain speed as so to complete the whole
switch off process.
The work principle of vacuum quenching pot: the vacuum quenching pot adopts vacuum as the insulation and
arc-extinction medium to realize the connection and tripping of electric circuit. When the break a current at
certain value, the moving and static contacts separate; along with the distance between them, under the effect of
magnetic field the plasma of vacuum arc between contactors diffuses to the surrounding, after the arc current
exceeds zero, the conductor in the contactor gap will promptly change into insulator, so the current breaks off and
completes.
The motor-operated power storage: The power storage institution is composed of the secondary worm wheel,
overdrive clutch, and latch spring. When the power storage motor works, the small worm screw rotates to drive
the small worm wheel to rotate at decreasing speed. The small worm wheel is fixed at the big worm screw by
one-way bearing, so the small wheel drives the big worm screw to rotate, and the big worm screw drives the big
worm wheel to rotate at decreasing speed once again. The big worm wheel drives the steel sleeve to rotate, the
sleeve rotation makes the steel column squeeze the power storage shaft and brings relatively strong friction so as
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to drive the power storage shaft to rotate together, to lengthen the latch spring to carry out power storage. And
then the latch jacks the roller on the cam to make the institution maintain the power storage state.
Manual power storage: The power storage handle rotates in clockwise direction and drive the big worm screw to
rotate, and then complete the power storage.
5.1.2 6KV CB (circuit breaker) Maintenance
Check and Test before Putting into Operation
Ferromagnetic harmonic oscillation of 150Hz frequency (3 times frequency) and higher
1) For the CB newly installed or after maintenance, we shall ask the installation or maintenance personnel for the
following data, and the data shall satisfy relative standard.
a) Insulation resistance of CB
b) Vacuum degree of the vacuum pot
c) Leakage current of CB
d) Contacting resistance of CB (the resistance of every phase circuit shall not exceed 400μΩ)
e) Actually measured time of CB switch-on, switch-off and asynchronization
f) Check the maintenance record of CB, relative finished work permit, and then put into the operation voltage
after acceptances of the above two.
2) In switch car, switchgear panel, LV room, cable room, there shall be clean, complete, without remain tools or
foreign matters, the temporary safety facilities shall be removed, and common safety measures shall be recovered.
3) There shall be clean and without crack or damage in the sleeve, supporting porcelain insulator.
4) The CB actuator, pin, link lever shall be complete, and with correct indication.
5) CB manual and automatic power storage is excellent
6) There is no abnormal signal in Control Room and Operation Panel.
7) For newly installed CB or the CB after maintenance, before putting into operation, the local and remote switch-on
and tripping tests, and the protection driving test shall be carried out at the test position to check if the CB action
is correct, or else, the CB cannot be put into operation.
8) The light signal of the CB is correct, and local signal is in accordance with the remote signal.
9) Electric and mechanical lock devices shall be correct and reliable.
10) After a long time outage of CB, before energizing, the insulation of the CB shall be measured.
11) Check the completeness of the secondary circuit.
Attentions for CB Operation
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1) For all kinds of HV CBs, it is allowed to operate as per the parameters on the nameplate.
2) It is prohibited to carry out slow switch-on or tripping test when the power is on.
3) Car CB is not allowed to change with each other. Under emergency condition, it can only be changed after getting
the approval of special technician.
4) When the emergency shutoff quantity of the CB reach reaches the maximum number, the CB shall be powered off
and dismantled and receive maintenance. Generally, it is prohibited to put into operation of the CB which has
exceeded the emergency shutoff quantity.
5) During power-on or power-off operation of Vacuum CB, it is prohibited to operate violently, or else it will bring
distortion of the CB actuation, and bring about hidden danger to the equipment.
6) If compact, damage, or other Phenomena may cause the vacuum degree reduce is found in vacuum CB quenching
pot, electric maintenance personnel shall be informed to carried out work frequency withstand voltage test for CB.
The CB can only be put into operation after the test is qualified.
7) The vacuum CB in operation shall be checked once every day. If abnormal condition is found, electric
maintenance personnel shall be informed to carry out maintenance. During maintenance period, it is prohibited to
carry out switch-on or tripping operation on this CB. When necessary, load transferring or powering off the 6kv
bus bar can be applied to isolate this CB, and then carry out electric maintenance.
8) After carry out open circuit, break off circuit, or short circuit on vacuum CB for several times, the contact stroke
variation of the contactor in vacuum quenching pot shall be checked periodically. The contact stroke variation will
reflect the wear degree of the contactor. If the wear degree of the contactor exceeds the regulated value, the
vacuum quenching pot shall be changed.
9) The lock device shall not be disconnected during CB power-on and power-off operation.
Check during CB Operation
1) The CB status indication is correct and in accordance with the actual operation conditions.
2) The CB light signal is correct and in accordance with the remote and local signal.
3) Protection device operates normally, and protection is put into normally with correct indication and without alarm
signal.
4) The indication of the CB ―power Storage‖ indicating light and power storage indicator is correct.
5) Mechanical parts shall be without Phenomena of blockage, distortion, or loose, and the switchgear shall has
complete functions of ―five protective measures‖.
6) There shall be free of abnormal sound or smell inside the switchgear panel.
7) The primary and secondary plug of CB shall be with good contact and good positioning, without inadequate
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positioning or over positioning.
8) The external appearance and secondary part shall be clean and complete without crack or Phenomena like power
discharge, smoking or catching fire.
9) Under low temperature, the CB heater shall be put into operation as required.
10) All CBs shall not exceed the rated values of current and voltage during operation. The parameters of CB and
actuator shall not exceed the regulated values, and CB and auxiliary equipments shall be in good work condition.
5.2 LV Powe r Distribution Device
LV CB is the same as the HV CB, which is mainly used to distribute the power energy, protect the circuit and power
supply from overload, insufficient voltage, short circuit, and single phase grounding.
LV CB adopts Materpact breaker.
6 Generator Startup and Disconnection
6.1 Generator Startup
6.1.1 Generator Startup Requirements
Only users of generator unit and corporations of installation and commissioning can start generator unit and test run
according to professional operation specification after installation work of generator body, correlative auxiliary
equipments are finished.
The following basic conditions must be met before generator startup:
1) Civil work of generator unit is finished, necessarily entire and local lighting has been completed;Installation
works of main generator body, auxiliary equipment and primary and secondary circuit system (electric equipment
and meter) are finished;
2) AII the electric measurements and tests of generator acceptance test are finished before generator startup.
3) All installation record, measuring and test records before generator startup and main equipment certification of
qualification are complete and integrated.
4) Commissioning work of inner cooling water control system, hydrogen control system, seal oil control system and
monitor equipment, signal equipment, and protection device shall be put into service.
5) Safety and fire protection precautions come to maturity and work well;
6) Cleaning oil pipeline works of bearing, seal oil and signal paths are finished it is necessary to continue 3 months
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to cleaning oil and make sure that quality of drain and feeding oil is acceptable. At the same time, bearing metal
and gland seal ring are made sure and check whether they are damaged by dusts and foreign material．
7) Control seal oil pressure and make sure it is in specified range and the controlling seal oil pressure method is
shown in seal oil system instruction book.
8) Generator is filled with hydrogen at rated pressure. Substitution mean of the intermediate medium is taken during
filing hydrogen, hydrogen, carbon dioxide or nitrogen must meet the correlative specification, and operational
procedure is shown in hydrogen control system instruction book.
9) Feed water to the hydrogen cooler and set the water quantity to the rated value. Pay attention to the air venting to
avoid air jam, and adjust the return water valve to make the water pressure of the water circulation reaches the
operation pressure.
10) Stator winding should be adequately supplied with cooling water flow, control the feeding and drain pressure of
cooling water and be sure that water flow, temperature and electrical conductivity etc reach to standard value, and
note to gas discharge, preventing gas jam.
6.1.2 Generator Unit Startup Procedures
Rotor shaft vibration must be monitored at rotor barring speed and constant rotor speed which power plant relevant
operation specification requires and pay attention to collision sound between moving part and static part, friction sound
and etc abnormal sound. With abnormal case happening generator unit should be shut down immediately until
abnormal case source is found out and solved out.
Increment speed of rotor speed is determined by turbine startup condition, but rotor speed cannot delay on nearby
critical speed.
Rotor speed is brought up to rated speed not only measure rotor shaft but also to check following item.
1） Contact status between brush and collector
2） Drain oil and bearing metal temperature of bearing and gland oil seal device.
3） Excitation system status
4） Check whether the phase sequence of generator is in accordance with that of the transformer and electric network.
5） Check the circulation status of secondary circulating cooling water system for stator winding inner cooling water,
hydrogen cooled oil-water cooler and water-water cooler.
Generator must be shutdown and eliminate fault as mentioned above abnormal case happen.
If there is no abnormal case on generator starting, generator cannot be shut-down and next to test and test run directly.
When test run is over, bearing metal, gland sealing ring should be checked and cleaned.
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Synchronization
Following works should been finished before synchronization
1） Finish all preparation work and startup work for generator
2） Relative handover tests and electric tests
3） AII protective devices commissioning are completed and putted into use.
4） Stator frame is grounding
5） Generator synchronization can be realized by automatic (manual) quasi-synchronous devices.
Note: If there is no water in the stator winding or water quality is not accepted, it is prohibited to increase excitation
voltage and carry out synchronization.
6.2 Generator Disconnection
When the load of the unit is reduced to 250MW before disconnection, the power supply shall be switched to 6kv work
or common auxiliary power, and the 6kv auxiliary quick-close device and 6kv common BZT device shall be quit.
Put into the startup and shutdown protection, and mistaken power-on protection for generator.
Before generator disconnection, close the grounding knife of the neutral point of the main transformer.
Generator normal disconnection is realized by the logic of MCS sequence control.
During manual disconnection, the turbine shall be tripped first, and tripping starts from the reverse power protection
outlet to generator de-excitation.
After generator shutdown, the cooling device of the main transformer, unit auxiliary transformer, HV common
transformer, and exciting transformer shall be shut down.
After generator shutdown, the protective clamp of relative generator-transformer unit shall be quit.
After generator shutdown, the generator hydrogen cooler shall be shut down.
After generator shutdown, insulation of generator parts shall be tested as required, and relative records shall be made.
After generator shutdown, the water feeding to the stator winding can be stopped after the rotor is stopped.
6.3 Generator Operation
Generator Long-term Continuous Operation
If generator satisfy the regulated related technical data, technical requirement, and under correct maintenance, it could
continuously run for a long time
Generator ‘s calculated efficiency under rated voltage, rated power factor and rated hydrogen pressure and different
load is as below. Refer the generator loss and efficiency curve for the relationship between the generator load and loss
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and efficiency.
（MW） 150 300 450 600
Active power
（%） 98.56 98.95 98.94 98.86
Efficiency
6.3.1 Generator Air-cooled Operation
Generator is not allowed to operate loaded under air-cooled state
If short time air-cooled, idle running or carry out other related unenergized test is needed, should observe the following
conditions
1） Oil sealing device an its sealing oil control system throw in operation
2） Air pressure inner the generator around 0.01MPa (surface pressure), compressed air should be dried and filtered
before charged into generator, its absolute humidity should not exceed 10g/m3(under 20℃、0.1MPa).
3） Generator cooler throw into operation
4） Every air-cooling, idle running maintaining time should not exceed 4h
5） Contact manufacturer representative in advance.
6.3.2 Relation with MVA．U and l
The relation of Generator MVA with U and l at rated power factor and rated frequency and a voltage variation of±5％
rated value is shown in table 2．
Table2 Relation with MVA，U and I
Stator voltage U
105 100 95
Rated stator voltage UN
Apparent power M VA
100 100 100
Rated apparent power M VAN
Stator current I
95 100 105
Rated stator current IN
6.3.3 Generator Operation with Varying Power Factor
Generator is capable of operation with varying power factor．Filed excitation current is not allowed to exceed rated
value，concurrently with MVA should reduce when power factor reduces．MVA is not allowed to exceed rated value
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when power factor increase．
6.3.4 Generator Short—time Over Load Operation
In the system fault state，allow the generator operates on short—time over load in order to avoid to damage the static
stability of power grid system The generator parameter of hydrogen，stator winding inner cooling water and stator
terminal voltage is rated value during the period．
Stator winding is capable of enduring following specified short—time over current，and stator bars should not create
deformation and their welded joints should not crack．Such operating mode is not exceeded 2 times every year，and
time interval is not more than 30 minutes．
6.3.5 Asynchronous Operation during Generator Loss of Excitation
Before relevant specified tests are not done and test results，asynchronous operation of generator is prohibited，but，
in fault operation，short—time asynchronous operation of generator loss of excitation is permitted(shown in
asynchronous operation curve of generator loss of excitation)．In fault of excitation system and with permission of
power network，continuous time of loss excitation operation should be no more than l 5 minutes，permissible load is
less than 40％of rated load，generator load is reduced t0 60％of rated load within the first 60 s when loss excitation is
happened，and generator load is reduced t0 40％of rated load in the first 90 s．
6.3.6 Generator Operation of Water Supply Falling Short
into use immediately within the fist 5s If spare pump cannot be puked into use within 5s，the generator shall be able of
operating at full load on l 00％rated stator current，total operating time is 30s．
When turbine and boiler cooperate and with permission of power grid system，and generator is equipped with
automatic load—dropping device，stator current is reduced t0 1 5％rated stator current at a speed of 50％rated current
a minute within 2 minutes if spare pump cannot be putted into use within 5s With the prem ise of cooling water
conductivity no obvious deterioration．generator can operate at l 5％rated stator current for l hour(shown in generator
short—time operation curve of water break)．
6.3.7 Unbalanced Load Operation
When generator operates on unbalanced load，if continuous negative sequence current does not exceed 6.8％of rated
stator current(or according to contract specified value)and every phase current is not more than its rated current，
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generator is capable of continuously operating
6.3.8 Unbalanced Short Circuit
Generator can carry unbalanced load in fault at extremely short time．In order to avoid negative sequence current
induced loss causing local overheating and burning of rotor pole surface and retaining rin9，unbalanced load and
continuous time must be strictly controlled，therefore，product of negative sequence current(p u)square and fault time
is not more than 6.06s，that is(I2／IN)2*t≤6.06 s(or according to contract specified value)．Permissible negative
sequence current value and its relevant fault time are shown in table 4．
Table 4 Limitation of negative sequence current and time
t(s) 25 4 5 10
(I2／IN)(％) 200 158 141 100
6.3.9 Generator Peak load Operation
Peak capability is specified as a requirement of power grid system
Generator shall be capable of withstanding startup and shut—down for 330 times per annual．that is，the time is not
more than l 0000 in the whole life．
Ratio of increase and decrease of generator load is 5％of rated value per minute，but，in emergency which is depended
on turbine
6.3.10 Generator Leading Phase Operation
Generator leading phase operation range is limited by generator static stabilization and heating of core end parts ，in
structure，generator is able to operate at leading power factor 0.95 and rated power factor．
6.3.11 Ranges of Voltage and Frequency
Generator is capable of continuous rated output at the rated power factor over the ranges of ±5％in voltage and 4-2％
in frequency, as defined by the shaded area of shadow．As the operating point of frequency deviation moves away from
above mentioned frequency, permissible operating time is shown as table 5．
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Figure l Operation over ranges of voltage and frequency
Table 5 0perating limitation of frequency deviation
M aximum cumulative or continuous time

Operating Frequency range
Lifetime cumulative time Continuous time per time
Abnormal 51.0<F≤51.5 30 30
Normal 49.0<F≤51.0 Continuous
48.0<F≤49.0 300 300

Abnormal
47.5<F≤48.0 60 60
It is noticed that overvoltage together with low frequency, causes over magnetic flux of generator and transformer and
increasing temperature rise of flied winding As also, low voltage together with over frequency, causes increasing stress
of rotated parts. It is the cause of increasing generator temperature rise and shorting generator's lifetime. So, as soon as
possible to reduce the load or limit the above mentioned condition. Therefore, generator output and permissible time
are shown in table 6 at the rated power factor over the ranges of +5% in voltage and +3%~-5% in frequency.
Table 6 Output and permissible time Limitation during Frequency deviation
Voltage(kV) 19 20 2l 19 20 21
Frequency(Hz) 47.5 47.5 47.5 51.5 51.5 51.5
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0utput(M W) 585 535 465 600 600 600
(min)
1 l 1 0.5 0 5 0 5
Permissible time per lime
Lifetime cumulative time 60 60 60 30 30 30
6.3.12 Operating Hydrogen Pressure
In generator normal operation, hydrogen pressure inside frame must be higher than water pressure of stator inner
cooling wafer. Make agreement with manufacturer when have need to reduce the hydrogen pressure under special
condition, and operating time can net be exceeded 4h, permissible load of generator is depended on its temperature rise
test at this time. If the relevant test has not done, permissible load is defined as table 7
Table 7 Reference data of operating on low hydrogen pressure
(MPa) （M W） (V) (A)

Power factor
Hydrogen pressure Output Terminal voltage Stator current
0.3 550 20000 18339 0 866
0.2 502 20000 16302 0.89
Relation of Hydrogen Temperature to Load
When generator cooling hydrogen temperature is rated value, its load should be no more than 1.1 times rated value;
when cooling hydrogen temperature is lower than rated value, generator output cannot be allowed to increase; when
cooling hydrogen temperature is higher than rated value, stator current should be reduced 2% per increasing 1 ℃, and
the maximum cooling hydrogen temperature is no more than 48℃.
6.3.13 Relation of Hydrogen Cooler to Load
In generator normal operation, 2 set, that is 4 cell (2 cell per 1 set) H2 coolers are putted into use in order to maintain
cool hydrogen temperature constant inner frame. In the event of 1 cell H2 cooler being out of service, the output of
generator will be not more than 80% rated load.
If cooler feeding water temperature exceeds rated value, generator load is adjusted according to operating hydrogen
pressure and hydrogen temperature
6.3.14 Monitor and Matters Need Attention in Operation
In order to ensure generation normal operation, besides various essential generator protections, various essential
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monitor measuring meters, signal devices, control system, automatic devices and so on are also furnished with
generator, which are used in monitoring and recording relevant operating state, electric parameters, coolant parameters
and mechanical parameters of generator, such as output, reactive power, stator terminal voltage, stator current field
voltage, stator winding temperature, cooling water pressure, flow, feeding water temperature and drain water
temperature of inner stator winding, core temperature, inner frame hydrogen pressure, temperature arid humidity, water
temperature, pressure and flow of hydrogen cooler, bearing and seal oil temperature, pressure and flow, bearing metal
temperature, shaft vibration and Leakage hydrogen and so on, they should be recorded In report with automatic
recorded meter and indicated meters, others parameters should be recorded in periodic report.
7 Accident Handling of Generator Abnormal Operation mode
7.1 Generator Emergency Shutdown
Manually press the ―trip‖ button of the de-excitation CB on hard operation panel. Check the de-extinction switch
tripping and the generator interlocked tripping.
Manually press the ―Emergency trip‖ button of turbine on hard operation panel. Check I&C protection action, tripping
of generator de-extinction CB and generator outlet CB
7.2 Generator Overload Operation
When accident occurs in the system, short-time over current or over voltage for generator winding is allowed, details
are as follows. But the time shall not exceed twice.
During operation with accidental overload, the temperatures on generator parts shall be monitored and controlled to be
within the regulated values. If the temperatures exceed the regulated values, the load of generator shall be lowered and
temperature shall be reduced to the regulated range.
Pay attention to the overload operation, check the power factor and voltage of generator, and make record to overload
value and time. If the voltage of the system is normal, reduce the excitation current, reduce the stator to the normal
value, and remind that the power factor and stator voltage shall satisfy relative regulations. If reduce the excitation
current can make the current reduce to the normal value, then report to the shift leader to apply for reducing the active
load.
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7.3 Generator Three –phase Unbalance
Check the three-phase ampere meter of generator and transformer to judge whether the fault is caused by the
abnormality those meters.
When the three-phase unbalance of generator stator exceeds 10% or the negative sequence current exceed 8%, report to
the shift leader to reduce the reactive load and report to and request the coordination to reduce the active load in order
to make the unbalance decline to the allowed range. If stator current three-phase unbalance cannot be reduced, then the
unit shall be disconnected by all means.
If the unbalance current is caused by the internal fault of the unit, the unit shall be disconnected at onc e.
If the unbalance is caused by the system factors, we shall report to the coordination to try to eliminate the fault. Then
disconnect the circuit of open phase operation in order to ensure the continuous operation of the generator.
During unbalance period, for generator, the coil temperature, hydrogen temperature and vibration shall be monitored.
7.4 Generator Temperature Abnormality
When the generator temperature is abnormal, check the following:
 Check whether the generator stator three-phase current is balance or not, current is within the allowed values, and
the power factor is within the normal range.
 Check whether the conditions for generator water cooling system, hydrogen cooling system are changed or not; if
there is abnormality, try to switch to normal operation.
 Inform I&C personnel to check whether the temperature measuring device and temperature components are
complete or not.
 Judge by temperature of winding inter-layer and relative output water temperature to see whether there is
blockage in water circulation of generator stator winding.
 Any generator temperature abnormal variation shall be monitored, analyzed. Relative data shall be recorded, and
effective measures shall be taken to ensure the safety operation of generator when necessary.
The temperature of the inter-layer of generator stator winding shall not exceed 120℃; output water temperature of
the winding slot of generator stator and the output water temperature of the manifold shall not exceed 85℃;
generator stator iron temperature shall not exceed 120℃; winding temperature of generator rotor shall not exceed
115℃; collector ring temperature shall not exceed 120℃; bush temperature shall not exceed 90℃; and bearing
and returning oil temperature shall not exceed 70℃.
During normal operation, the difference between the highest temperature of any point at the layer generator stator
coil and the lowest temperature or the difference between highest temperature of the output water in any slot and
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lowest temperature shall be within 5℃. If the highest temperature of coil and its average temperature reaches
12℃, or if the difference between output water temperature of any slot and the lowest temperature of any slot
reaches 8℃, then the causes of temperature abnormally rise shall be found out and analyzed, and monitor shall be
reinforced and load may be reduced when necessary.
When the difference between the highest temperature of any coil layer and the lowest temperature of any layer
reaches 14℃, or the difference between the highest output water temperature of any slot and the lowest output
water of any slot reaches 12℃, or the temperature at any layer exceed 120℃, or the output water temperature of
any slot exceeds 85℃, or the iron core temperature at any point exceeds 120℃, then after eliminate the fault, the
load shall be reduced at once, in order to make the above temperature rise not exceed the upper limit. And then
compare the output temperature at every point and the coil layer temperature through analyzing other Phenomena
comprehensively. If the judgment is that there is fault in internal generator, then in order to avoid serious accident,
the generator shall be disconnected and shut down. And the maintenance personnel shall be informed to carry out
repair.
7.5 Oscillation or Step out of Generator
7.5.1 Phenomena
1) The current indication for generator stator shows violent swing, and exceeds the normal value.
2) The active load indication and reactive load of generator show violent swing.
3) The voltage indications of 220kv bus bar of generator show violent swing, and usually the voltage is low.
4) There is buzz sounds in generator, its rhythm match the above swing.
5) If the swing is caused by the step-out of this generator, then the swing in the unit is stronger than the nearby
generator and the indication direction of active load of this generator is opposite to the indication of the nearby
generator; if the swing is caused by the system, then the swing of the indications of the two generators are the
with the same rhythm.
7.5.2 Cause
1) System short circuit
2) The lack of system reactive power is much.
3) The excitation of generator is reduced suddenly or de-excitation occurs.
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7.5.3 Handling
1) Increase the exciting current of generator, and try to increase the reactive power of generator. When the frequency
is allowed and the combustion conditions are stable, through the RB caused by beating and rubbing to reduce the
active load of generator so as to create conditions for switching to synchronization.
2) If MFT is caused by system oscillation, then take measures as per MFT accident.
3) During system oscillation, pay close attention to the operation of important auxiliary equipment, and try to adjust
and control relative parameters within allowed range.
4) If the oscillation is caused by the generator de-excitation, when the de-excitation refuses to act, immediately press
the emergency disconnection button of generator (manually trip the turbine and make reverse power protection act)
to disconnect the de-excited generator. And remind that the 6kv auxiliary power shall put into automatically, if
automatic put-into is not successful, and then handle the accident according to the handling procedures of relative
auxiliary power accident.
5) If after taking the above measures, synchronization still cannot be switched to and the step-out protection refuses
to act, then the emergency disconnection button of generator shall be pressed (reverse power protection) and the
step-out generator shall be disconnected in time. Remind that the 6kv auxiliary power shall be put into
automatically, if it is failed, take measures according to the procedure of auxiliary power accident handling.
6) During system oscillation, if the unit is tripped by the generator step-out protection, generator de-excitation
protection, then take measures as per unit tripping.
7) After generator disconnection, the causes shall be found out, and the generator can only restart up after the faults
are eliminated.
7.6 Generator Loss of Excitation
7.6.1 Phenomena
1) The exciting current indication is zero or next to zero.
2) Generator reactive load indication is a negative value.
3) Generator active load indication is declining.
7.6.2 Cause
1) Exciting circuit fault
2) Regulator fault
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3) Exciting CB mis-open.
7.6.3 Handling
1) When generator lose excitation the de-excitation protection will act, then handle it as per tripping of
generator-transformer unit CB.
2) If de-excitation protection doesn‘t act and endanger the system and safety of auxiliary power, then we shall press
the generator emergency disconnection button (or reverse power protection) to disconnect the de-excited generator
3) When carry out the above handling measures, the exciting current of other normally operating generators in order
to improve the voltage and stableness of the system.
4) After generator disconnection, after finding out the causes, the generator can only restart after the faults are
eliminated.
7.7 Generator Reverse Power Operation
7.7.1 Phenomena
1) Turbine main steam valve is closed.
2) Generator active power meter indication is zero or in the reverse direction.
3) Generator reactive power indication is increasing.
4) Generator stator ampere meter indication is declining.
7.7.2 Cause
Turbine main steam valve or control valve is closed.
7.7.3 Handling
1) Generator reverse power protection shall actuate the outlet tripping.
2) Turbine-generator unit reverse power operation time shall not exceed 1 minute.
3) If the reverse power protection refuses to act, the generator emergency disconnect button shall be pressed in time
to disconnect the generator under reverse power operation, and remind that the 6kv auxiliary power shall put into
automatically, if it is failed, take measures according to the relative handling procedures of auxiliary power
accident.
4) After generator disconnection, the causes shall be found out, and the generator can only be restarted after the
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faults are eliminated.
7.8 Generator Stator Grounding
7.8.1 Phenomena
1) The alarm of ―generator stator grounding‖ rings, and the generator may be tripped.
2) The alarm of ―Main LV side Grounding‖ may ring.
7.8.2 Handling
1) When stator grounding protection is tripped, handle it as per main CB tripping.
2) If the alarm of ―Generator stator grounding‖ and alarm of ―oil water in generator‖ ring one after the other, the
generator shall be shut down of emergently.
3) When stator grounding protection signal sender is not tripped, external inspection shall be carried out for generator
outlet PT and exciting transformer, and relay protection personnel shall be informed to measure the secondary
voltage of power distribution transformer at the neutral point, the secondary voltage of PT outlet, and the
secondary voltage of PT on LV side of main transformer. After comprehensive analys is, when make clear that it is
the generator internal grounding, then disconnect the de-excitation of generator.
4) After shutdown, coordinate the maintenance personnel to measure the insulation of generation outlet PT, exciting
transformer and generator stator to judge whether the fault occurs in generator internal or external.
7.9 Generator Rotor Grounding
7.9.1 Phenomena
1) The alarm of ―Generator rotor grounding‖ of UINTROL-5000 excitation system rings.
2) Rotor grounding protection section I actuate the alarm, the rotor grounding protection section II actuate tripping.
7.9.2 Handling
1) When the rotor grounding protection is tripped, handle it as per tripping of main CB.
2) When the rotor grounding signal sender is not tripped, take measures as follows:
3) Carry out overall inspection of the generator system like carbon brush support, exciting DC or AC closed bus bar,
LV side of exciting transformer, to see whether there is obvious grounding.
4) Check the contact condition of carbon brush of generator big shaft grounding. It is prohibited to lift up or adjust
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the carbon brush of big shaft when grounding protection is put into.
5) Coordinate relay protection personnel to measure the voltage between positive pole and negative pole of generator
rotor by megger AVO meter.
6) If the comprehensive analysis is the mistaken protection signal, quit the rotor grounding protection and handle it
as soon as possible. If the contact condition of big shaft of generator is not good, quit the rotor grounding
protection and connect to AC power supply, and then manually ground the brush at grounding position. The
grounded brush of big shaft can only be handled after taking relativeprecautious measure.
7) When the comprehensive judgment is that the exciting circuit grounding cannot be eliminated, then contact the
coordination to shut the generator after generator load is transferred stably.
8) During handing process, prevent man-made grounding at two points, and reinforce the monitor of voltage, current,
reactive power, and vibration of generator rotor. If the grounding occurs at two points, shut down the generator
manually at once.
7.10 Generator Ove r-excitation
7.10.1 Phenomena
1) The alarm of ―Generator over-excitation‖ protection rings.
2) Generator over-excitation protection section I actuates automatic decline excitation current, and section II actuates
tripping.
3) The alarm of the exciting regulator ―V/H‖ limit rings, and reduces the excitation current automatically.
4) The voltage or frequency at generator end is too low.
7.10.2 Handling
1) When generator over-excitation protection trips, handle it as per main CB tripping.
2) When the following conditions cause generator over-excitation, carry de-excitation of generator:
a) When the generator rotary speed doesn‘t reach the rated speed, mistakenly put into excitation current.
b) When generator increasing voltage and carrying out synchronization, because of the PT break off, mistakenly
increasing the excitation current, or other reasons, the over-excitation occurs and generator rotor voltage and
current is higher than the no load value.
c) Generator is disconnected, main steam valve is close, and unit idle runs, but the excitation CB is not opened.
d) Generator is load rejecting; generator is disconnected under the condition that the excitation regulator
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automation is disabled or under generator manual operation.
e) .When the following conditions cause generator over-excitation, the excitation regulator shall be switched to
manual operation, and reduce the excitation current manually.
i. Disable of automatic regulation occurs in excitation regulator which causes generator excitation current
increase suddenly.
ii. PT break-off of excitation regulator cause regulator mistaken excitation increase.
7.11 Generator Main CB Tripping
7.11.1 Phenomena
1) Generator relative protection acts, and the alarm ri ngs.
2) Generator main CB trips, de-excitation trips, turbine main steam valve is closed, and turbine is tripped.
3) Generator is load rejecting, stator three-phase current reaches zero, stator voltage reach zero promptly, and system
declines.
4) Before tripping the generator operates with lagging power factor, then the voltage of auxiliary power decline;
before tripping generator operates with leading power factor, then voltage of auxiliary power raises .
7.11.2 Handling
1) Report to coordination that the generator is tripped.
2) Check and ensure the generator three phase currents reach zero, and ensure the generator excitation current reaches
zero promptly, or else manually implement that.
3) Pay attention to the quick-close device action conditions, check voltage of auxiliary power and maintain normal
the voltage of auxiliary power.
4) According to protection actuation signal, through fault filtration and accident memory the fault cause, range, and
characteristic.
5) After eliminating faults and ensuring that there is no problem, or after ensure it is the misoperation of the
protection, then the generator can increase voltage and carry out synchronization after receiving the approval of the
vice general manager of the power plant.
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7.12 Generator Asynchronous Paralleling
7.12.1 Phenomena
1) Generator impact with system; generator active power, reactive power, and current indications swings violently;
and generator has loud thunder.
2) According to the serious degree of asynchronization, the generator has vibration of different degrees.
3) Generator step-out protection may act.
7.12.2 Cause
1) Generator is paralleling, but the conditions for synchronization are not satisfied.
2) Synchronization circuit has problem.
7.12.3 Handling
1) When generator asynchronous protection trips, take measures as per main CB tripping.
2) If there is no obvious noise or vibration in generator, and the swing of indications of parameters is weakened
slowly, the generator can be operates rather than shutdown.
3) If generator has strong impact and vibration, the indication swing is violent without weakening, then disconnect
and shut down the generator.
4) If mis-paralleling occurs in the generator before finishing excitation, the generator shall be disconnected at once.
5) If asynchronously paralleling causes tripping of generator-transformer unit, immediately check the protection
action condition, report to shift leader to carry out overall inspection and test in order to decide whether carry out
synchronization again. Measure the resistance of generator rotor. Ask the vice general manager of the power plant
to decide whether it is allowed to restart the unit and carry out synchronization.
7.13 Handling of Abnormal Transformer Oil Level
7.13.1 Transformer Oil Level Declines
1) If the oil level can be observed through the glass window of gas relay, and the operation can maintain, immediately
contact maintenance personnel to add oil. During oil feeding, it is prohibited to feed oil from the bottom. When the
oil level cannot be observed, shut down the transformer at once. Oil feeding shall comply with relative regulations
for gas relay protection.
103 /108
2) If the prompt oil level decline is caused by serious oil leakage, it is prohibited to switch to signal position from
reputing into the gas relay protection, and the transformer shall be shut down immediately.
7.13.2 Transformer Oil Level Is Too High
1) When the transformer oil level is not in accordance with the temperature and not corresponding to the load, or the
oil level is higher than the oil level indicator, then contact maintenance personnel to discharge oil.
2) After oil discharging, check the transformer often, and handle the abnormality when occurs.
Oil discharge shall be implemented according to regulations for gas relay protection.
7.14 Transformer on Fire
 Break off the power supply CB and isolator of transformer, and inform the fire fighting personnel; put into
standby transformer.
Use dry type fire-extinguisher or carbon dioxide fire-extinguisher to extinguish the fire. Under the power on
condition, it is prohibited to extinguish fire by liquid fire-extinguisher. The dry sand can be used to extinguish fire
when there is no available fire-extinguisher.
 If the overflowed oil is on fire on the transformer top, try to open the oil discharge valve at the bottom, and make
the oil level is lower than the firing position.
 If the fire is inside the transformer, it is prohibited to discharge the oil in order to avoid explosion of transformer.
 If the main transformer and unit auxiliary transformer is on fire, it is prohibited to contact the transformer body.
7.15 Transformer Sounds Abnormal
 There is abnormal sound in transformer but vanishes quickly. This is caused by the startup of motive equipment
with high capacity or by the external equipment short circuit, so it is only need to check the transformer and
external system carefully
 When there are abnormal sound inside the transformer continuously, report it to the relative superior and reinforce
the inspection time and arrange special personnel to check it near the transformer. If the abnormal sound is
increased, after receiving approval, shut down the transformer and carry out internal inspection.
 If there is strong noise or sound of electricity discharging or sound of explosion, report it to relative superior to
put into standby transformer of the switch mode to shut down the transformer.
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7.16 DC Bus Bar Voltage Abnormal and Handling
7.16.1 Phenomena
1) The alarm of ―Abnormal DC‖ rings, insulation monitoring device send out ―Abnormal voltage‖ signal.
2) DC bus bar voltmeter indication is too high or too low.
7.16.2 Handling
1) Check the DC bus bar voltmeter to see if the HY-DC2000 type insulation monitor device is mistakenly alarming
or not.
2) If the charger fault causes abnormal voltage of DC bus bar, then switch to the standby charge.
7.17 DC Charger Fault and Handling
7.17.1 Phenomena: Charge ―Alarm‖ Signal Light Is On.
The ―alarm‖ signal light is on and the device is alarming. On main display, press ―enter‖ button to enter main menu,
and when the cursor points to the line showing the alarm press ―enter‖ button, then it shows the present alarming
information.
1) AC power supply fault
2) AC output CB is tripped.
3) Quick fuse is fused.
4) Over-voltage of rectifier output
5) Charge abnormal voltage
7.17.2 Handling
Put into standby charge, isolate the broken equipments and inform the maintenance personnel to repair.
7.18 DC System Grounding
7.18.1 Phenomena
1) DC abnormal‖ visual board is lighted on.
2) Insulation monitor device is alarming.
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7.18.2 Handling
1) The insulation monitoring device or portable insulation testing device shall be used to find out the grounding
point, and then inform the maintenance personnel to repair.
2) When necessary, instant power off method can be used to find out the grounding point.
3) Attentions for find out the grounding point by instant power off method.
a) Before power off, contact the Electric and I&C maintenance personnel. Especially for generator -transformer
unit, unit auxiliary transformer, startup & standby transformer, and I&C power supply, if adopt instant power
off method, relative safety measures shall be taken to avoid mistaken actions of relative protections or
automatic devices caused by DC power interruption and sudden power on.
b) Stop the unimportant load at first.
c) Open the operated circuits first.
d) Firstly open the circuit with worker worked on at that moment.
e) In bad weather, stop the indoor load.
f) It is not allowed to stop the operating DC motor.
g) Recover to the original operation mode as soon as possible after finding out the grounding point and
eliminate the fault.
7.19 Attentions of Generator Under-excitation Operation
 Test for generator under-excitation operation is excellent; the generator is equipped with the ability for
under-excitation operation.
 Generator operation condition is normal, stator, rotor cooling method fit for the regulation, temperature and flow
of cooling medium are in the rated scope;
 Automatic excitation regulator is in good condition and put in automatic operation mode, excitation forcing, low
excitation limit and loss-of-excitation protection is put normally;
 Generator protecting set value and excitation system has met for the requirement of under-excitation operation.
 Seriously supervise voltage of generator stator is over load, stator current cannot be over large, auxiliary voltage
of every auxiliary power should not be lower than 95% of the rated voltage.
 Generator power-angle is not larger than 70°.
 Temperature of generator stator core, teeth, pressure finger, large and small clamping ring are lower than 110℃.
 When abnormality appears in generator and excitation system, generator should be conducted into lagging phase
operation immediately.
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 Take record of generator temperature once an hour.
7.20 Treatment of Main Transformer Te mperature Abnormal
 Check whether the temperature abnormal is led by over load or environment temperature variation; check the
transformer temperature record under the same situation at the same time.
 Check whether transformer cooling device is operating normally, whether oil pump fan is operating excellent,
whether oil pump flow meter is indicating normally.
 Take a comprehensive check to the external, check whether transformer local thermometer is corresponding with
CRT instruction in centralized control room, and verify whether thermometer indication is correct is the condition
is equipped with.
 If no abnormality is found after above checking, the reason can be judged as internal fault of the transformer, at
that time it should reduce load to operate, strengthen the supervision, and strengthen cooling, report to relative
leaders to handle.
 When transformer temperature rose abnormally and exceeds the permitted highest value, carry out emergency
shutdown and organize for treatment.
7.21 Treatment of Main Transformer Gas Protection Acts
7.21.1 Light Gas Action
1) Firstly check the secondary circuit and confirm whether it is led by signal mis -sending.
2) Check whether it is because of
3) Check whether the over-low of oil level is because of temperature variation, oil level decrease or oil leakage.
4) Check whether the temperature of transformer has abnormal variation, whether unusual sound and discharging
voice is happened internal.
5) If inside the gas relay is certainly has some gas after checking, coordinate with relative staff of Chemical for
sampling analys is.
6) If light gas protection action is not caused by oil level decrease or air invasion, flash point test or chromatographic
analys is of transformer oil should be carried out, if temperature of flash point is 5℃lower than temperature before
test or more or lower than 135℃, it proofs that internal of transformer is fault, the transformer should be shut
down for maintenance.
7) If light gas signals because of air invasion, discharge the gas in the relay transformer and take record; if no oil
adding, oil filtering work and gas protection frequent action signal is continuously sending and the time intervals
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becomes shorter and shorter, reduce load of this transformer for operation and take anticipation of emergency trip.
8) Attentions during gas relay checking: pay attention to keep a safety distance away from the live part, if abnormal
situations like unusual noise, disruption and high temperature are found during external checking, to guarantee
personnel security, the gas analysis can be carried out after transformer shutdown.
7.21.2 Treatment of Heavy Gas Action
1) Reset audible signal, take record of protection action situation and report to the relative department.
2) Check whether it is personnel mis-operating;
3) Take a comprehensive external check to the main transformer, pay attention to check whether the color, level and
temperature of main transformer oil is abnormal, whether pressure release device acts;
4) Check whether the gas relay has gas inside immediately. If no air and the color, temperature, level of main
transformer is normal, check whether it is water enters into relay, connection terminal immediately, whether cable
lead insulation is in good condition, whether it is short-circuited, if there is some gas, inform the transformer
maintaining team to collect the gas.
5) Check whether oil charging, oil filtering has taken to the main transformer recently which enters some air and not
yet been exhausted, or oil conservator, relay lack of oil which leads to heavy gas action;
6) Check whether relay protection and secondary circuit is normal, whether DC has two point grounding.
7) Open every side isolator of main transformer, report to the transformer department and notice the maintainer to
measure the insulation resistance of the main transformer after taking safety measures;
8) it is verified protection mis-operation and no internal fault in the main transformer, charge to the main transformer
no load once after the protection fault is handled, and recover to send power after it is normal, if the main
transformer trips again during impact test, it is not allowed to send power again;
9) If it is internal fault of the main transformer after checking every aspect, cut off the power to maintain and it is
can be put into operation again only after the test is qualified;
10) Differential protection and heavy gas protection act at the same time and trip the main transformer; the main
transformer cannot be put into operation before taking internal check and tests.
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Indian Salaya Project 2x600MW Power Station Training Manual

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Indian Salaya Project 2x600MW Power Station Training Manual

2x600MW Training Manual

Issued by Harbin Huitong Electric Power Engineering Co., Ltd.

Training Material of Electric for Indian Salaya Project

1 Main Parameters and Operation Requirement of Generation Transformation

Synchronous Generator Principle

Picture 3-1 Working principle of synchronous generator

1.1 Overvie w and technical specification of the generator

1.1.1 Generator Overview:

1.1.2 Generator Technical Specification:

Rated capacity 705.88MVA

1.1.3 Generator Constitution:

1.2 Excitation System Overvie w and Its Technical Specification

Excitation System Concept

1.2.1 Automatic Voltage Regulator

AVR adopts UNITROL 5000 type (Q55-O/U251-S6000) equipment of ABB Company.

1.2.3 Function of AVR

1.2.4 Automatic Voltage Regulator Limit

1.2.5 Function of Inspection and Protection

1) Monitoring of actual value (detection of PT fault):

1.2.6 System Operation:

1） Necessary conditions for safety operation

2） Check before power on:

²Switch excitation system to automatic mode operation.

4） Check during operation

²Excitation current, voltage and reactive power of generator are stable.

1.3.1 Principle of Transformer

1.3.2 Construction of the Transformer

1.3.3 Preparation and Test before Put Transformer into Operation

1.3.4 Transformer Operation Maintenance

1.3.5 Regulation on Operation of the Transformer Cooling Device

Regulation on Operation of the Cooling Device

2 Main Electrical Connection and Auxiliary Power System

2.1 Concept of Main Electrical Connection

one and a half bridge-circuit quadrangle

added by-pass added by-pass

2.1.1 Single Bus Connection

Picture 4-1 Single bus connection

2.1.2 Single Bus Sectional Connection

Picture 4-2 Single bus sectional connection

Picture 4-3 Double bus connection

2.1.4 Sectionalized Double Bus

Picture: sectionalized double bus connection

1) Connection characteristic analysis (compare with double bus)

2.1.5 Sing Bus and Double Bus with By-pass

1) Connection characteristic analysis

2.1.6 One and A Half Circuit Breaker Connection

2.1.7 Unit Connection

Picture 4-13 unit connection

Picture 4-15 bridge circuit connection

2.1.9 Quadrangle Connection

Picture 4-16 polygonal connection

1.2 This Project‘s Main Connection

2.2 HV Auxiliary Power System

415/240v LV auxiliary distribution device supplying power to the below load

2.4 Emergency Powe r System

2.5.1 DC Insulation Monitoring Device:

2.6 Uninterrupted Powe r Supply

3 Relay Protection and Auto Device

3.1 Generator Transformer Unit Protection

3.1.1 The Device Has the Below Characteristics

High Dexterity, High Precision, High Capacity

Protection action formula as below: