STEEL STRUCTURES

Lecture # 5
Tension Members I
COURSE CODE CE-4473
CREDIT HOURS 3+0
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Practical Examples of Tension Members

Bottom Chord of a Truss

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Practical Examples of Tension Members

Bracing members in buildings and bridges

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Practical Examples of Tension Members

Cables in suspension roofs

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Practical Examples of Tension Members

Suspension and Cable stayed bridges

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Tension Members

Tension members are structural elements subjected to axial tensile forces.

Tensile forces are resisted by the cross sectional area of the element.

Presence of holes or reduction in cross sectional area will

affect the stress developed in that region.
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Tension Members - Areas

Total cross sectional area of a member is called ‘gross area’.

Sum of product of thickness and net width of each element is called ‘net area’.

Net Area reduced further by a factor less than 1 (shear lag factor) to account for the
effect of shear lag is called ‘effective area’.
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Tension Members – Limit States

Excessive deformation

Fracture

= 1.67
0.90

= 2.00
0.75
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Tension Members - Holes

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Tension Members - Holes

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Tension Members – Example # 1

From Steel Design by

William T. Segui (4th ed)
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Tension Members – Example # 1

Solution - LRFD

NOTE:
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Tension Members – Example # 1

Solution - ASD

NOTE:
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Tension Members – Example # 2

From Steel Design by

William T. Segui (4th ed)
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Tension Members – Example # 2

Solution - LRFD

From
Analysis:
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Tension Members – Example # 2

Solution - ASD
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Tension Members – Example # 3

From Steel Design by

William T. Segui (4th ed)
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Tension Members – Effective Area

When the flow of tensile stress between the full member cross section and smaller
connected cross section is not 100 %, the section becomes ineffective in transmitting
stresses.

Thus we reduce the area (gross or net) by multiplying it with a factor (Shear lag factor
usually less than 1) which is called ‘effective area’.
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Tension Members – Effective Area

Ductility

Fastener
Shear lag
Spacing

Joint
Inefficiency

Stress
Fabrication
concentration
Procedure
at holes
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Tension Members – Effective Area

Net Area = − ℎ

Effective Area =
Shear lag factor =1− ̅ ℓ

For bolts For Welds

= =
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Tension Members – Shear lag factor

̅ is the distance from the centroid of the connected area to the
plane of the connection
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Tension Members – Shear lag factor

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Tension Members – Shear lag factor

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Tension Members – Shear lag factor

ℓ is the length of the connection in the direction of the force

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Tension Members – Shear lag factor

Shear lag factor table in Structural Steel Design by MacCormac, 5th
edition, page no. 77
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Tension Members – Effective Area – Example # 1

From Steel Design by

William T. Segui (4th ed)
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Tension Members – Effective Area – Example # 1

Solution
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Tension Members – Effective Area – Example # 2

From Steel Design by

William T. Segui (4th ed)
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Tension Members – Effective Area – Example # 2

Solution
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Tension Members – Effective Area – Example # 3

From Structural Steel Design

by MacCormac (5th ed)
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Tension Members – Effective Area – Example # 3

Solution
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Tension Members – Effective Area – Example # 3

Solution
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Tension Members – Effective Area – Example # 3

Solution
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Tension Members – Effective Area – Example # 4

From Structural Steel Design

by MacCormac (5th ed)
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Tension Members – Effective Area – Welded Plates

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Tension Members – Effective Area – Example # 5

From Structural Steel Design

by MacCormac (5th ed)
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Tension Members – Effective Area – Example # 5

Solution
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Tension Members – Effective Area – Example # 5

Solution
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Tension Members – Effective Area – Example # 6

From Structural Steel Design

by MacCormac (5th ed)