OLIVARIAN REVIEWER (2ND YEAR)

TOPIC 1

One of the oldest branches of science is PHILOSOPHY

Derived from 2 GREEK words PHILIEN means of LOVE OF or FRIENDSHIP OF and SOPHIA means WISDOM

AREAS OF PHILOSOPHY

1. METAPHYSICS- Study of NATURE OF REALITY

EX: BIG BANG, BIBLE

2. EPISTEMOLOGY - Study of KNOWLEDGE or THEORY OF KNOWLEDGE.

-primary concern about what we know it (what is knowledge)

3.ETHICS- It deals with HOW LIFE SHOULD LIVE

-All about the right and wrong, what is good or what is bad

-It deals of how's life should be deal with

EX: Code of Ethics, Moral, Writing that need to be follow

4. SOCIAL PHILOSOPHY- study of SOCIETY and its institution

-Study of social interactions & behavior between 2 or more ppl.

-According to Emmanuel Kant the society is about the balance between the right and responsibility

5. LOGIC-Theory of REASONING, which seek to investigate and establish the criteria of valid inference.

The word "LOGIC" originates from the Greek word "LOGOS"

LOGIC VS CRITICAL THINKING

Logic- is a science on how to evaluate arguments and reasoning or correct reasoning.

CRIITICAL - It's a process of evaluation that used logic to separate TRUTH from FALSE, Reasonable to nonreasonable

EX: Daily life or Activities

HISTORICAL BACKROUND OF LOGIC

GREEK PRE-SOCRATIC PHILOSOPES

1. THALES OF MILETUS - Question and formulate theories regarding the NATURE OF PHYSICAL WOLRD.
(METAPHYSICS)

-Water is an origin of all things in nature

-earthquake/ earth floating into water

2.PLATO- Questioned the VERACITY and VALIDITY of ideas and theories.

3. ARISTOTLE- Formalized a SYSTEMATIC STUDY OF LOGIC.

-He proposes former rules in correct reasoning, basic principle of categorical reasoning.

- When we use logic it's like a process

4. CHRYSIPPUS- Believe that logic and physics are necessary to differentiate between GOOD and EVIL.

5. JOHN DEWEY- He introduce critical thinking

"Learning by doing"

Creative Thinking- ideas

Critical Thinking- It is clear reasonable, reflective thinking focused on deciding what to believe or do.

Topic 2
Intellectual Standard- we use this for our critical reasoning

 Clarity-is a gateway standard (accurate or relevant

 Accuracy- statement can be clear but not accurate
 Precision- specific and precise
-statement can be both clear and accurate, but not precise
 Relevance- statement can be clear, accurate but not relevant to the question at issue
 Depth-statement can be clear, accurate precise , and relevant, but superficial
 Breadth- a line of reasoning may be clear, accurate, precise, relevant, and deep, but still ignore another side
of argument
Fairness- no to bias

Barrier to critical thinking

 Egocentrism
 Sociocentrism
 Unwanted assumption
 Wishful thinking
 Relativism