Group 4

Lesson 4. Contemporary Global Governance

a. Roles and Functions of the United Nations
b. Challenges of Global Governance in the 21 st Century

Intended Learning Outcomes

By the end of this topic/chapter, you must be able to:
1. Identify the roles
2. Identify the Challenges of global governance
3. Explain the effect of global governance to nation state

Lesson 4. Contemporary Global Governance

Governance -- defined as establishment of policies and continuous monitoring of their
implementation by members of the governing body.

Global Governance –collection of governance related activities , rules and mechanism,

formal and informal, existing at a variety of levels in the world todays (Kams and Mingst)
Global Governance is necessary because humanity increasingly faces both problems and
opportunities that are global in scale. Presently, transnational problems such as violence and
pandemics routinely reach across borders affecting us all. An effective global governance will
allow us to end armed conflict which deal with new and emerging problems such as
technological risks and automation, and to achieve levels of prosperity and
progress( Bailey,2018)

A. Roles and Functions of the United Nations

United Nations is an intergovernmental organization that promotes international cooperation
and creates and maintains international order. It replaces the ineffective League of Nations and
was established after World War II on October 24, 1945 to prevent another global conflict. In
this context, the United Nations emerges as an actor with distinct advantages, including the
equal representation of its 192 Member States under the UN Charter. Even so, the global
landscape requires further improvement in the General Assembly in four key areas.

The United Nations is an international organization of countries. It was created for many
reasons:
• There should be peace and security in the world after the Second World War
• Countries should be friendly to each other
• Countries should help each other solve problems
• Human rights should be respected everywhere in the world.

The main organs of the UN are the General Assembly, the Security Council, the Economic
and Social Council, the Trusteeship Council, the International Court of Justice, and the UN
Secretariat. All were established in 1945 when the UN was founded.
ACHIEVEMENTS of The United Nations

• The UN has helped many countries become democratic and peaceful states.
• The UN plays an important role in protecting our environment. The Earth
Summit in Rio de Janeiro in 1992 was a big conference about climate control
other problems of our environment.
• The International Atomic Energy Agency is a UN organization that controls
the nuclear weapons of countries and sees to it that they don’t build an atomic
bomb.

 Since 1950, the UN has given help to over 50 million refugees. These people
had to leave their countries because of war, hunger or diseases.
• Africa is the poorest continent in our world. The UN has given African
countries money and other kinds of help so that they can feed people and
give them work to do.
• It helps give developing countries safe and clean water .
• It fights drug abuse and improves the lives of children who live in poverty.
• It helps people learn how to read and write.
• It helps farmers in poor countries where it is too hot or too dry.
B. Challenges of Global Governance in the 21st
Century
Weis (2015) identified five global governance gaps knowledge, normative, policy,
institutional and compliance. The UN’s relationship to these gaps is explored through case
studies of some of the most problems of this time including terrorism, nuclear proliferation,
humanitarian crises, development aid, climate change , human rights and other borderless
diseases (Flu virus).
Since knowledge is a valuable core asset which is both intangible and concrete, a general
and specific source . It is a knowledge that makes cooperation among member states. System
organizations ahould not focus on explicit and quantifiable knowledge only .
Other challenge is the normative role of the UN which has been fundamental since the
creation of the organization. Member-states are committed to review and reform their norms
and standards. There should be a balance of norm setting and norm implementation.. Once
norm is being identified norn could be set to address issues.
Thus, Global governance must be challenge to comply the gaps to implement
policies effectively or enforce penalties to those who violated it. Such violation could be a
great threat to one state to another which will pose a danger to the peace and security.

Group 5
CHAPTER III
A World Regions
Lesson 1: Global Divides: The North and the South
a. North and South
b. Global South vs. The Third World 1. Define and understand the existence
of the global economic division
2. Differentiate the Global North and the Global South

Intended Learning Outcomes

By the end of this topic/chapter, you must be able to:

Lesson 1: Global Divides

The world comprises of
different countries, people
and natural features which
was situated in the
different location.
Countries composed of
different regions which
create an association to
have a common purpose
for their security and
peace.
The North-South Divide is the
socio-economic and political division that exist between the wealthy developed countries,
known collectively as “the North”, and the poorer developing countries (least developed
countries) or “the South”. The North is mostly correlated with the Western world and the
First World, along with much of the Second World, while the South largely corresponds with
the Third World and Eastern world. The two groups are often defined in terms of their
drifting levels of wealth, development, income inequality, democracy, political and economic
freedom, as defined by freedom indices.

A. North and South

The division between rich and poor
countries which most of the developed countries
located at Northern Hemisphere and the most of
the developing countries is in the Southern
Hemisphere. It is considered a s a socio-political
division which created a development gap among
nation-states.

The North–South divide is a socio-

economic and political division of Earth
popularized in the late 20th century and early 21st
century. Generally, Global North are characterized
by established democracy, wealth, technological advancement, political stability, aging
population growth, and dominance of world trade and politics. This include the United States,
Canada, almost all the European countries, Israel, Cyprus, Japan, Singapore, South Korea,
Australia, and New Zealand.

The Global South refers to the less–developed countries of the world. The term “Global
South” emerged in the 1950s .The Global South is not as economically sound and politically
stable as their global North counterparts and tend to be characterized by turmoil, war, conflict,
poverty, anarchy and tyranny (Odeh, 2010). This represents mainly agrarian economies in Sub-
Saharan Africa, Latin America and the Caribbean, Pacific Islands, and the developing countries in
Asia, including the Middle East. It is home to the BRIC countries: Brazil, India and China, which,
along with Indonesia and Mexico, are the largest Southern states in terms of land area and
population.
B. Global South vs. The Third World

During Cold War, the Global Divide was made official with the West Power
(United States and Allied countries) and the East Power (Soviet Union and China).
They divided the world into three (3) categories that embodies 3 types of countries
along the globe: the First World, Second World, and the Third World.

The term “Third World” is referred as underdeveloped or developing countries.

These countries were those that were well on their way to becoming rich and “developed”.
The Third World was the non-aligned World, distinct from the First (capitalist) and Second
(socialist/communist) Worlds. But pretty quickly the Third World became a quick-and-easy
referent for the “Poor World” because it has been under-developed by the Rich or “First
World”, through processes of globalization and capitalist expansion (Rigg, 2007)

The “Three Worlds Theory”

Composed of industrialized and democratic countries, which most

members were assumed to be allied with the US against Soviet Union.
(Canada, Australia, Japan , Western Europe, etc)

Former communist countries that aren't quite in poverty but aren't

prosperous either (East Germany, Georgia, Poland, Ukraine, and etc.

Non-aligned world and as the global realm of poverty and under-development.

(Afghanistan, Latin America, Asian countries, etc.)

The “three world theory” made no longer sense when in 1989-1991, the Second
World ceased to exist as the Soviet Union collapsed. After the demise of the Second World,
new terms were adopted for the socio-economically divided planet, differentiating a
wealthy “Global North” from an impoverished “Global South”. The “Global North” mostly
covers the First World, with much of the Second World. While “Global South” covers the
countries from the Third World.
 The emergence of the term “Global South” is normally used to mean countries that
are faced with social, political and economic challenges – for instance poverty,
environmental degradation, human and civil rights abuses, ethnic and regional conflicts,
mass displacements refugees, hunger, and diseases. The nations of Africa, Central and Latin
America, and most of Asia are collectively known as the “Global South”. The concept of the
Global South shares some of the limitations of the concept of the Third World. It evokes
imaginations of a geographical North-South divide, which does not correspond to the
complex entanglements and uneven developments in the real world.