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Report Hydraulic Jumps Muhazreen

Civil engineering (Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia)

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CENTRE FOR DIPLOMA STUDIES

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

HYDRAULICS & HYDROLOGY LABORATORY

LABORATORY REPORT

Subject Code DAC 31401

Experiment MKA03
Code

Experiment Title HYDRAULICS JUMP

Section 5

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STUDENT CODE OF ETHICS

CENTRE FOR DIPLOMA STUDIES (CeDS)

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

I hereby declare that I have prepared this report with my own efforts. I also admit
Do not accept or provide any assistance in preparing this report and anything that is
in it is true.

Group Leader (Signature)

Name : MUHAZREEN BIN MAZLAN
Matrix No. : AA161549
1
) Group Member 1 (Signature)
Name : MUHAMMAD YUSRI AFNAN BIN MAHMUD
Matrix No. : AA162147

2
) Group Member 2 (Signature)
Name : NAZIRUL BIN KAMISAN
Matrix No. : AA160300

3
) Group Member 3 (Signature)
Name : SYARIFUDDIN BIN KAMARI
Matrix No. : AA161033

4
) Group Member 4 (Signature)
Name : NORSAFIQHAKIMI BIN HARIZAL
Matrix No. : AA161098

5
) Group Member 5 (Signature)

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MUHAMMAD ZULL ARIFF TAQIUDDIN BIN

Name : MOHAMAD
Matrix No. : AA162136

1. INTRODUCTION

The concept of the hydraulic jump when the hydraulic drop that occurs at a sudden
drop in the bottom of a channel, and the free surface flow around obstructions like bridge
piers. A hydraulic jump forms when a supercritical flow changes into a subcritical flow. The
change in the flow regime occurs with a sudden rise in water surface. Considerable
turbulence, energy loss and air entrainment are produced in the hydraulic jump. A hydraulic
is used for mixing chemicals in water supply systems, for dissipating energy below artificial
channel controls, and as an aeration device to increase the dissolved oxygen in water.
In a hydraulic jump there occurs a sudden change in liquid depth from less-than
critical to greater-than-critical depth. The velocity of the flow changes from supercritical to
subcritical as a result of the jump. This transition takes place over a relatively short distance,
usually less than 5 times the depth of flow after the jump, over which the height of the liquid
increase rapidly, incurring a considerable loss of energy. An example of a hydraulic jump
can be observed when a jet of water from a faucet strikes the horizontal surface of the
kitchen sink. The water flows rapidly outward, and a circular jump occurs.
We shall restrict the derivation of the basic equation of the hydraulic jump to
rectangular horizontal channels. First, we shall determine the downstream depth of the jump
by using the momentum and continuity equations for one-dimensional flow. Then the
energy loss due to the jump will be evaluated, using the energy equation.

2. OBJECTIVE

To investigate the characteristic of a standing wave (the hydraulic jump) produced when
waters beneath an undershot weir and to observe the flow patterns obtained

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3. THEORY

When water flowing rapidly changes to slower tranquil flow, a hydraulic jump
or standing wave is produced. This phenomenon can be seen where water shooting
under a sluice gate mixes with deeper water downstream. It occurs when a depth
less than critical changes to a depth which is greater than critical and must be
accompanied by loss of energy. An undular jump occurs when the change in depth
is small. The surface of the water undulates in a series of oscillations, which
gradually decay to a region of smooth tranquil flow. A direct jump occurs when
the change in depth is great. The large amount of energy loss produces a zone of
extremely turbulent water before it settles to smooth tranquil flow.

By considering the forces acting within the fluid on either side of a hydraulic jump
of unit width it can be shown that:

Where, is the total head loss across jump (energy dissipated) (m), is the mean
velocity before jump (m/s), is the depth of flow before hydraulic jump (m), is the
mean velocity after hydraulic jump (m) and is the depth of flow after hydraulic
jump (m). Because the working section is short, and . Therefore, simplifying the
above equation, .

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4. INSTRUMENT

1) Self- contained Glass Sided Tilting Flume.

2) Adjustable Undershot Weir Tilting Flume.

3) Instrument Carrier.

Figure 3: Control Panel

4) Hook and point gauge.

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5. PROCEDURE

1. We have made sure the flume is level, with downstream fixtures, at the bottom of the
trip. Measurement on the actual area (m) from the bottom layer has been recorded.
Attach the bottom to the end of the inlet and it is securely mounted.
2. We have adjusted the bottom pioneer to place a 20 mm sharp edge on the channel
bed and increase the height of the outgoing release until the new downstream level
begins to increase.
3. We gradually open the flow control valve and adjust the flow until the undular jump
is made with a small hassle that dangles towards the end of the work release part. We
have also drawn the flow pattern during observation.
4. Upstream elevation of the water has been enhanced from the bottom layer by
increasing the flow rate and increasing the height of the prohibited fixture to create a
hydraulic leap at the center of the working section. The flow pattern was drawn
during observation.
5. Measuring and recording values , , and . We have repeated this for other flow rate
(upstream head) and height of the gate.

6. RESULT

1. Calculate and plot dg against

2. Calculate and plot against
3. Calculate and verify < <

Channel width, b = 0.3 m

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Table 6.1: The hydraulic Jumps

Upstream Flow
Wier Flow Depth Flow
Flow Depth
Opening Above Rate ΔH
Depth Below v1
Jump
Jump
yg y1 Q
yo y3
(m) (m) (m3/s)
(m) (m)

0.015 0.064 0.0126 0.029 0.003 0.00302 0.79365 0.23951 2.30159

0.015 0.089 0.0127 0.0330 0.00368 0.00499 0.96588 0.39292 2.59843

0.015 0.129 0.0117 0.0425 0.00436 0.01469 1.24217 1.25554 3.63248

0.015 0.163 0.0114 0.0665 0.00504 0.05517 1.47368 4.83909 5.83333

0.015 0.210 0.0112 0.079 0.00572 0.08806 1.70238 7.86260 7.05357

0.015 0.244 0.0112 0.083 0.0064 0.09954 1.90476 8.88790 7.41071

7. DATA ANALYSIS

Calculation for flowrate, Q = 0.003 m3/s V = Q/A

H = A = y1 x b
= = 0.0126 x 0.3
= 0.1028 = 0.0378
Therefore,
Calculation for , Q = AV V = 0.003/ 0.0378

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= 0.79365 m/s = 0.01 /s

= Therefore,
q =Q/b =
= (0.003/ 0.3) = 0.02168 m

8. PLOTTING

Height Diffrence versus Energy Loss

0.12
Height Diffrence in meter (y3-y1)

0.1

0.08

0.06

0.04

0.02

0
0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08
Energy Loss (ΔH)

The graph show that the more the height difference before and after the hydraulic
jump, there will be more energy loss as that energy dissipate as the incoming wave that
were reflected by the flume cancel (superposition) the out-coming wave from the weir.

9. DISCUSSION

8.1. Critical depth is also the depth of maximum discharge, when the specific energy is held constant. that
mean despite the flow height keep increase the flow rate maintained

8.2. Verify the force of the stream on either side of the jump is the same and that the specific
energy curve predicts a loss equal to ΔH / dc.

The hydraulic jump flow process can be illustrated by use of the specific energy concept. Equation
loss energy can be written in term of the specific energy:

E = do + V2/ 2g

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Where do and E are feet. Because of the head loss across the jump, the upstream values of E are
different. About the graph, (1) to state (2) the fluid does not proceed along the specific energy curve
and pass through the critical condition. The energy dissipates when water flow at weir opening and
the energy became 0 because d0 and d3 has are force from adverse. Same like the equation,

Fbefore = Fafter.

8.3. Suggest application where the loss of energy in hydraulic jump would be desirable.
How is the energy dissipated?
The application of loss of hydraulic jump is:
 To dissipate energy in water flowing over hydraulic structures as dams, weirs, and others and
prevent scouring downstream structures.
 To raise water level on the downstream side for irrigation or other water distribution purposes.
 To increase weight on an apron and reduce uplift pressure under a structure by raising the water
depth on the apron.
 To indicate special flow conditions such as the existence of supercritical flow or the presence of
a control section so that a gaging station maybe located.
 To mix chemicals used for water purification.
 To aerate water for city water supplies.
 To remove air pockets from water supply lines and prevent air locking.

The energy dissipate as the incoming wave and force that were reflected by the flume cancel
(superposition) the out-coming wave and force from the weir and the energy loss will be greater when
the change of hydraulic jump height increase as some of that energy also dissipate as turbulent force.

10. CONCLUSION

The conclusion from the experiment, we can investigate the characteristic a standing wave (the hydraulic
jump) produced when waters beneath an undershot weir and to observe the flow patterns obtained. From the

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experiment, we can get the force at weir opening, ∆H. In the water channel, water flowing rapidly changes to
slower tranquil flow a hydraulic jump or standing wave is produced. This phenomenon can be seen where
water shooting under a sluice gate mixes with deeper water downstream. It occurs when a depth less than
critical changes to a depth which are greater than critical and must be accompanied by loss of energy.

From the result, we get the inverse line from graph gd1 against v1 and curve line from graph Δ H/d1 against
d3/d1. Both graphs are sloping downward. Final result we can get the value of dc between d1 and d3. So the
objective achieved and the experiments are success. Reason the experiment perform because almost drain are
open channel. From the experiment, we know about water flowing.

11. REFERENCE

i. John J.E.A. 1988. Introduction to Fluid Mechanics, pp 330-342. Prentice Hall, Inc.

ii. Chaudhry, M. H. 1993. Open Channel Flow, pp 302-408. Prentice-Hall, Inc.

iii. Simon, A. L.1997. Hydraulics, pp 283-312. Prentice Hall, Inc
iv. “Application of Hydraulics Jumps” https://www.engineeringcivil.app-hydraulic-jumps.com/ Cited on
19 November 2011)
v. https://edurev.in/question/1397063/The-pre-jump-and-post-jump-depth-in-a-rectangular-

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Lab Report Assessment Rubrics

Faculty: CENTRE FOR DIPLOMA STUDIES (CeDS)
Programme: DIPLOMAS OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
Course/Code: HYDRAULICS & HYDROLOGY LABORATORY LABORATORY/ DAC 31401
Experiment
THE HYDRAULIC JUMPS
Title:
Assessed by: ENCIK IZAT BIN YAHAYA
Section: 5
Student names: 1. MUHAZREEN BIN MAZLAN (AA161549)
2. NAZIRUL BIN KAMISAN (AA160300)
3. MUHAMMAD YUSRI AFNAN BIN MAHMUD (AA162147)
4. NORSAFIQHAKIMI BIN HARIZAL (AA161098)
5. SYARIFUDDIN BIN KAMARI (AA161033)
Very Poor

Excellent

6. MUHAMMAD ZULL ARIFF TAQIUDDIN BIN

Good
Poor

Fair

MOHAMAD (AA162136)
CLO 2:
To measure the basic concept of hydraulic and hydrology during laboratory sessions. [P4-PLO2]
Assessment Criteria Sub-criteria Level 1 2 3 4 5 Weight Score
Descriptions of the lab work needs P1 4
Perform on-site lab work Correct use of measurement technique
P2 2
and equipments
Report Discussion on the Describe correct and precise data
applications of the lab P2 2
collection
work with measurement
techniques and Analyse and discuss the data trends and
P3 2
equations patterns using correct graphs
Use/adapt appropriate Solve the applications of equations with
P3 3
measurement correct and accurate analyses
Presentation
technique/concept and Investigate, discuss and relate the use of
P4 8
results lab work with real site situation
Total 21
To demonstrate the ability to work in group ethically and effectively in order to solve the given hydraulic and hydrology related problems.
CLO 3:
[A3-PLO5]
Assessment Criteria Sub-criteria Level 1 2 3 4 5 Weight Score
Report Convey information in Format of report follows given format A1 1

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Team work: contribution from all members A1 1

group
Follows the field work instructions A2 1
Demonstrate importance of lab works,
A3 4
able to answers open ended questions
Convey spoken ideas in
Presentation
group Organisation of group presentation A2 1

Support members in Q&A session A2 1

Total 9

Total (%) 30

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