Speed andvelocity

Exercise
Answer
Acceleration
Acceleration is the rate of change
of velocity with time. The average
acceleration, a, is given by:
Exercise
Answer
Free Fall
Exercise
Answer
 • An object remains in a state of rest, or continues in a
Newton’s first state of uniform motion in a straight line, unless it is

law of motion
acted on by an externally applied force.
 • The acceleration of an object
acted upon by an external force
is proportional to the force and is
in the same direction as the force
• force = mass * acceleration

Newton’s second
law of motion
• The unit of force is the newton
(N) and is defined in terms of
mass and acceleration
 • For every force, there is an equal and opposite reacting
force
Newton’s third • Thus, an object on, say, a table, exerts a downward force
on the table and the table exerts an equal upward force
law of motion on the object, known as a reaction force or just a
reaction
Exercise
Answer
 .

There is a formula that relates the arc length of a circle of radius, r, to the central angle, θ in radians.

The radian
The picture below illustrates the relationship between the radius, and the central angle in radians. The formula
is S=rθ where s represents the arc length, θ represents the central angle in radians and r is the length of the
radius.
Linear velocity

Linear velocity v is defined as the rate of change of linear

displacement s with respect to time t
Task
 Angular velocity is defined as the rate of change of angular
displacement q, with respect to time t

Angular
velocity
• The unit of angular
velocity is radians per
second (rad/s).
• An object rotating at
a constant speed of n
revolutions per
second subtends an
angle of 2πn radians
in one second, that is,
its angular velocity,
Exercise
Answer
Linear acceleration

• The unit of linear acceleration is

metres per second squared (m/s2).

An object that is moving in a straight line will be

accelerating if its velocity is increasing or decreasing
during a given period of time. Acceleration can be
either positive or negative depending on whether
the velocity is increasing or decreasing
Angular acceleration

• The unit of angular acceleration is

radians per second squared
• (rad/s2).

he angular acceleration is the time rate of change of

the angular velocity and is usually designated by α and
expressed in radians per second per second.
Exercise
Answer
Task
The resultant of two coplanar
forces
• For two forces acting at a point, there
are three possibilities.
• (a) For forces acting in the same
direction and having the same line of
action, the single force having the same
effect as both of the forces, called the
resultant force or just the resultant, is
the arithmetic sum of the separate
forces. Forces of F1 and F2 acting at
point P, as shown in Fig. 19.5(a), have
exactly the same effect on point P as
force F shown in Fig. 19.5(b), where F =
F1 + F2 and acts in the same direction
as F1 and F2. Thus F is the resultant of
F1 and F2
Continu
ed
• (b) For forces acting in opposite
directions along the same line of
action, the resultant force is the
arithmetic difference between the
two forces. Forces of F1 and F2 acting
at point P as shown in Fig. 19.6(a)
have exactly the same effect on point
P as force F shown in Fig. 19.6(b),
where F = F2 - F1 and acts in the
direction of F2, since F2 is greater
than F1 . Thus F is the resultant of F1
and F2
Continu
ed
• (c) When two forces do not have the
same line of action, the magnitude
and direction of the resultant force
may be found by a procedure called
vector addition of forces. There are
two graphical methods of performing
vector addition, known as the
triangle of forces method (explained
later) and the parallelogram of forces
method (explained later).
Exerci
se
 Solutio
•
n
(a) The vector diagram of the two forces acting
in the same direction is shown in Fig. 19.7(a),
which assumes that the line of action is
horizontal, although since it is not specified,
could be in any direction. From above, the
resultant force F is given by: F = F1 + F2, i.e. F =
(5 + 8) kN = 13 kN in the direction of the original
forces

• (b) The vector diagram of the two forces acting

in opposite directions is shown in Fig. 19.7(b),
again assuming that the line of action is in a
horizontal direction. From above, the resultant
force F is given by: F = F2 - F1, i.e. F = (8 – 5) kN
= 3 kN in the direction of the 8 kN force.
 A simple procedure for the triangle
of forces method of vector addition
is as follows:
• Draw a vector representing one of the forces,
Triangle of using an appropriate scale and in the
direction of its line of action.
forces • From the nose of this vector and using the
same scale, draw a vector representing the
method second force in the direction of its line of
action.
• The resultant vector is represented in both
magnitude and direction by the vector drawn
from the tail of the first vector to the nose of
the second vector.
Exercise
Answer
Exercise
Answer
 A simple procedure for the parallelogram of
forces method of vector addition is as
follows:

• (i) Draw a vector representing one of the

forces, using an appropriate scale and in
The
The the direction of its line of action.
• (ii) From the tail of this vector and using
parallelogram
parallelogram the same scale draw a vector representing
the second force in the direction of its line
of
offorces
forces of action.
• (iii) Complete the parallelogram using the
method
method two vectors drawn in (i) and (ii) as two
sides of the parallelogram.
• (iv) The resultant force is represented in
both magnitude and direction by the
vector corresponding to the diagonal of
the parallelogram drawn from the tail of
the vectors in (i) and (ii).
Exercise
Answer
D'Alembert showed that one can transform an accelerating rigid body
into an equivalent static system by adding the so-called "inertial force"
and "inertial torque" or moment. The inertial force must act through the
center of mass and the inertial torque can act anywhere. The system can
then be analyzed exactly as a static system subjected to this "inertial force
and moment" and the external forces.
Task
194.61 N
Exercis
e
• In the figure below is shown the
system below are shown two blocks
linked by a string through a pulley,
where the block of mass m1 slides
on the frictionless table. We assume
that the string is massless and the
pulley is massless and frictionless.

a)Find the magnitude of the

acceleration of the two masses

b) Find the tension in the string

 Answe
r
• a) |a| = m2 g / (m1 + m2)

• b) |T1| = m1 |a| = m1 m2 g /
(m1 + m2)
Task
Task
Questio
n
• In the two blocks of masses
m1 and m2 and pulley
system below, the pulley is
frictionless and massless
and the string around the
pulley is massless.
• Find an expression of the
acceleration when the
block are released from
rest.
Answe
r
• |a| = g ( m2 - m1 ) / (m1 + m2)
Task
Task
Task
Exercis
e
• Three cords are knotted at point P,
with two of these cords fastened to
the ceiling making angles ά1, ά2 and a
block of mass m hangs from the third
one as shown.
a)Find the magnitude of the tension in
each cord in terms of ά1, ά2 and m so
that the system is at rest.

b)Find numerical values to the three

tensions found above for ά1 = 45° , ά2 =
30° and m = 1 Kg.
 Answe
• A)
r
• |T1| = |W| cos ά2 / ( cos ά1 sin ά2 + sin
ά1 cos ά2 ) = |W| cos ά2 / sin(ά1 + ά2 )

• |T2| = |W| cos ά1 / ( cos ά1 sin ά2 +

sin ά1 cos ά2 ) = |W| cos ά1 / sin(ά1 +
ά2 )
• B)
• |T1| = |W| cos ά2 / sin(ά1 + ά2 ) = 10
cos 30° /sin(45°+30°) = 9.0 N

• |T2| = |W| cos ά1 / sin(ά1 + ά2 ) = 10

cos 45° /sin(45°+30°) = 7.3 N
The moment of a
force
• When using a spanner to tighten a nut, a force tends to turn
the nut in a clockwise direction. This turning effect of a force
is called the moment of a force or more briefly, just a
moment.
• The size of the moment acting on the nut depends on two
factors:
• (a) The size of the force acting at right angles to the
shank of the spanner
• (b) The perpendicular distance between the point of
application of the force and the centre of the nut.
• The moment M of a force acting about a point P is
force*perpendicular distance between the line of action of
the force and P, given by (M= F * d)
• The unit of a moment is the newton metre (Nm)
Exercis
e
Answ
er
 Equilibrium and the
principle of moments

• If more than one force is acting on an

object and the forces do not act at a
single point, then the turning effect of
the forces, that is, the moment of the
forces, must be considered.

• The figure shows a beam with its

support (known as its pivot or
fulcrum) at P, acting vertically
upwards, and forces F1 and F2 acting
vertically downwards at distances a
and b, respectively, from the fulcrum
 Equilibrium and the principle of
moments
• A beam is said to be in equilibrium when there is no tendency for it to move.
• There are two conditions for equilibrium:

• (i) The sum of the forces acting vertically downwards must be equal to the sum of the forces acting vertically upwards, i.e. for the
figure, Rp = F1 + F2

• (ii) The total moment of the forces acting on a beam must be zero; for the total moment to be zero:
the sum of the clockwise moments about any point must be equal to the sum of the anticlockwise
moments about that point.

• This statement is known as the principle of moments.

• Hence, taking moments about P in the figure,

• F2 * b = the clockwise moment
• F1 * a = the anticlockwise moment

• For equilibrium: F1a = F2b

Exerci
se
Answ
er
Exerci
se
Answ
er
Simply supported beams having
point loads
• A simply supported beam is one which rests
on two supports and is free to move
horizontally.
• Two typical simply supported beams having
loads acting at given points on the beam,
called point loading, are shown in the figure.
• A man whose mass exerts a force F vertically
downwards, standing on a wooden plank
which is simply supported at its ends, may, for
example, be represented by the beam diagram
of the figure (a) if the mass of the plank is
neglected. The forces exerted by the supports
on the plank, RA and RB, act vertically
upwards, and are called reactions.
Simply supported beams having
point loads
• When the forces acting are all in one plane, the algebraic
sum of the moments can be taken about any point.
• For the beam in the figure (a) at equilibrium:
(i) RA + RB = F
(ii) Taking moments about A, Fa = RB (a + b)
(Alternatively, taking moments about C, RAa = RBb)

• For the beam in the figure (b), at equilibrium:

(i) RA + RB = F1 + F2,
(ii) Taking moments about B, RA(a + b) + F2c = F1b

• Typical practical applications of simply supported beams

with point loadings include bridges, beams in buildings, and
beds of machine tools.
Exerci
se
Answ
er
Answe
r
Exercis
e
Answe
r
Exercise

Find the values

of R1 and R2
Exercise

Find the values

of R1 and R2
Exercis
e
 ΣMB=0
3R1+200(1)=800(2)(2)
R1=1000N

Answer
ΣMA=0
3R2=200(4)+800(2)(1)
R2=800N
 ΣMR2=0
4R1+200(2)=12(3)(400)(1)
R1=50N

Answer
ΣMR1=0
4R2=200(6)+12(3)(400)(3)
R2=750N
 ΣMB=0
3R1+200(1)=800(2)(2)
R1=1000N

Answer
ΣMA=0
3R2=200(4)+800(2)(1)
R2=800N
Exercis
e
 ΣMR2=0
4R1+200(2)=12(3)(400)(1)
R1=50N

Answer
ΣMR1=0
4R2=200(6)+12(3)(400)(3)
R2=750N