UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA

FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN KIMIA

ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY LABORATORY
(CHE48

NAME :MUHAMMAD AFIFIZUDDIN BIN ROSLI

STUDENT NO. :2022835512
GROUP :5
EXPERIMENT :DETERMINATION OF THE
CONCENTRATION OF ACETIC ACID IN VINEGAR
DATE PERFORMED :30.3.2023
SEMESTER :2
PROGRAMME / CODE :CEEH220
SUBMIT TO :DR NUR AZRINI BT RAMLIE

No. Title Allocated Marks (%) Marks

1 Abstract/Summary 5
2 Introduction 10
3 Aims 5
4 Theory 10
5 Apparatus 5
6 Methodology/Procedure 10
7 Results 10
8 Calculations 10
9 Discussion 20
10 Conclusion 5
11 Recommendations 5
12 Reference / Appendix 5
TOTAL MARKS 100

Remarks:
Checked by:

Date:
EXPERIMENT 1:DETERMINATION OF THE CONCENTRATION OF THE ACETIC
ACID IN VINEGAR

Abstraction:

Objective of this experiment was to calculate the mass percentage of acetic acid, CH3COOH in
vinegar as well as the molarity of a solution. The carboxyl family of organic compounds includes
monoprotic acetic acid. Acids are neutralised using the titration method by use of the given
sodium hydroxide solution. Sodium hydroxide (NaOH)is a base, reacts to produce salt and
water. A chemical indicator can be used to indicate the endpoint of the neutralisation process and
help find its equivalence point. To determine the equivalence point's location, the graph should
be plotted. The concentration of sodium hydroxide can be calculated after learning the titration's
equivalency point. After that, the vinegars are titrated using sodium hydroxide are determined.

Introduction:

Concentration is the amount of solute in a given amount of solven.There are two ways to
determined a concentration which is,molarity and percentage by mass

Molarity is the number of moles of solute per liter of solution.

(Equation 1)

Percent by mass is the mass in grams of solute per 100 grams of solution.

(Equation 2)

Objective :

To determine the molarity of a solution and the percentage by mass of acetic acid in vinegar by
titration with the standardized sodium hydroxide solution

Theory:

In titration process,a burette is used to dispense a small increment of known concentration.A

burette has the smallest calibration unit of 0.1mL .Therefore,the volume was dispensed from the
burette can be estimated to the nearest 0.01mL.
Figure 1: a) 50ml burette preparation
b)Smallest calibration unit of burette

The equivalent point of this experiment can be occurs when the moles of acid in the solution is
same with the moles of base added in the titration equation below.The stoichiometric amount of
1 mole of base (NaOH) is required to neutralise 1 mole of acid (CH3COOH).

𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻(𝑎𝑞) + 𝐶𝐻3 𝐶𝑂O𝐻(𝑎𝑞) ⇒ 𝑁𝑎𝐶𝐻3𝐶OO(𝑎𝑞) + 𝐻2𝑂(𝑙) (Equation 3)

The titration has reached the equivalence point when there are changes in the pH of the solution.
The pH of an aqueous solution is influenced by the amount of hydrogen ions present. The
negative of the logarithm of the hydrogen ion concentration is denoted as [H], which is
the symbol for the hydrogen ion concentration.

pH=-log
(Equation 4)
The pH scale is a way to show how basic or acidic a solution is, with a pH of 7 being neutral, 7
being acidic, and 7 being basic. A pH electrode instrument was utilised to ensure accuracy in this
experiment. pH electrodes were dipped into a beaker holding the acid solution before the titration
began (pH range within 3-5). The acid solution was then gradually supplemented with NaOH
solutions to neutralise part of the hydrogen ions. The pH value slowly rises as the amount of
hydrogen ion decreases. The subsequent drop will result in a rapid, dramatic increase in pH since
enough NaOH was supplied to neutralise the acid . The quantity of base needed to fully
neutralise the acid was calculated at the equivalent point of the titration

Figure 2:Acid-base titration equivalent point

With a titration of vinegar, an experiment was conducted using standardised sodium hydroxide.
A primary standard acid solution was created in order to standardise the sodium hydroxide
solution.Primary standard solution denotes that a weighted amount of pure acid or base was
dissolved in a predetermined volume of solution to create the product.

 Must have qualities such being available in at least 99.9% purity

 Having a large molar mass to reduce weighing error
 Able to be stable when heated
 Able to be soluble in the targeted solvent.

The two principal standard acids that were used the most frequently are potassium hydrogen
phthalate and oxalic acid. Most is acid and are the most used
base . To standardise these acids and bases solutions, however, titration of the solution with a
primary standard must be carried out. In this study, potassium hydrogen phthalate (KHP) was
titrated into a solution of sodium hydroxide.

(Equation 5)

It will be used to titrate 10.00 mL aliquots of vinegar once the sodium hydroxide solution
has been standardized. The equation for the reaction of vinegar with NaOH.

(Equation 6)

After the standardised NaOH concentration is known, one may calculate the molarity and the
percent by mass of acetic acid in the vinegar solution.Example of a KHP standardisation
calculation.The titration curve for 1.523 grammes of KHP diluted in 30 mL of distilled water and
titrated with NaOH is shown in Figure 3. The NaOH solution's molarity was established.

Figure 3: Titration curve of KHP with NaOH. The volume of NaOH used at the
equivalence point is 15.3 mL of NaOH

● Calculate the moles of KHP used in the titration

1.523g 𝐾𝐻𝐶 8𝐻4𝑂4 X = 0. 007458 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐾𝐻𝐶 8𝐻4𝑂4

● From equation 6, calculate the moles of NaOH required neutralizing the moles of KHP

0.007458 mol 𝐾𝐻𝑃 X = 0. 007458 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻

● Calculate the molarity of the NaOH solution

15.30 mL 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 X = 0. 01530𝐿 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻

Sample calculations for determining the acetic acid concentration in vinegar by titration
with standard base
A 10.00 mL aliquot of vinegar requires 16.95 mL of the 0.4875M standardized NaOH
solution to reach the equivalence point of the titration. The molarity and the percent by mass of
CH₃COOH in the solution were calculated and assumed the density of the vinegar solution is
1.0 g/mL

● Calculate the moles of NaOH that reacted

16.95mL 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻𝑥 = 0. 01695𝐿 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻

0.01695L 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 X = 0. 008263𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻

● Calculate the mass of the acetic acid solution

10 𝑚𝐿 𝐶𝐻₃𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑥 = 10. 00𝑔 𝐶𝐻₃𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

● Calculate the percent by mass of acetic acid in the solution

𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝐶𝐻₃𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻 = 𝑥100%
𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝐶𝐻₃𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻 = 𝑥100% = 1. 963% 𝐶𝐻₃𝐶𝑂𝑂H

Apparatus

1. 250 mL beaker
2. High precision analytical weighing balance
3. pH electrode
4. Burette
5. Retort stand
6. Funnels
7. Measuring cylinder
8. Magnetic stirrer
9. Volumetric pipette

List of Materials:

1. Distilled water
2. 0.60M sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution
3. Potassium hydrogen phthalate (KHP) solid
4. Vinegar

Procedure

Part A:Standardized NaOH solution

1.In a beaker, a 250 mL solution of approximately 0.6 M NaOH was prepared.
2. The mass of a 250 mL beaker was taken and reported to the nearest 0.001g.
The beaker was subsequently filled with 1.5g of KHP, and both total masses were recorded.
Calculating the mass of KHP by difference and recorded
3. The beaker was filled with around 30 mL of distilled water, and the mixture was stirred until
the KHP was completely dissolved.
4. The pH of the NaOH solution was then measured after each addition of 1 mL.
5. To carry out a second trial and standardise the NaOH solution, steps 1 through 3 were
repeated.
6. The graph of pH versus NaOH was plotted to determine the volume of NaOH required
for neutralizing the KHP solution of each 1 mL titration.
7. For titrations 1 and 2, the molarity of NaOH was calculated.
8.The average molarity of NaOH for titrations 1 and 2 was calculated and the data will be
used in part B of the experiment.

Part B:Molarity of acetic acid and percent of vinegar

1. A 10 mL volumetric pipette was used to transfer 10.00 mL of vinegar into a 250 mL beaker.
The pH electrode tip was then covered with approximately 75 mL of distilled water during the
titration process.
2. Vinegar was added to 1 mL of NaOH, and the data was taken.
3. These first two steps were repeated out twice.
4. The graph of pH vs volume NaOH were plotted. From this, the volume of NaOH required
to neutralize vinegar can be determined from each titration. Then, all data were recorded.
5. Acetic acid in vinegar's molarity was determined for titrations 1 and 2.
6. Each titration's average acetic acid molarity was calculated.
7. The percent by mass of acetic acid in vinegar was calculated for titration 1 and 2.
8. The percent by mass of acetic acid in vinegar was calculated.

Results:

Part A:Standardization of NaOH with KPH solution

Table 1: Standardization of NaOH with KPH solution

Titration 1 Titration 2
Mass of beaker (g) 99.105 99.112
Mass of KHP + beaker(g) 100.429 100.620
Volume of NaOH to neutralize 17 17
the KHP solution (mL)
Mass of KHP 1.524 1.508

Table 2:KPH titration

NaOH(mL) Titration 1 (pH) Titration 2 (pH)

0.0 3.52 3.55
1.0 3.99 4.02
2.0 4.26 4.20
3.0 4.48 4.61
4.0 4.69 4.66
5.0 4.85 4.86
5.5 4.91 4.97
6.0 5.00 5.05
6.5 5.09 5.08
7.0 5.18 5.11
7.5 5.23 5.16
8.0 5.31 5.23
8.5 5.40 5.32
9.0 5.49 5.41
9.5 5.59 5.54
10.0 5.72 5.69
10.5 5.98 5.81
11.0 6.47 6.04
 11.5 12.30 6.21
12.0 12.47 6.57
13.0 12.52 8.57
14.0 12.93 12.48
15.0 13.10 12.91
16.0 13.20 13.10
17.0 13.28 13.18

Graph of standardized NaOH with KPH solution

Part B:Acetic acid titration with vinegar

Titration 1 Titration 2
Volume of NaOH required to
neutralize vinegar (mL) 20 17.5

NaOH used Titration 1 (pH) NaOH used Titration 2 (pH)

(mL) (mL)
0 2.45 0 2.43
1 3.01 1 3.15
2 3.39 2 3.57
3 3.67 3 3.84
4 3.89 4 4.05
5 4.05 5 4.22
6 4.22 6 4.37
7 4.35 7 4.52
8 4.48 8 4.69
9 4.64 9 4.88
10 4.18 10 5.09
10.5 4.96 10.5 5.27
11 5.05 11 5.45
11.5 5.16 11.5 5.72
12 5.29 12 6.32
12.5 5.45 12.5 11.00
13 5.68 13.5 12.16
13.5 6.00 14.5 12.43
14 6.74 15.5 12.58
14.5 11.28 16.5 12.66
15 12.22 17.5 12.36
16 12.47
17 12.64
18 12.72
19 12.79

Graph acetic acid titration with vinegar

CALCULATION

1)Calculation to calculate the molarity of sodium Hydroxide solution, NaOH:

Calculate the molarity of sodium hydroxide for titration 1 and 2:

Calculation from results :

2)Calculation of molarity of acetic acid in vinegar

3)Calculation of mass of acetic acid and Percent by mass of acetic acid in vinegar

Discussion

The objective of this experiment is to determine the molarity of a solution and the percent by
mass of acetic acid in vinegar by titration with the standardized NaOH solution.From the
graph,we can see the titration curve for the reaction between acid KHP and NaOH.Volume of
NaOH added into solution increases by 1 mL,pH value is increasing from pH 3 to 6.
0.5 mL