PAPER

The Deaf and Language

The paper was made to fulfill the assignment of English PhysycholinguisticPsycholinguistic

course that guided by Mrs.Irma wahyuni, M.Pd

Compiled By :

Group 3

Chairunnisa

Midiawati

Nur Haliza

Siti Roudotul Hasanah

ENGLISH EDUCATION DEPARTMENT

STKIP MUHAMMADIYAH

BOGOR

2022
 PREFACE

First of all, we would like to thank our God Allah SWT, because of His bless and grace,
the paperentitled ”the deaf and language” can be finished on time.

This paper is a requirement to fulfill the assignment from Mrs. Irma Wahyuni M.Pd. as
The psycholinguistic lecturer of STKIP Muhammadiyah Bogor. we also thanks to her for all
the guidance to complete it.

In completing this paper, we faced many problems, but with the help of many people, all the
problems could be passed. May Allah SWT give the blessing for all parties. Although this paper
has many deficiencies in the arrangement and explanation, we hope that it can be used as a
reference for the reader to understand about the deaf and language.

Bogor, 29th May, 2022

Compiler
 INTRODUCTION

Through people in the world communicate each other. There are two kinds of communication;
verbal communication and non-verbal communication. The people who have perfect system
organ communicate by language. They could communicate by verbal and nonverbal. As we
know well, there are not all people given perfectly system on their body specially in speech
organ. Some of them do not have it, then they could not produce or pronounce and make a
sound clearly as almost people did above. Unfortunately, they also could not hear the sound.
But, it does not mean they could not communicate. The people who could not produce good
pronunciation and unable to hear-the deaf, still could communicate each other with their own
way; sign language and written language. In the fact, their way is not same as usual. However,
communication occurs whenever meaning is attribute to behaviour or the residue of behaviour.

In this paper which is entitled “the deaf and language”, will discuss toward those. Sign
language, written language and gesture.

DISCUSSIONS

A. Sign Languages

Sign language, any means of communication through bodily movements, especially of the
hands and arms, used when spoken communication is impossible or not desirable. The practice
is probably older than speech. Sign language may be as coarsely expressed as mere grimaces,
shrugs, or pointings; or it may employ a delicately nuanced combination of coded manual
signals reinforced by facial expression and perhaps augmented by words spelled out in a
manual alphabet. Wherever vocal communication is impossible, as between speakers of
mutually unintelligible languages or when one or more would-be communicators is deaf, sign
language can be used to bridge the gap.

1. Types of Sign Languages

There are two general categories of language involving the use of sign:

a. Alternate Sign Language

Alternate sign language is a system of hand signals developed by speakers for limited
communication in a specific context where speech cannot be used.
b. Primary Sign Language
Primary sign language is the first language of a group of people with each other. For
example British Sign Language (BSL) and French Sign Language (FSL), as used for
everyday communication among members of the deaf communities of Britain and
France, are primary sign language.
 2. Sign Languages Representing Spelling or Speech

There are both one-and two-hand systems of finger spelling. The Americans and Swedes, for
example, use one hand, while the British use two. The two-handed system is faster and provides
more easily identifiable letters but it does not allow a hand free for other uses.

Signing Ordinary Language (SOL) system has certain important advantages for the learner. By
learning it, not only will the person be able to communicate with other hearing-impaired
persons (who know the system) but the learner will have knowledge of the syntax and
vocabulary of the ordinary language as well. The ordinary language would then not have to be
learned as a remote second language (as far as vocabulary and syntax is concerned) by persons
whose native language is an independent sign language. For the same reason, too, learning to
read will not be as difficult.

3. Independent Sign Language (SL)

Three basic components of SL:

1. Hand Configuration, how the hand is formed;

2. Place of articulation, where the hand is formed;

3. Movement, how the hand moves.

SL has syntactic rules too. SL sentences are radically different with languages such as Signing
Exact English. SL sentences are not linear sequences but three-dimensional creations. Such a
space allows for combinations of meanings and the simultaneous blending of a number of
meaning elements that cannot be produced quickly and with a minimum of effort.

B. Written language

Written language is the written form of communication which includes both reading and
writing. Although written language may at first be considered to simply be oral language in its
written form, the two are quite different in that oral language rules are innate whereas written
language is acquired through explicit education.

Written language, whether reading or writing, requires basic language abilities. These include
phonological processing (understanding that words are made of discrete sounds, then
associating letters with these sounds, i.e., decoding), vocabulary, and syntax (grammar).
Skilled reading and writing further require an awareness of what is being read or written in
order to construct meaning. Given characteristic and varying difficulties in language in
individuals with autism spectrum disorders (ASD), the bidirectional relationship between oral
and written language poses challenges to written language development.
 1. The Importance of Literacy and Essentials of the Approach
Since the hearing-impaired person’s knowledge of speech-based language is usually
quite limited, the ability of that person to acquire literacy based on that knowledge is
similarly limited. It is not surprising that we find that most hearing-impaired people are
able to secure only low-level jobs, when they are able to secure jobs at all. A high level
of literacy is essential if the hearing-impaired are to realize their potential. The essential
idea of this approach is that the meaningful written forms of an ordinary speech-based
language such as English or Spanish (its words, phrases and sentences) are acquired
through direct association with objects, events and situations in the environment.

2. Assessment of the Written Language Approach

There are a number of distinct advantages to the Written Language Approach:

1. The learning medium is appropriate;

2. Written language knowledge need not be acquired by the instructors;

3. Instruction can begin early;

4. All hearing-impaired children can benefit;

5. Written language acquisition is compatible with other approaches;

6. Written language knowledge can facilitate speech;

7. Written language can raise intellectuality.

C. Gestures

Although both Sign and gestures involve the use of the hands (with other parts of the body),
they are rather different. Sign is like speech and is used instead of speaking, whereas gestures
are mostly used while speaking. Examples of gestures are making a downward movement with
one hand while talking about not doing very well in a class or making a twisting motion with
one hand as you describe trying to open a bottle or jar. The gestures are just part of the
communicative act being performed.

In the study of non-verbal behaviour, a distinction can be drawn between gestures and
emblems. Emblems are signals such as “thumbs up” (= things are good) or “shush” (= keep
quiet) that function like fixed phrases and do not depend on speech. Emblems are conventional
and depend on social knowledge (e.g. what is and isn’t considered offensive in a particular
social world).
 1. Types of gestures

Iconic are gestures that seem to be a reflection of the meaning of what is said, as when we trace
a square in the air with a finger while saying I’m looking for a small box. By itself, an iconic
gesture doesn’t ‘mean’ the same as what is said, but it may add ‘meaning’.

Another common group of gestures can be described as deictics. The term ‘deictic’ means
‘pointing’ and we often use gestures to point to things or people while talking. We can use
deictics in the current context, as when we use a hand to indicate a table (with a cake on it) and
ask someone Would you like some cake? We can also use the same gesture and the same table
(with cake no longer on it) when we later say That cake was delicious.

There are other gestures, such as those described as beats, which are short quick movements of
the hand or fingers. These gestures accompany the rhythm of talk and are often used to
emphasize parts of what is being said or to mark a change from describing events in a story to
commenting on those events.

2. Gestures without speech

It means a movement without pronounce any single words. Facial movements in particular, are
used everywhere to express a wide range of emotions and feeling. For example when someone
say goodbye or bye-bye for quite far people, they put their hands-up and move it right and left
spontantly.
3. Gestures with speech
Some people use both gestures and speech to support what they want to say. They do not
pronounce well but such a beat and lips movement. Actually they talk, but they unable to
produce the sounds. For example someone said “be silent please!” when a meeting or spiritual
program was starting. They said with hand’s movement like T but there is no sounds.

Conclusion
in conclusion. Sign language is a language used to communicate for deaf people which has
three basic components, those are: Hand Configuration, how the hand is formed; Place of
articulation, where the hand is formed; Movement, how the hand moves.

written language is a language that must be learned and used by humans to communicate
because it greatly facilitates interaction and expresses ideas. even for people who are deaf, in
use written language can facilitate the interaction of deaf people considering that not all deaf
people are facilitated to learn sign language.
Gestures can be called language complements because we use them when we speak. but there
are times when the gestures shown by other people can already give the meaning of the
language you understand. But, need to understand gesture is still not a language.