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Design of Beams
Design of Beams
419.2.1.1 The value of shall be specified in construction documents and shall be in accordance with (a)
through ( c ) :
a. Limits in Table 419.2.1.1:
b. Durability requirements in Table 419.3.2.1.
c. Structural strength requirements
Application Concrete
Lightweight 21 35(1)
(1) The limit is permitted to be exceeded where demonstrated by experimental evidence that members made with lightweight
concrete provide strength and toughness equal to or exceeding those of comparable members made with normal weight
concrete of the same strength.
419.2.21 Modulus of elasticity, Ec, for Concrete shall be permitted to calculated as (a)or (b):
a. For values of wc between 1440 and 2560 kg/m3
Ec = wc1.5 0.043 (in MPa)
b. for normal weight concrete
Ec=4700 (in MPa)
DEFORMED BARS FOR STEEL REINFORCEMENTS
20mm through 50
58mm bars
Exposed to weather
or in contact with All
ground 16mm bar, MW200
or MD200 Wire, and 40
smaller
420.6.1.3.2 Cast in place prestressed concrete members shall have specified concrete cover for
reinforcement, ducts and end fitting at least that given in table 420.6.1.3.2
Table 420.6.1.3.2 Specified Concrete cover for Cast-in-Place Prestressed Concrete Members
420.6.1.3.4 For bundled bars, specified concrete cover shall be at least the smaller of (a) and (b):
a) The equivalent diameter of the bundle.
b) 50mm
and for concrete cast against and permanently in contact with ground, the specific cover shall be
75mm.
STRENGTH REDUCTION FACTORS (NSCP 2015 SECTION 421.2)
421.2.1 Strength reduction factor shall be in accordance with Table 421.2.1 except as modified by
Sections 421.2.2, 421.2.3, and 421.24.
Table 421.2.1
Strength Reduction Factors
Action or structural Element Exceptions
421.2.2 Strength reduction factor for moment, axial force or combined moment and axial forces shall
be in accordance with Table 421.2.2.
Table 421.2.2
Strength Reduction Factors
Net Tensile Strain Classification Spirals conforming Other
, to sect. 425.7.3
< < 0.005 Transition(1) 0.75 + 0.15 (c) 0.65 + 0.25 (d)
421.2.2.1 For deformed reinforcement, shall be fy/Es. For Grade 280 deformed reinforcement, it is
shall be permitted to take equal to 0.002.
LOAD COMBINATION USING STRENGTH DESIGN OR LOAD AND RESISTANCE FACTOR
DESIGN (NSCP 2015 SECTION 203.3)
203.3.1 Where strengthen design or load and resistance factor design is used, structures and all portions
thereof shall resist the most critical effects from the following combinations of factored loads:
o 1.4(D+ F) (203-1)
o 1.2(D+F+ T) + 1.6(L + H) + 0.5(Lr or R) (203-2)
o 1.2D + 1.6(L or R) + (f1L or 0.5W) (203-3)
o 1.2D + 1.0W + f1L + 0.5(Lr or R) (203-4)
o 1.2D + 1.0E + f1L (203-5)
o 0.9D + 1.0W + 1.6H (203-6)
o 0.9D + 1.0E + 1.6H (203-7)
Where:
D = Dead Load
L = Live Load
W = Wind Load
E = Earthquake Load
Lr = Roof Live Load
T = Temperature Load
F = Fluid Load
D+F (203-8)
D+F+H+F+L+T (203-9)
D + H + F + (Lr or R) (203-10)
D + H + F + 0.75[ L + T + (L or R) (203-11)
D + H + F + (0.6W OR ) (203-12)
Draw the details of the most efficient beam in terms of flexure of the beam is cast-in-place, non-prestressed and
not exposed to weather or in contact with ground, Beam section 250mm x 360mm reinforced with 10 mm
Draw the details of the most efficient beam in terms of flexure of the beam is cast-in-place, non-prestressed and
not exposed to weather or in contact with ground, Beam section 300mm x 450mm reinforced with 12 mm
Draw the details of the most efficient beam in terms of flexure of the beam is cast-in-place, non-prestressed and
not exposed to weather or in contact with ground, Beam section 280mm x 480mm reinforced with 10 mm
Draw the details of the most efficient beam in terms of flexure of the beam is cast-in-place, non-prestressed and
not exposed to weather or in contact with ground, Beam section 300mm x 450mm rectangular beam reinforced
with 12 mm
DESIGN ASSUMPTION FOR CONCRETE (NSCP 2015 SECTION 422.2.2)
The following are the assumptions for strength design method:
422.2.2.1 Maximum Strain at the extreme concrete compression fiber shall be assumed equal to 0.003.
422.2.2.2 Tensile strength of concrete shall be neglected in flexural and axial strength calculation.
422.2.2.3 The relationship between concrete compressive stress and strain shall be represented by a
rectangular, trapezoidal, parabolic, or other shape that result in prediction of strength in substantial
agreement with result of comprehensive tests.
422.2.2.4.1 Concrete stress of 0.85 f c shall be assumed uniformly distributed over an equivalent
compression zone bounded by edges of the cross section and a line parallel to the neutral axis located at
distance a from the fiber of maximum compressive strain, as calculated by:
a= 1 c
422.2.2.4.2 Distance from the fiber of maximum compressive strain to the neutral axis, c, shall be
measured perpendicular to the neutral axis.
422.2.2.4.3 Values of 1 shall be in accordance with Table 422.2.2.4.3
Table 422.22.2.4.3
Values of b1 for Equivalent Rectangular Concrete Stress Distribution
f c MPa 1
0.85 (a)
0.65 (c)
b) bw d
409.6.1.3 If As provided at every section is at least one-third greater than As required by analysis, section
409.6.1.1 and 409.6.1.2 need not be satisfied.