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Mehanika Polimerov in Kompozitov
Mehanika Polimerov in Kompozitov
Cilji:
PREDNOSTI
SLABOSTI
Polimeri
Termoplastični
Termoplasti ni materiali
Visokotehnološki nivo
PEEK
PSu PPS
PC PPO PTFE
POLYSTYRENE - Applications
Cilj:
- Seznaniti se s časovno odvisnimi funkcijami lezenja in relaksacije.
- Razumeti časovno odvisno vedenje polimernih materialov pri statičnih
obremenitvah.
-S pomočjo preprostega eksperimenta opazovati proces lezenja oziroma
relaksacije v polimernih materialih.
τ (t ) = τ 0 ⋅ h (t )
γ0
,
t
∂τ (ξ )
γ (t ) = ∫ J (t − ξ ) dξ
∂ξ
0
J(t0) Odziv:
γ (t )
J (t ) =
τ0
Stress Relaxation
τ0
Obremenitev: Odziv:
dξ ,
t
∂γ (ξ )
τ (t ) = ∫ G (t − ξ )
0
∂ξ
G(t) logG(t)
t log t
τ (t )
G (t ) =
γ0
Najlonska vrvica za
ribolov
Najlonske strune za kitaro
Material: Pleksiglas
Fizikalni pojav:
3,000
Naloga:
γ γ = γE + γV γ =
ττ
+
G η
η γV
η - coefficient of viscosity
τ + τ Rτ = ηγ, τ R = η G
G γE G - rigidity modulus
τR - relaxation time
* iωη ητ Rω 2 ηω
G = G′ + iG ′′ = G′ = G ′′ =
1 + iωτ R 1 + ω 2τ R2 1 + ω 2τ R2
Cilji:
τ (t ) = τ 0 ⋅ h (t )
γ0
,
t
∂τ (ξ )
γ (t ) = ∫ J (t − ξ ) dξ
∂ξ
0
J(t0) Odziv:
γ (t )
J (t ) =
τ0
Mtr ϕ (t )r
τ0 = γ (t ) =
γ (t ) Ip l π d 4ϕ (t )
J (t ) = J (t ) =
τ0 πd4 32mglR
Ip =
32
d = 2r
Center for Experimental Mechanics, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia
28 28
Vaja 6: Seznanitev z merilnima napravama (Torziometer in MARS) in postopkom
merjenja strižnega lezenja. Merilna veriga
Dimenzije cilindričnega
cilindri nega merjenca
Tehnične karakteristike
najmanjši premer za vpetje: 3 mm
največji premer za vpetje: 13 mm
Pogoji obremenjevanja
najmanjši moment: 10-4 Nm
največji moment: 0.01 Nm
Območje
Obmo je deformacije
najmanjši merljiv zasuk: 0.006°
največji merljiv zasuk: 4°
Temperaturni razpon
najnižja temperatura: sobna temperatura
najvišja temperatura: 150°C
natančnost vzdrževanja: +/-0.1°C
Načini obremenjevanja
τ γ
Koračna τττ00
γ0
obremenitev
0
τ γ
τ0
Ramp τ0
obremenitev
γ0
τ γ
τ0
γ0
Prehodni pojav
t2 = 10t0
• Princip časovno
asovno-
asovno-temperaturne superpozicije
• Sumarna krivulja
Merilni postopek
Faza annealinga
T6
T5
T4
T3
T2
Faza obremenitve
T1
Faza razbremenitve,
povišanje
temperature
Priprava vzorcev
• Measurements of solids
are dependent on the
geometry of the solids
• At CEM we use
cylindrical specimens
• Stress can be easily
predicted under shear
caused by torsion
• Easier to prepare, molds
are very simple
Rotating
For Molten For Solid
Polymers Polymers
Fixed
Rotating
• Sample between sensors limits how
sensor
fast the top geometry can rotate & it’s
inversely related to sample’s viscosity
Fixed
• Rotor speed and strain position
measured with optical sensor
sensor
• Controlled Stress
Rheometer
• An induction motor
produces a torque
(Drag cup)
• Air bearings to reduce
friction of rotating shaft
• Optical encoder
determines position
• Rheological sensors
attached to rotating
shaft
Center for Experimental Mechanics, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia
40
Vaja 6: Seznanitev z merilnima napravama (Torziometer in MARS) in postopkom
merjenja strižnega lezenja.
Induction Motor
• Input:
Alternating current at a given
frequency
• Output:
• Magnetic force that causes a Air bearing
torque that rotates a cylinder •Porous material that distributes air to
• Change frequency of current and reduce contact between rotating parts
change the applied torque
Position Sensor
• Incremental rotary encoder of
the optical type
• Inside sensor a 360 revolution
is divided into 1 million
increments (resolution 12 nrad)
• Each position can be described
by a binary code that encoder
sends to computer and
determines position
• Optical sensors can detect
position very fast and speed
Center for Experimental Mechanics, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia
42
Vaja 6: Seznanitev z merilnima napravama (Torziometer in MARS) in postopkom
merjenja strižnega lezenja.
Rotating
Clamp
POM
cylinder
Fixed
Clamp
Temperature chamber
-1
-9 110 C
-1
5x10 o
100 C
o
90 C -9
-9 o
4x10
4x10 80 C
o o
70 C 110 C
o
60 C o
o -9
100 C
-9
3x10 50 C 3x10 o
o 90 C
40 C o
80 C
o
70 C
o
60 C
-9 o
2x10 -9 50 C
2x10 o
40 C
1 2 3 4
10 10 10 10
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Time (s) 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
Cilji:
Stress Relaxation
τ0
Obremenitev: Odziv:
dξ ,
t
∂γ (ξ )
τ (t ) = ∫ G (t − ξ )
0
∂ξ
G(t) logG(t)
t log t
τ (t )
G (t ) =
γ0
electromagnet
measuring inserts
carrier amplifier
circulator
Measurement conditions:
• pressure up to 400 MPa (4000 bar), ±0.1 MPa
• temperature from –30°C to +120°C, ±0.01°C
Measurement Principle
loading P, T
twisting mechanism
device
triggering
specimen
mechanism
torque cell
electric motor
280 mm
specimen
slider
mechanism
load cell
M t (t ) r ϕ0 r
τ 0 (t ) = γ0 =
τ (t ) Ip l 32 ⋅ l ⋅ M t (t )
G (t ) =
G (t ) = π d 4ϕ0
γ0 πd4
Ip =
32
d = 2r
Center for Experimental Mechanics, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia
51 51
Vaja 7: Obdelava krivulj strižnega lezenja in strižne relaksacije.
-1.8
PA6
-2
-2.2
log J [1/MPa]
-2.4 31.58°C
38.24°C
47.51°C
56.74°C
66.07°C
-2.6 75.73°C
85.39°C
95.84°C
-2.8
-3
-3.2
0 1 2 3 4 5
log t [s]
Center for Experimental Mechanics, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia
52
Vaja 7: Obdelava krivulj strižnega lezenja in strižne relaksacije.
-1.8
Tref = 47.5°C
-2
PA6
-2.2
log J [1/MPa]
-2.4
-2.6
-2.8
-3
-3.2
-4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12
log t [s]
Center for Experimental Mechanics, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia
53
Vaja 7: Obdelava krivulj strižnega lezenja in strižne relaksacije.
PA6
Experiment
4 WLF
2
WLF
0 c1 (T − T0 )
log aT = −
log aT
c2 + T − T0
-2
-4
-6
-8
20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
T [°C]
Center for Experimental Mechanics, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia
54
Vaja 7: Obdelava krivulj strižnega lezenja in strižne relaksacije.
-1.8
PA6
Tref = 47.5°C
-2
-2.2
log Jref [1/MPa]
-2.4
-2.6
-2.8
-3
-3.2
-4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12
log t [s]
Center for Experimental Mechanics, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia
55
Vaja 7: Obdelava krivulj strižnega lezenja in strižne relaksacije.
log E(t)
Material = PVAc
1000
raw data superposed data
with Tref=40°C
log a T
10 2
T=40°C
T=32°C 0
T=30°C
15 30 45
T=26°C
T=20°C T [°C]
1
1E-1 1E+0 1E+1 1E+2 1E+3 1E-5 1E-4 1E-3 1E-2 1E-1 1E+0 1E+1
t [s] t/a T [s]
Shift Factors
100
6
G [MPa]
log a P
10 2
P=0.1MPa
P=20 MPa 0
P=40 MPa 0 30 60 90
P=55 MPa
P=70 MPa P [MPa]
1
1E-1 1E+0 1E+1 1E+2 1E+3 1E-5 1E-4 1E-3 1E-2 1E-1 1E+0 1E+1
t [s] t/a P [s]
Naloga:
Operacija Metoda
Izračun modula relaksacije iz Hopkins-Hamming metoda
funkcije lezenja in obratno
Zračun relaksacijskega oz. Emri-Tschoegl algoritem
retardacijskega spektra
Izračun dinamičnih modulov iz Schwarzlova metoda
materialnih funkcij
Naloga:
F F
L L
q q
L L
Naloga: