SUBJECT: (LEA 4) COMPARATIVE MODELS IN POLICING

REPORTER: CUYANGAN, JAY ANN T.

TOPIC: RUSSIA

DATE: MARCH 22, 2023

FACILITATOR: MA’AM BLESSIE JOY MENZI

Police of Russia

Department: Ministry of Internal Affairs

Headquarters: Zhitnaya 6, Okhotny Ryad, Moscow

Established on: June 7, 1718

Proceeding agencies: Militsiya Police Ministry

President of Russia: Vladimir Kolokoltsev

Employees: 750, 000 (2018)

Population: 143, 030, 106

Police system: Russian Police

Legal Jurisdiction: Federal Law “On Police”

Constituting instrument: Law “On Police”

General nature: Civilian police

Overviewed by: State Duma’s Security Committee

Parent Agency: Ministry of the Interior

Motto: We serve Russia, we serve the law!

The Police of Russia is the national law-enforcement agency in Russia, operating under the Ministry of Internal Affairs from September 8, 1802. It was

established June 7, 1718 by decree from Peter the Great and in 2011, replacing the Militsiya, the former police service.

It is the national police service of Russia that operates according to the law “On police” as approved by the Federal Assembly, and subsequently signed into

law on February 7, 2011, by then President of the Russian Federation, Dmitry Medvedev.

Ministry of the Interior

1. Functions and missions

The Ministry of the Interior (MVD) is a federal agency of the executive branch of the Government of the Russian Federation, which is responsible for the

formulation and implementation of State policy in the area of internal affairs, including migration, and for the regulation of that area on the basis of legal

instruments and laws. The Ministry coordinates and oversees the activities of the Federal Migration Service (FMS), which is subordinate to it. Within its area of

competence, the Ministry ensures the protection of human and civil rights and freedoms, the maintenance of public order and road safety, in addition to

preventing, uncovering, interdicting and investigating crimes and administrative infractions.

The Ministry controls and organizes the work of the internal affairs agencies of the Russian Federation (the police) and of the Ministry’s interior forces. Acting in

accordance with the laws of the Russian Federation, it also coordinates and carries out criminal investigations and inquiries and is responsible for forensic

activities.
2. Structure and organization

The Russian Ministry of the Interior is headed by the Minister for the Interior, who is supported by a first deputy minister, three deputy ministers and one

state secretary/deputy minister.

The Ministry carries out its activities directly and/or through its system of chief directorates for the federal districts, ministries, chief directorates and

directorates of the constituent territorial entities of the Russian Federation, internal affairs directorates (offices) for rail, water and air transport, directorates

(offices) in restricted administrative-territorial entities and for especially important and restricted facilities, district directorates for logistic and military support as

well as the bodies charged with the command and control of the interior forces and the formations and military units of the interior forces.

The principal autonomous structural subdivisions of the Ministry’s central apparatus are:

 The Investigation Committee, whose essential mandate covers the formulation of proposals on the framing of the State’s policy with regard to the

investigation of criminal activities and the organization of the work of the preliminary investigation authorities;

 The Criminal Investigations Department, which in addition to its other work supervises in terms of organization and methods the criminal investigation

units of the criminal police authorities in the constituent territorial entities of the Federation;

 The Department of Public Order, which includes: the directorate for analysis and strategic policy for the maintenance of public order, the directorate for

preliminary investigations, and the directorate for licenses and permits;

 The Logistics Department, which provides support and performs the functions of a ministry in formulating and implementing State policy in the areas of

logistic and medical support, information technology and communications within the system of the Ministry of the Interior;

 The Personnel Department, which is responsible for supervising the personnel divisions of the internal affairs authorities and the Ministry of the Interior’s

educational establishments;

 The Department of Economic Security, one of whose basic tasks is to adopt measures to combat tax-related and economic crimes;

 The Organizational and Inspectorate Department, whose principal responsibilities include the analysis and planning of the Ministry’s operational activities

and also the organization of oversight and auditing activities within the system of the Ministry of the Interior;

 The Road Safety Department;

 The Financial and Economic Department, which is involved in the formulation and implementation of government policy with regard to the financing of the

internal affairs authorities, the interior forces and the Federal Migration Service;

 The Transport Law Enforcement Department;

 The Restricted Territories and Restricted Facilities Law Enforcement Department.

Within the Ministry’s central apparatus there are a number of other divisions, such as the Interior Forces High Command, the Organized Crime and

Terrorism Department, the Legal Department, the Administrative Department, the Higher Centre for Information and Analysis, the Forensic Centre and the

Department for State Protection of Property. The Ministry’s central apparatus also includes the All Russia Scientific Research Institute of the Ministry of the

Interior.

The mission of the interior forces of the Ministry of the Interior is to ensure the security of persons, society and the State and to protect human and civil rights

against criminal and other unlawful infringements. Together with the internal affairs agencies of the Russian Federation, the interior forces help to maintain public

order, protect important government facilities and goods in shipment belonging to the State, and ensure public safety and the observance of states of emergency.

The Ministry’s interior forces assist the border troops of the Federal Security Service (FSB) in protecting the State borders of the Russian Federation and also take

part in the territorial defense of the Russian Federation and in measures to combat terrorism on Russian territory.

The regional interior forces of the Ministry of the Interior are divided into seven districts as well as troop units and formations directly subordinate to the

Commander in Chief of the Ministry’s interior forces, which include a separate operational division, a communications centre and logistic support centre for the

Ministry’s interior forces. The interior forces include four special purpose elite units (“Vityaz”, “Rus”, “ROSICH” and “Skif”), special motorized formations and

operational formations and troop units.

3. Education / Training

Responsibility for organizing the system for the professional training of Interior Ministry personnel rests with the Ministry’s Chief Directorate for Personnel.

The Ministry’s professional training system includes 108 training centres of the Ministry of the Interior, the Chief Directorate for Internal Affairs and the internal

affairs directorates in the constituent territorial entities of the Russian Federation; 30 institutions of higher education (including five academies, 20 institutes and

five higher education establishments for the interior forces); one institute for advanced training; and 11 specialized secondary education establishments. Within

the system of institutions of higher education, there are 21 postgraduate courses and five doctoral degree courses for the training of academics and teaching

staff, in addition to 135 advanced training departments.

HISTORY
 The system was created to protect the public order and to fight against crime in the Russian Empire. It was re-organized on March 1, 2011, under

the Russian Federation (except for existing structures not related to the Ministry of Internal Affairs).

16th century

In 1504, cheval de frise were installed in Moscow, under which the guards, drawn from the local population, were stationed. The city was divided into

areas, between which gates with lattices were built. It was forbidden to move around the city at night or without lighting. Subsequently, the Grand Prince Ivan

IV established patrols around Moscow for increased security.

The Sudebnik of Ivan IV transferred the cases "about guided robbers" to be under the jurisdiction of honorary elders. Before this, the Letters of Honor

were like awards and were given by a petition of the population. These letters permitted local society to independently manage police work. In cities, police

functions were guided by the mayor.

The Robber Administration was first mentioned in 1571 and existed continuously until the 18th century. Written sources from Moscow have mentioned

the boyars and organized robbery since 1539. Konstantin Nevolin believed that the Robber Administration was a temporary commission established to end the

robberies. However, since the robberies only intensified, the temporary commission turned into a standing committee, and thus, the Robber Administration

remained.

17th century

By a decree on August 14, 1687, the affairs of the Robber Administration were transferred to the Zemsky administrations. In April 1649, Grand

Prince Alexis issued a decree on the urban blessing system previously used. By decree in the White City (now known as Belgorod), a team was to be created

under the leadership of Ivan Novikov and clerk Vikula Panov. The detachment was supposed to maintain safety and order, as well as protect against fire. They

were betrayed by five lattice clerks and "one person from 10 yards" with roars, axes, and water pipes.

Police officers in large cities were called Zemsky Yaryg. The color of the uniforms varied between cities. In Moscow, officers were dressed in red and green

clothes. On the chest, they had the letters "З" (Z) and "Я" (YA) sewn.

18th century

The police force in Saint Petersburg was established as the Main Police in 1715 by decree from Peter the Great. Initially, the staff of the Saint Petersburg

police consisted of the deputy general-police chief, 4 officers, and 36 lower ranks. The clerical and ten clerks kept office work in the Main Police Station Office. The

police not only kept order in the city but also carried out several economic functions and were engaged in the improvement of the city — paving streets, draining

swampy places, garbage collection, etc.

On June 7, 1718, Adjutant General Anton de Vieira was appointed General Polizeimeister. To aid him in completing work, the Chief Police Office was

created and one army regiment was transferred to the authority of the General Polizeimeister. All the ranks of this regiment became police officers. Through the

efforts of General de Vieira, in 1721, the first lanterns and benches for rest were installed in St. Petersburg.

On January 19, 1722, the Governing Senate established the Moscow Police. The Ober-Polizeimeister was to be appointed by the emperor from military or civilian

ranks. By the instructions of July 20, 1722, the Ober-Polizeimeister supervised the protection of public peace in Moscow as head of the Moscow Police Office.

Between 1729–1731 and 1762–1764, the head of the Moscow police was called the General Polizeimeister.

On April 23, 1733, Empress Anna signed a decree "On the establishment of police in cities." This decree gave the police legal powers and allowed them the right

to impose penalties in criminal cases.

19th and 20th century

In 1837, a regulation on the zemstvo police was issued, according to which the zemstvo police chief elected by the nobility became the head of the police

in the uyezd. The police officers appointed by the provincial government were responsible to the governor, in turn the county or uedz police were responsible to

county leaders appointed by the provincial government.

In 1862, a police reform was carried out. The title of mayor was abolished; city councils in those cities that were subordinate to the district police were

attached to the zemstvo courts, renamed the district police departments, and in those cities that retained their own police, separate from the district police, they

were renamed into city police departments.

In 1866, a zemstvo guard was established in the districts of the Kingdom of Poland.

 In 1866, St. Petersburg Chief of Police Fyodor Trepov sent a note to Alexander II, which said: “A significant gap in the institution of the metropolitan

police was the absence of a special part with the special purpose of conducting research for solving crimes, finding general measures to prevent and suppress

crimes. These responsibilities lay with the ranks of the external police, which, bearing the entire burden of the police service, had neither the means nor the

opportunity to act successfully in this respect. To eliminate this deficiency, it was proposed to establish a detective police”.

For the first time in the Russian police, specialized units for solving crimes and conducting inquiries were created in St. Petersburg, where in 1866 a

detective police was established under the office of the police chief of the city. Prior to that, detective functions were carried out by forensic investigators and the

entire police in the form in which it existed at that time. Initially, the staff of the criminal investigation of St. Petersburg was small. By the time of its foundation

the department consisted, in addition to the chief and his assistant, 4 officials at special assignments, 12 police detectives and 20 civilian detectives.

The Detective Department was founded in 1866, operating under the Police Department of Ministry of Internal Affairs, and by 1907, similar departments

had been created in other major cities of the Russian Empire, including Moscow, Kiev, Riga, Odessa, Tiflis, Baku, Rostov-on-Don and Nizhny Novgorod. Other

districts were policed by rural police or gendarmerie units.

In 1879 the institute of police officers in rural areas was formed. The police officers were intended to help the police officers “for the performance of

police duties, as well as for the supervision of the centurions and foremen.”

On August 6, 1880, the Third Section of His Imperial Majesty's Own Chancellery was abolished and the Police Department was formed.

Since 1889, the chief of the district police began to be called the district police officer.

In 1903, in the countryside, originally in 46 provinces, a district police guard was introduced. By 1916, it extended to 50 provinces.

On August 9, 1910, the Minister of Internal Affairs Pyotr Stolypin issued an Instruction to the officers of the detective departments, which determined their tasks

and structure. Each detective department consisted of four structural divisions-desks:

 Personal detention.

 Searches.

 Observations.

 Information registration office.

By order of Pyotr Stolypin, at the Police Department, special courses were established to train the heads of detective departments. At the International Congress

of Criminalists, held in Switzerland in 1913, the Russian detective police were recognized as the best in the world in solving crimes.

The 3,500 strong police force of Petrograd provided the main opposition to the rioting, which marked the initial outbreak of the February Revolution. After the

army units garrisoning the city defected, the police became the main target of the revolutionaries, and many were killed. The Police of the Russian Empire was

dissolved on March 10, 1917, and on April 17, the Provisional Government established the People's Militia (Militsiya) as a new law enforcement body.

Soviet Militsiya

Decisions of the Provisional Government “On the approval of the militsiya” and "Temporary regulations on the police", issued on April 17, 1917, the

"people's militia" was established. The people's militia is declared to be the executive body of state power at the local level, “directly under the jurisdiction of the

zemstvo and city public administrations”.

Simultaneously with the state “people's militsiya”, the councils of workers 'deputies organized detachments of “workers' militsiya” and other armed

formations, which were under the influence of various political forces, and sometimes outside them. At the same time, the workers' militsiya was not subordinate

to the commissars of the city militsiya.

The Council of the Petrograd People's militsiya, formed on June 3 under the auspices of the Bolsheviks, came into conflict with the head of the city

militsiya, issuing political slogans in connection with the refusal to pay additional payments for service in the workers' militsiya to workers receiving full wages in

factories. The most important state structure will destroyed.

The principle of self-organization of the forces of law and order was implemented by the Bolshevik Party for some time after October 1917. The decree of

the NKVD "On the workers' militia" of October 28 (November 10) 1917 did not provide for the organizational forms of the state militia apparatus.The workers'

militia bore the character of mass amateur organizations, was formed on the basis of voluntary squads, so it could not stop the rampant crime.

On May 10, 1918, the Collegium of the NKVD adopted an order: “The police exist as a permanent staff of persons performing special duties, the

organization of the police should be carried out independently of the Red Army, their functions should be strictly delimited.”
 The militsiya was formed on March 10, 1917, replacing the former Russian police organizations of the Imperial government. There were detachments of

the people's militsiya and the workers' militsiya that were organized as paramilitary police units. After the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the militsiya continued to

exist in Russia until March 1, 2011.

2011 Police reform

Initiated by former President Dmitry Medvedev, Russian police reform is an ongoing effort to improve the efficiency of Russia's police forces, decrease

corruption, and improve the public image of law enforcement. On February 7, 2011, amendments were made to the laws of the police force, the criminal code,

and the criminal procedure code. The amendments came into force on March 1, 2011. These changes stipulate a law enforcement personnel cut of 20%,

renaming Russian law enforcers from "militsiya" (militia) to "politsiya" (police), substantial increases in wages, centralization of financing, and several other

changes. Around 217 billion rubles ($7 billion) have been allocated from the federal budget to finance the reform.

Main changes and aims of the reform

Name change Under the reform, the name of Russian law enforcers was changed from the Soviet-era term "militsiya" (militia) to the more universal "politsiya"

(police) on March 1, 2011.

 Personnel reduction and salary increase The number of police officers was reduced by 20%, dropping from 1.28 million to 1.1 million by 2012.

The reduction was accomplished via a comprehensive evaluation of all officers. All evaluations occurred during or before June 2011, and those who

failed the evaluation lost their jobs. All officers who had previously received administrative penalties or had links to the criminal underworld were

fired. For those officers surviving the reduction, salaries were increased by 30%.

 Centralization As a result of the reform, the Russian police were made a federal-level institution, with funding fully sourced from the federal budget.

Under the old system, police units responsible for public order and petty crimes were under the jurisdiction of regional and city authorities, financed

from the regional budget, and were more responsible to the regional governors than to the central federal government.

 Changes to police and detainee rights According to the new law, detainees will receive the right to make a telephone call within 3 hours of the

detention. They will also receive the right to have a lawyer and interpreter from the moment of their detention, and police must inform the detainee

of their rights and duties. The police no longer have the right to carry out and demand checks of a company's financial and business activities. Police

may also no longer detain a citizen for an hour just to verify his/her identity.

The new bill is a continuation of the opposite policy of the reform of 2002, that is, even greater centralization. Institutions of the public security militsiya

and criminal militsiya are being abolished. Unlike the militsiya, which are partially subordinate to the authority of the subject of the federation, the police are not

connected with the subject of the federation (according to the bill).

About 5 million people took part in the online discussion of the draft law “On police”, which is unique for Russia. As a result, the draft law, in comparison

with the initial form, has undergone significant changes related to the powers of the new structure. In particular, the provisions that police officers can freely enter

the premises of citizens, land plots belonging to them, on territories, land plots and premises occupied by public associations and organizations, as well as the

“presumption of legality” of the police, which caused the most criticism (“The police officer’s demands addressed to citizens and officials and the actions taken by

him are considered legal until otherwise established in the manner prescribed by law”), although, according to opposition politicians, this wording was only veiled,

and not excluded.

Despite criticism from certain segments of society and a number of opposition political parties, the draft law was adopted in the first reading on December

10, 2010. The State Duma on Friday, January 28, 2011, adopted the draft law “On police” in the final third reading. Only 315 deputies voted for the adoption of

the law, 130 were against, there were no abstentions.

It was originally planned that the new law would come into force in January 2011, but the police in Russia officially revived on March 1, 2011.

On March 1, 2011, the Police Act entered into force, and as of January 1, 2012, all symbols of the police became invalid.

Insignia

Russian Police officers wear uniforms in accordance with the order of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation of July 26, 2013 “On

approval of the Rules for the wearing of uniforms, insignia and departmental insignia by employees of the internal affairs bodies of the Russian Federation”.

The insignia of special distinction of the officers of the operational regiments of the Russian police is a black beret.

For employees of the tourist police, a sleeve sign with the words ТУРИСТИЧЕСКАЯ ПОЛИЦИЯ “TOURIST POLICE” and the flag of Russia.

 
  Police ranks

Officers

Officer
Rank group General/flag officers Senior officers Junior officers
cadet

 Police

of Russia

Police Police

Police Police Police Police Senior Lieutenant, Police

Police Police Police Police Police
Colonel Lieutenant Major Lieutenant Lieutenant, Police Junior
General Colonel Major Captain Cadet
General General General Colonel Police First Second Lieutenant

Lieutenant Lieutenant

Other ranks

Rank
Senior NCOs Junior NCOs Enlisted
group

 Police of

Russia

Police Police First Police Senior

Police
Senior Sergeant, Sergeant, Police Police Junior
Warrant Police Private
Warrant Police Petty Police Sergeant Sergeant Sergeant, Police Corporal
Officer
Officer Officer First class

Central Administration

1. Criminal Police Service: Criminal Investigations Department 

o Main Office for Criminal Investigation

o Main Directorate for Public Order Maintenance (Patrol police)

o Main Directorate for Road Traffic Safety (Traffic police)

o Main Office for Combating Economic and Tax Crimes

o Office for Operational Investigation Information

o Co-ordination Office of Criminal Police Service

 o Main Office of the Interior for Transport

o Office for Crisis Situations

o Office for Resource Provisions

o Finance and Economy Office

2. Logistical Service

o Office for Material and Technical Support

o Co-ordination Office of Logistical Service

o Medical Office

o Finance and Economy Department

o Office for Communication and Automation

o Office for Capital Construction

o General Services Office

3. Independent Divisions

o Main Office for Internal Security

o Investigative Office

o Main office for Drug Enforcement (former Federal Drug Control Service of Russia)

o Main office for Migration issues (former Federal Migratory Service)

o Control and Auditing Office

o Forensic Expertise Center

o National Central Bureau for Interpol

o Mobilization Training Office

o Main Center for Information

o Main Legal Office

o Office for International Co-operation

o Office for Information Regional Contact

Russian police use a number of different models of automobiles.

Patrol Cars Vans All Terrain Vehicles Armoured vehicles & Tanks

 Lada Priora  GAZelle  Lada  GAZ-2975 "Tigr"

 Lada Samara 2  UAZ-452 Niva (and Chevrolet  BPM-97

 Lada Granta  GAZ-3302 Niva)  BMP-2

 Lada Vesta  Fiat Ducato  UAZ-469  BTR-80

 Audi A6  Ford Transit  UAZ Patriot  BTR-82A

 BMW 5 Series  T-60

 Daewoo Nexia  T-72

 Fiat Albea  BTR-60

 Fiat Bravo (2007)  T-34

 Fiat Doblò  KAMAZ TYPHOON

 Ford Explorer

 Ford Focus

 Ford Kuga

 Ford Mondeo

 Honda Accord

 Hyundai i40

 Hyundai Solaris
  Hyundai Sonata

 Kia Rio

 Mitsubishi Pajero

 Nissan Almera

 Nissan Almera Classic

 Nissan Teana

 Opel Astra

 Renault Logan

 Volkswagen Passat

 Skoda Octavia

Weaponry

 AK-74M

 AKS-74U

 AS Val

 OTs-14 Groza

 PP-19 Bizon

 9A-91 carbine

 A-91 rifle

 Makarov pistol

 OTs-02 Kiparis

 PP-91 KEDR

 Saiga-12S shotgun

 MP-443 Grach pistol

 GSh-18 pistol

 PP-2000

 KS-23 shotgun

 Vityaz-SN

 CZ-75

 AEK-971

 AK-103

 AK-104

Russian retirement age:

On June 14, 2018, using a start of the FIFA World Cup as a cover, the Russian government announced the plan of the pension reform presuming a

substantial increase of the retirement age (for men from 60 to 65 and for women from 55 to 63).

PNP

Mandatory retirement is 56 years old

Salary of Russian police:

24 361 ₽ (RUB)/year

A person working as a Police Officer in Russia typically earns around 58,000 RUB per month. Salaries range from 26,700 RUB (lowest) “19,058.07 Php”

to 92,200 RUB (highest) “65,811.01” Php.

An entry level police officer (1-3 years of experience) earns an average salary of 766 684 ₽. On the other end, a senior level police officer (8+ years of

experience) earns an average salary of 1 314 316 ₽. Data powered by ERI's Salary Expert Database.

REFERENCES

1. ^ http://www.consultant.ru/cons/cgi/online.cgi?req=doc;base=LAW;n=163135

2. ^ "Просмотр документа - dlib.rsl.ru".  dlib.rsl.ru. Retrieved 2019-01-10.

3. ^ "Bill Backed by Kremlin Gives Police Officers 'Manna'". The Moscow Times. 23 March 2011.
4. ^ "Will Russian police reforms be more than a name change?",  website, RIA Novosti, retrieved  2019-01-10