1

SIBUGAY TECHNICAL INSTITUTE INCORPORATED

Lower Taway, Ipil, Zamboanga Sibugay
www.sibugaytech.edu.ph
frankiecaballes@yahoo.com

School President: 0917-1271826/0917-127190 Registrar: 09353420564

Academic Dean: 09064393454 DSA: 0935119087
Guidance Coach: 09497510953

UNDERSTANDINGCULTURE,
SOCIETY AND POLITICS

LEARNER’S MODULE

UNIT TEST - FINAL

Student’s Name/Course Year & Section

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

UNIT TEST COVERAGE

Module 1
Starting points for the Understanding of Culture, Society, Politics

Module 2
Defining Culture and Society from the perspective of Anthropology and Sociology

UNIT EXAMINATION

PRELIM COVERAGE

Module 4
Becoming a member of a Society

PRELIM EXAMINATION

MIDTERM COVERAGE

Module 6-7
How Society is Organized

MIDTERM EXAMINATION

PREFINAL COVERAGE

Module 8-9
Cultural, Social and Political Institutions
PREFINAL EXAMINATION

FINAL COVERAGE

Module 10
Social and Political Stratification

Module 11

Responding to Social, Political and Cultural Change

FINAL EXAMINATION

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MODULE 1

UNIT TOPIC: Starting points for the Understanding of Culture, Society, Politics

SPECIFIC LEARNING OUTCOMES:

At the end of the lesson, the learners will be able to:
a. Students will identify through class sharing various prevailing cultural, social and
political behavioural patterns observed and experienced as members of their respective
societies
b. Evaluate identified cultural, social, and political issues anthropological/sociological
perspectives through group sharing
c. Analyse cultural variation, social transformation and political distinctiveness through
written

Pre-Test
Directions: Answer what is asked below. Answer it in your own idea.
1-5. Differentiate Sociology and Society.

Current Issues and Concerns in the Philippines:

a. Proper Waste Disposal
b. Illegal Logging
c. Abortion
d. Rape Cases
e. Teenage Pregnancy
f. Corruption
g. War on Drugs
h. Respect for LGBT Community
i. Poverty
j. Bullying
k. Martial law
l. West Philippine Sea

 Sociology- is a branch of social science that deals with the study of society, groups,
processes, norms (laws, practices, patterns of behavior; a belief of what is acceptable;
unwritten or written rules on how to behave), and organizations.
is a study of social behavior and human groups” (Schaeffer, 2011)
in short, it is the study of human society and social problems.
 Society- is a term used by sociologist to refer to a group of people who share a culture
and territory (Henslin, 2003)
it is important to study society because social forces these affect our lives.
 Anthropology- is the systematic study of humankind.
- from the words: ANTHROPOS which means MAN and LOGOS which mean
WORD/STUDY.

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- deals with the scientific study of man, his works, his body, his behavior and
values in time and space.
- is the scientific study of the physical, social and cultural development and
behavior of human being since their appearance on earth.
- studies man’s works and achievements in the arts, sciences, technology,
literature, music, inventions, architecture and sculpture.
- the biological foundations, physical similarities & differences, evolution, his
behavior in politics, religion, social life, religion and health.

Has four key sub-disciplines:

1. Physical Anthropology; 2. Archaeology; 3. Linguistics 4. Cultural Anthropology
 Sociology and Anthropology are related to each other because both study people.
 Sociology focuses on the study of society and social processes whereas the main
concern of Anthropology is to understand man’s culture.
 Anthropology started with the study of primitive and non-literate groups considered
exotic and queer by Westeners.
 Sociology started as the study of Western civilization and later, of advanced and
contemporary societies.
 It is important for us to study Sociology and Anthropology so we can understand society
and people’s culture better that will help us find ways on how to address social issues
and improve our social relationship to one another.
 Political Science- Jacobsohn (1998) the analyses of the state and the relations that
people have with government.
- Defensor Santiago (2002) exemplifies these relations to “be as simple as
paying a fine for a traffic violation, or as complicated as running for the position of barangay
chairman”.
- French writer Paul Janet, is that branch of social science which treats the foundations of the
State and the principles of government.
- Maurice Duverger, “The State [is an] organized power in any society. It is both
the instrument by which certain groups dominate others, an instrument used in the interest of
the rulers and to the disadvantage of the ruled, -and also a means of ensuring a particular
social order.
 The state has four integral elements: people, territory, government and sovereignty. All
four elements must be present for a state exist.
 The state is a permanent entity whereas government can be changed.
 Government- is the political organization through which the collective will of the people
is formulated, expressed and executed.
 Defensor Santiago (2002) simply describes government as the means through which the
state exercises its authority.
 It is important to study political science because as citizens we have specific roles and
responsibilities towards the State.
 The state has also a duty to uphold the rights of the citizens.
 By studying political science we come to know our rights and obligations in the State.

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Activity 1:
Using the list of issues, events and concerns that you have shared, students are instructed to
classify the items according to the discipline that these can be studied. Write the issue within
the circle of the appropriate discipline.
For items that can be studied under two disciplines, write them on spaces
A(sociology),B(anthropology) or C(political science). For items that can be studied under all
three disciplines, write them on the space D(center of the three).

Sociology

Political
Anthropology
Science

Current Issues and Concerns in the Philippines:

 Lack of Education
 Poverty
 Early Pregnancy
 Illegal drugs
 Global Warming
 Rape Cases
 KAPA/Scam Business
 Bullying (Depression)
 Corruption
 Deforestation
 Political Dynasty
 Disrespecting LGBT Community
 Irregular Collection of Garbages
 Ancestors
 Indigenous people

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MODULE 2 AND 3

UNIT TOPIC: DEFINING CULTURE AND SOCIETY FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF

ANTHROPOLOGY AND SOCIOLOGY

Specific Learning Outcomes

a. Articulate how to understand concepts of culture and society using anthropological and
sociological perspectives;
b. Distinguish culture from society;
c. Identify the types of society;
d. Actively participate in all the discussions and activities.

Activity 1:
Instruction: Based from the previous topics, provide your own understanding by filling out in
the box. Write your answer on the box.
3 Facts I learned from the previous lesson
a.
b.
c.
2 questions I still have
a.
b.
1 thing thought was the most interesting
a.

Society- describes a group of people who share common territory and a culture. By “Territory”,
sociologists refer to a definable region- as small as neighbourhood (e.g., barangay), a city (e.g.,
Manila), a country (e.g., Philippines) to as large as the global regional context (e.g., Asia)

Culture- refers to “that complex whole which encompasses beliefs, practices, values,
attitudes, laws, norms, artifacts, symbols, knowledge and everything a person learns and
shares as a member of society”. (E.B. Tylor 1920 [1871])
“A culture represents the belief, practices, and artifacts of a group, while society
represents the social structures and organization of people who share those beliefs and
practices. Neither society nor culture could exist without the other.”

Culture and Society can be defined in different perspectives. These perspectives explain
the manner of interaction of members of the society.

1. The Historical Perspective – current and future human and forest landscape conditions
are influenced by the cumulative, unfolding history of social-ecological interactions.
Examining past system responses, especially unintended consequences, can reveal
valuable insights that promote learning and adaptation.

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2. Structural Functional Perspective – members share sets of rules and values and
maintains a balance harmonious system. It also recognizes that our lives are guided by
social structures.
3. Social-Conflict Perspective- this is a framework for building theory that envisions
society as an arena of inequality that generates conflict and change.
The approach views class conflict and class exploitation as the prime moving force in
mankind’s history, and that the struggle for power and wealth as a continuous process
between and among categories of people.
4. Symbolic-Interaction Perspective – this paradigm is theoretical framework that
envisions society as the product of the everyday interactions of individuals.
The symbolic-interactions paradigm includes such other approaches as dramaturgy,
ethno methodology and social exchange.

Attitudes
Art/dram
Beliefs
a

Food language

Culture
Faith/Reli
Customs
gion

behavior Rituals

Classification of Culture:

Material Culture- includes all the tangible and visible parts of culture, which include foods,
clothes and even buildings.
Nonmaterial Culture- without physical representation, includes all the intangible parts of
culture, which consist of values, ideas, and knowledge.

Two Kinds of Nonmaterial Culture:

1. Cognitive Culture- include the ideas, concepts, philosophies, designs, etc. that are
products of the mental or intellectual functioning and reasoning of the human mind.
2. Normative Culture- includes all the expectations, standards and rules for human
behavior.

Elements of Culture:
1. Beliefs- are conceptions or ideas people have about what is true in the environment
around them like what is life, how to value it, and how one’s beliefs on the value of life
relate with his or her interaction with others and the world.
2. Values- describe what is appropriate or inappropriate in a given society or what ought to
be. These are broad, abstract, and shared to influence and guide the behaviour of
people.

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3. Symbols- used to understand each other. It can be verbal (words) or nonverbal (acts,
gestures, signs and objects) that communicate meaning that people recognize and
shared.
4. Language- is a shared set of spoken and written symbols. It is basic to communication
and transmission of culture. It is known as the storehouse of culture.
5. Technology- refers to the application of knowledge and equipment to ease the task of
living and maintaining the environment. It includes all the artifacts, methods, and
devices created and used by people.
6. Norms- are specific rule/standards to guide appropriate behaviour. Societal norms are
different types and forms.
7. Practices- is the manifestation of a culture or sub-culture, especially in regard to the
traditional and customary practices of a particular ethnic or other cultural group.
8. Laws- are written and enforced rules that guide behaviour. They’re more like a system of
rules that are enforced by some institution, like the police or the government. Laws are
different from mores in that they are guided by an authority as opposed to a society’s
moral beliefs.

Types of Societal Norms

1. Proscriptive- defines and tells us things NOT to do
2. Prescriptive- defines and tells us things to do

Forms of Societal Norms

1. Folkways- known as customs, for everyday behavior that people follow for the sake of
tradition or convenience.
2. Mores- strict norms that control moral and ethical behavior. These norms are based
on definitions of right and wrong.
3. Taboos- norms that society holds so strongly that violating it results in extreme
disgust.
4. Laws- codified ethics, formally agreed, written down and enforced by an official law
enforcement agency.

Characteristics of Culture
1. Dynamic, Flexible, and Adaptive
Culture is diverse and plural. This simply means that cultures interact and change.
Because most cultures are in contact with other cultures, they exchange ideas and symbols.
All cultures change, otherwise, they would have problems adapting to changing environments.
And because cultures are integrated, if one component in the system changes, it is likely that
the entire system must adjust.

2. Shared Contested (given the reality of social differentiation)

Early Anthropologist, including Durkheim, a French sociologist. Disagreeing about the
definition of culture, agree that culture is not a property or possession of one person it entails

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that no one is born with a fully developed culture apparatus in his or her head. As we share
culture with others, we are able to act in appropriate ways as well as predict how others will
act.

3. Learned through socialization or enculturation/Transmitted through socialization

Mental structures or schemas are created in the individual as a result of the process of
enculturation. People who share a culture have common experiences, which lead them to
develop similar mental schema. Mental maps or schemas serve as maps that enable people to
recognize and interpret the object and events they encounter in. It is not biological, we do not
inherit it but learn as we interact in society.

4. Patterned social interactions.

Culture as a normative system has the capacity to define and control human behaviors. It sets
pattern in terms of what is appropriate or inappropriate in a given setting. It is not a matter of
race. It is learned, not carried in our genes.
5. Integrated and at times unstable
Known as holism, or the various parts of a culture being interconnected. All aspects of a
culture are related to one another and to truly understand a culture, one must learn about all of
its parts, not only a few.
6. Requires language and other forms of communication
In the process of learning and transmitting culture, we need symbols and language to
communicate with others in society. Therefore, members of society learn their culture through
symbolic gesture and language.

Ethnocentrism
• Term coined by William Sumner it is the tendency to see and evaluate other cultures in
terms of one’s own race, nation, or culture.
• Rests on the belief of the superiority of one’s own culture or ethnic group compared to
others.
Xenocentrism
• One’s exposure to cultural practices of others may make one to give preference to the
ideas, lifestyle, and products of other cultures which is termed by John D. Fullmer.
• People who usually experience this came from a country with lower economic position
as compared to the one preferred.
Cultural Relativism
• Is the principle that an individual human’s beliefs and activities should be understood by
others in terms of that individual’s own culture, termed by Franz Boas.
• Highlights the perspective that no culture is superior to any other culture when
comparing systems morality, law, politics, etc.

Types Of Society
1. Hunting And Gathering Societies
-the earliest forms of society.
-small and generally with less than 50 members
-survive primarily by hunting, trapping, fishing, and gathering edible plants

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-there is a division of labor based on sex wherein men are responsible for hunting and
women for gathering.
2. Pastoral Societies
-rely on products obtained through the domestication and breeding of animals for
transportation and food.
-common in areas where crops cannot be supported.
-allow job specialization since not everyone is needed to gather or hunt for food.
3. Horticultural Societies
-rely on the cultivation of fruits, vegetables, and plants in order to survive
-often forced to relocate when the resources of the land are depleted or when the water
supplies decrease.
4. Agricultural Societies
-rely on the use of technology in order to cultivate crops in large areas, including wheat,
rice, and corn.
-Productivity increases, and as long as there are plenty of food, people do not have to
move.
5. Industrial Societies
-use advanced sources of energy to run large machinery which led to industrialization.
-innovations in transportation led people to travel, work in factories, and live in cities.
6. Post-industrial Societies
-their economy is based on services and technology, not production.
-the economy is dependent on tangible goods
-people must pursue greater education
-the new communication technology allows work to be performed from a variety of
locations

Acitvity 2:
Instruction: Create a collage of the profile of your community based on the characteristics of
culture.

Criteria:
Content- 50%
Delivery- 30%
Creativity- 20%
100%

MODULE 4 AND 5

PRELIMINARY TOPIC: BECOMING A MEMBER OF SOCIETY

SPECIFIC LEARNING OUTCOME:

At the end of the lesson, the learners are able to:
A. Understand how individuals learn culture and how this learning of culture influences the
development of one’s personality.

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B. Analyze how social interaction proceeds through the operation of norms, values,
statuses and roles.

Pre-Test
Directions: Explain the following words given below. Answer it in your own opinion.

1. Socialization
2. Personality
3. Culture

SOCIALIZATION – is the lifelong social experience by which individuals develop their human
potential and learn patterns of their culture.

PERSONALITY – a person’s fairly consistent patterns of thinking, feeling and acting.

In what way are animal behaviours and human behaviours similar? Why do you think are
animals able to demonstrate certain behaviours? Meanwhile, to what factors can we attribute
the capacity of human beings to behave in different ways across cultures?
What distinguishes animal behaviours from human behaviours is that the former depends
on instincts while the latter depends on social learning. Instincts are biological or
physiological reflexes which are automatic behavioural reactions to environmental stimuli.
These behaviours are genetically determined and are not necessarily learned. In contrast,
human behaviours are not dependent on instincts (although human beings definitely possess
instincts). However, human beings are not dependent on instincts for survival. Rather we learn
patterns of our culture and then internalize these cultural patterns to develop a personality.
Our behaviours, therefore (e.g. our concepts of what is right and wrong, our abilities to
conform societal expectations, the capacity to make meanings and the ability to express these
meanings into symbols) are culturally determined although biology plays a fundamental role in
this process.

Examples of different personalities or behavioural patterns fro various groups of people

living within a single nation such as the Philippines. For instance, indigenous families or
communities like Manobos strongly emphasize rice planting as important and in the process,
develop among them an identify that is strongly attached to their land.
Man’s capacity to create culture and depend on culture for survival is linked to his/her
biological evolution. Early human forms were more dependent on instincts but as the brain
developed, man’s capability for meaning-making likewise increased. Since, then superior
human intelligence has freed man form the dictates of his/her instincts. Ma’s intelligence
allowed him/her to develop tools and use these to fashion his/her environment. Moreover, as
human beings flourished in number, creating social relations became imperative to effectively
address more complex human needs. This is the evolutionary foundation for the development
of human societies and cultures.
The learning process cannot be facilitated without the Agents of Socialization.
These are social groups through which we experience culture and their operation enables us
to internalize the latter, eventually leading to the development of our sense of self,
personalities or identities.

AGENTS OF SOCIALIZATION

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1. Characteristics of Family as an Agent of Socialization – most important agent of

socialization; the center of a child’s life; parental attention is very important; provides
encourage, social position brought about by class, religion and ethnicity; and provides
cultural capital by serving as models fro children to follow parental footsteps.
2. School – provides individuals an opportunity to confront diversity; introduces gender role
socialization and even clustering of skills and competencies according to gender and
class; hidden curriculum; informal aspects schooling; impersonal relationship is
prevalent.
3. Pee Groups – provides avenue for individuals to develop a sense of self that goes beyond
the family; young and old attitudes contributes to generation gap, which fuels
misunderstanding between children and parents; peers often govern short-term goals
while parents maintain influence over long-term plans; peer groups also provide venues
for anticipatory socialization; practice at working toward gaining desired positions.
4. Mass Media – on average, people watch television 7 hours per day; mass media create
images that reinforce social stereotypes based on sex, class, ethnicity and religion.

The process of socialization as operationalized in the context of these agents requires

an
understanding of one’s roles and status. Roles and Status are the building blocks of social
interaction, allowing people to behave in accordance to certain societal expectations within
particular social settings. Status is a recognized set of social position that an individual
occupies (e.g. studying, taking exams are expected behaviours associated with being a
student). Our understanding of roles and status is part and parcel of the formation of our
identities allowing us to relate smoothly with others in specific social contexts.

Activity 1

Write an essay justifying your stand on this topic:

Modern families: Transmitter or Defiers of social norms/values

MODULE 6 AND 7

MIDTERM TOPIC: HOW SOCIETY IS ORGANIZED

SPECIFIC LEARNING OUTCOME:

At the end of the lesson, the learners are able to:
A. Explain the differences of varied types of groups through giving of concrete examples
and illustrations
B. Discuss the varied roles each member of a group as to perform;
C. Suggest ways by which group conflicts can be resolved

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Pre-Test
Directions: Give what is asked.
1. What group that consists two or more humans who interact with one another, share
similar characteristics, and have a collective sense of unity reciprocity.
2-3. What are the two types of Social Groups?

 SOCIAL GROUP – a social group is two or more humans who interact with one another,
share similar characteristics, and have a collective sense of unity reciprocity, (“we
feeling”).
 Social Group can be defined as a collection of people who regularly interact with one
another on the basis of shared expectations concerning behaviour and who share a
sense of common identity (Contreras, et. Al, 2018)

Types of Social Groups

1. PRIMARY GROUP

Definition Characteristics Importance

 It is the most 1.
fundamental unit of
human society
 Long-lasting group
 Characterized by
strong ties of love and
affection. 2.
 Do’s and Don’ts of 3.
behaviour are learned
here.
4.
Examples: Families, Gangs,
Cliques, Play Groups,
Friendship Groups
5.
Physical Proximity. 1. To develop the
The members of a personality
group share close 2. The efficiency of
relationship and they members increase,
have intimate contact and persons of the
with each other. group get help,
Small in size inspiration and
Stability in nature: cooperation from one
stability promotes another.
closeness. 3. Satisfaction of total
Continuity in needs of the
relationship: individuals: primary
By meeting frequently groups help fulfilling
and by exchanging physical, emotional,
thoughts, intimacy psychological, social,
increases. and spiritual of the
Common individual.
commitments among 4. Group members
members: family provide love, security,
members control over belongingness and
family affairs. companionship to one
another.
5. Socialization process
initiates within the
primary group.

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2. SECONDARY GROUP

Definition Characteristics Importance

 Groups with which 1. Position of a member 1. The needs are satisfied
the individual comes depends upon their in the group with the
in contact later in role and status. advance of technology
life. 2. Individuality and associated with
 Characterized by develops in the social change.
impersonal, business- persons because 2. This group satisfies the
like, contractual, their relations are changing needs of
formal and casual based on self- society and individual
relationship. interest. 3. Rules formed by the
 Usually large in size, 3. Self-dependence group, will increase the
not very enduring and among members. efficiency of the work.
limited relationships. 4. It is large in size. 4. Delegation of the
 People needed other 5. No physical authority, coordination
people for the closeness. and planning of the
satisfaction of their 6. Formed for some activities will be
complex needs. purpose after implemented.
attaining that it may 5. Secondary groups
Examples: Industrial dismantle. accommodate large
Workers; business 7. Group cannot number of
associates, Faculty Staff, exercise control to members/localities
Company Emplyees that extent due to which widens the
large size. outlook of groups.
8. Lacks stability and
personal
relationships.
9. Has limited
acquaintance and
responsibility.
10. Members play active
and passive roles
11. Possibility of
development in
individualism
12. It is formed with
definite objective, its
function is not
spontaneous.

ACCORDING TO SELF-IDENTIFICATION

1. IN – GROUP: a social unit in which individuals feel at home and with which they identify.
2. OUT-GROUP: a social unit to which individuals do not belong due to differences in social
categories and with which they do not identify.

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3. REFERENCE/PSYCHOLOGICAL GROUP: groups to which we consciously or

unconsciously refer when we evaluate our life situations and behaviour but to which we
do not necessarily belong.
4. NETWORK
 A social network is a social structure that exists between actors- individuals or
organizations.
 A social network indicates the way that people and organizations are connected
through various social familiarities, ranging from casual acquaintance to close
familial bonds.
 Social networks are composed of nodes and ties. The person or organization
participating in the network is called a node. Ties are the various types of
connections between these nodes. Ties are assessed in terms of strength. Loose
connections, like mere acquaintances, are called weak ties. Strong ties, like
family bonds are called strong ties.

Activity 1

The Spaceship Decision Activity

Direction: Read comprehensively the given situation below.

The earth is going to explode in 24 hours. As the ruler of the Earth, you are the deciding
factor to save your people. The only way to save your people is to transport them to
another planet. Unfortunately, the spaceship can only transport five (5) of your people
along with you as a pilot. Given that the planet Earth consist of the following population,
who are those 5 you are going to bring?

a. A health practitioner f. a member of the family (specify)

b. A female prostitute g. a religious authority
c. A male teenager with bipolar h. a businessman
d. A senior citizen i. Other nationalities (specify)
a. A member of the LGBT community j. A law enforcer

Process Questions

1. What were your considerations in choosing the 5 people to ride in the spaceship?
2. What were the reasons of not choosing the other five?
3. If there is still time to go back and save more of the remaining 5,uld you do it or not?
Justify your answer.

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MODULE 8 AND 9

PRE-FINAL TOPIC: CULTURAL, SOCIAL AND POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS

SPECIFIC LEARNING OUTCOME:

At the end of the lesson, the learners are able to:
A. Traces kinship ties and social networks
B. Describe the organized nature of social life and rules governing behaviour;
C. Compare different social forms of social organization according to their manifest and
latent functions

Pre-Test
Directions: Answer the following questions.
1. What is Marriage?
2. What is the difference between Polygyny and Monogamy?
3. Explain the Group Marriage

KINSHIP
- relationship between any entities that share a genealogical origin, through biological,
cultural, or historical descent.
- Kinship system includes people related both by descent and marriage

KINSHIP PATTERS
 A network of people who are related by marriage, blood, or social practice
 Kinship is a means by which societies can socialize children and transmit culture from
one generation to the next
 Kinship creates complex social bonds
 Affinity – human kinship relations through marriage

FUNCTIONS:
 Provides continuity between generations
 Defines a group on whom a person can rely for aid.

KINSHIP BY BLOOD (DESCENT)

1. Unilenial
 Descent based on links through paternal or maternal line; forms non-overlapping
descent groups that perpetuate themselves over time even though membership
changes.
2. Matrilineal
 The family relatives on the mother side provide greater support, exert greater
influence, and predominantly impose its norms on the family.
3. Patrilineal
 The family relatives on the father side provide support, exert greater influence,
and predominantly impose its norms on the family.

4. Bilateral
 The family relatives on both mother and father side provide support, exert
influence, and impose its norms on the family on more or less equal terms.

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KINSHIP BY MARRIAGE
 Marriage are of different types across the world. Types of weddings are not to be
confused with types of marriage, as weddings can of be of different types as per
the community even if the type of marriage is Monogamous. Forms of marriage
are also culturally driven and different types of marriage in the world are
prevalent among variant societies. The types of marriage in sociology are as
listed and explained below.

MARRIAGE
 Two individuals involved in a socially approved relationship
o Intimate, mutual long-term obligations
o Fulfilled customary, ceremonial, or legal requirements
 Polygyny
o It is a form of marriage in which one man marries more than one woman at a given
time. It is of two types –Sororal Polygyny and Non-Sororal Polygyny
o Sororal Polygyny – it is a type of marriage in which the wives are invariably the
sisters. It is often called sororate.
o Non- sosoral polygyny- it is a type of marriage in which the wives are not related
as sisters.
o Polyandry –it is the marriage of one woman with more than one man. It is less
common than polygyny. It is of two types – Fraternal Polyandry and Non- Fraternal
Polyandry.
o Fraternal Polyandry – when several brothers share the same wife the practice can
be called alelphic or fraternal polyandery. This practice of being mate, actual or
potential to one’s husband’s brothers is called levirate. It is prevalent among
Todas.
o Non-Fraternal Polyandry – in this type the husband need not have any close
relationship prior to the marriage. The wife goes to spend some time with each
husband. So long as a woman lives with one of her husbands; the others have no
claim over her.

 Monogamy
o It is a form of marriage in which one man marries one woman. It is the most
common and acceptable form of marriage.
o Serial Monogamy- in many societies individuals are permitted to marry again
often on the death of the first spouse or after divorce but they cannot have
more than one spouse at one and the same time.
o Straight Monogamy- in this, remarriage is not allowed
 Group Marriage
o It means the marriage of two or more women with two or more men. Here the
husbands are common husbands and wives are common wives. Children are
regarded as the children of the entire group as a whole.

KINSHIP BY RITUAL
 A type of fictive kinship created ritually to forge bonds between people who are
not literally related (i.e. the institution of “compadrazgo” or “godparents” in
general).
 Confraternities were the most common form of organized religious life in medieval
and early modern Europe. They were at once the lay face of the church, the

Francisco J. Caballes Jr. UCSP

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spiritual heart of civic engagement of government, and the social kin who claimed
the allegiance of peers and the obedience of subordinates.

FAMILY AND THE HOUSEHOLD

FAMILY
 Refers to a socially defined kinship structure or set of relationships between at
least two people related by birth, marriage, blood relationship, or adoption

ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE
 Nuclear- the family constitutes of the father and mother with child/children.
 Extended – it is the stretched-out organization of the family that constitutes the
nuclear family and its relatives living and functioning together as a unit.
 Polygynous – the family constitutes of a father with two or more mothers and
their children.
 Polyandrous – the family constitutes of a mother with two or more fathers and
their children.
 Single-Parent – the family constitutes of a single parent, either a father or a
mother with child/children.

Authority Base
 Patriarchal – the father plays the dominant role in having supremacy and
predominant influence in managing the family. In the absence of the father, the
eldest male family members or the nearest and most senior male relative takes
charge.
 Matriarchal- the mother plays the dominant role in having supremacy and
predominant influence in managing the family. In the absence mother, the eldest
female family members or the nearest and most senior female relative takes
charge.
 Egalitarian- both father and mother are involved in more or less equal power
sharing and exercise of influence in managing the family.

RESIDENTIAL ARRANGEMENT
 Neolocal – the customary practice of living independently form the relatives and
whose domicile is fixed away from the extended family.
 Patrilocal – the customary arrangement whereby a married couple is expected to
take up residence with relatives of the father side.
 Matrilocal – the customary arrangement whereby a married couple is expected to
take up residence with relatives of the mother side.
 Bilocal – the customary arrangement whereby a married couple is free to take up
residence with relatives of either the mother or father side.

KINSHIP BY POLITICS
Kinship politics is commonly found in tribal societies across the world where kin
genealogy is applied to determine the system of communal leadership. It is the traditional
pattern of bequeathing political power among family members.

 Political Dynasty
 lineage of heredity succession to an essentially same position. Family
members follow one another to the position. A ruler in a dynasty is

Francisco J. Caballes Jr. UCSP

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sometimes referred to as a “dynast”, but this term is also used to describe

any member of a reigning family who retains succession rights to a throne.
 Political Alliances
 Referred to as a Political Coalition or Political Bloc
 An agreement for cooperation between different political parties on common
political agenda, often for purposes of contesting an election to mutually
benefit by collectively clearing election thresholds, or otherwise benefiting
from characteristics of the voting system or for government formation after
elections.
 A Coalition government is formed when a political alliance comes to power,
or when only a plurality (not a majority) has not been reached and several
parties must work together to govern.

Activity 1

Direction: Answer the following question.

1. Discuss through schematic diagram the differences of matrilineal and patrilineal

form of descent.
2. How are the following concepts observed in the Philippines social and political
landscape? Give at least one example to explain your answer.
b. Political Dynasty
c. Patrilocal rule of residence
d. Arranged Marriage
3. Compare and contrast the nature of Nuclear family, Extended family, and Blended
family.

Francisco J. Caballes Jr. UCSP

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MODULE 10

FINAL TOPIC: SOCIAL AND POLITICAL STRATIFICATION

SPECIFIC LEARNING OUTCOME:

At the end of the lesson, the learners are able to:
A. Apply the concept of stratification to explain socio-cultural, economic and political
inequalities
B. Evaluate the basis of social and political stratification
C. Determine the factors that drive and constraint social mobility.
D. Examine the global inequality between state and non-state community

Pre-Test
Directions: Answer the following questions below.
1. What is Stratification?
2. Give the two types of Stratification System.

MEANING AND NATURE OF STRATIFICATION

 Social Stratification refers to the ranking of individuals and groups in any given
society. It refers to the division of society into levels, steps or positions. It contains
strata that share unequally in the distribution of societal rewards. Social
stratification tends to be transmitted from one generation to another. The people are
ranked based on a hierarchy that are significant in delimiting their access to the
range of resources and/or opportunities available to them.

DIMENSIONS OF STRATIFICATION
 Wealth and Income
 Wealth consists of the value of everything a person or group owns.
 Income refers to how many people get in or the amount of money a person/group
receives from work.
 Inequalities of Power
 Power is the ability to control one’s own life (personal power) and to control or
influence the actions of others (social power)
 Inequalities of Prestige
 Prestige is the social recognition that a person or group receives from others. It
refers to the esteem, respect,, or approval that is gained by an individual or a
collectively for the performance or qualities they consider above the average.

Table 1 – Comparison of Functionalism and Conflict Theories

Functionalist View Conflict View

1.Stratification is universal, necessary and Stratification may be universal without being

inevitable necessary and inevitable
2.Social organization (the social system) The stratification system shapes social
shapes the stratification system organization (social system)
3.Stratification arises from the societal need Stratification arises from group conquest,

Francisco J. Caballes Jr. UCSP

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for integration, coordination, and cohesion competition, and conflict

4.Stratification facilities the optimal
functioning of society and the individual
5.Stratification is an expression of the
commonly shared social values
6.Power is usually legitimately distributed in
society
7.Tasks and rewards are equitably located
8.The economic dimension is paramount in
society
9.Stratification systems often change through
evolutionary process
Stratification impedes the optimal functioning
of society and the individual
Stratification is an expression of values of
powerful groups
Power is usually illegitimately distributed in
society
Tasks and rewards are inequitably allocated
The economic dimension is subordinate to
other dimensions of society
Stratification systems generally change
through revolutionary processes

SOCIAL MOBILITY AND SOCIAL INEQUALITY

OPEN AND CLOSED STRATIFICATION SYSTEM

 Open System – position of each individual influence by the person’s achieved status.
 Close System – allows little or no possibility of moving up

SOCIAL MOBILITY

TYPES OF SOCIAL MOBILITY

 Horizontal Mobility – is the movement within the same range of prestige. It refers to
transfer of position to another area, but no changes in position;
 Vertical Mobility – is the movement from one position to another of a different rank. The
movement may be an upward mobility or downward mobility
 Intragenerational Mobility- refers to the changes of social position within a person’s
adult life but within the same generation; and
 Intergenerational – occurs when changes take place form one generation to another.

SOCIAL INEQUALITY
 Pertains to the uneven opportunities and rewards accessible to different positions or
statuses of people in the society. It refers to the existing gap or inequalities in the
different social institutions and social groups, including the ethnic minorities and PWD,
gender and global inequalities.

SOCIAL INEQUALITY is also visible in the other areas of society including:

 Economic (Marx) – Class- institutionalized in the form of property rights
 Symbolic/ Social (Weber) – power/hierarchy – institutionalized in the form of educational
qualifications
 Cultural/Knowledge (Bourdieu)- Status/recognition – institutionalized in the form of title
and nobility

ETHNIC MINORITIES AND PERSON WITH DISABILITIES (PWD)

 Social Exclusion – refers to alienating or dividing individuals or a group in a certain
society
 Race and Ethnicity have been the basis of social division in the world

PERSON WITH DISABILITIES (PWD)

Francisco J. Caballes Jr. UCSP

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 They suffer from social exclusion and discrimination because of their disabilities
 Establishments should provide PWD friendly facilities

GENERAL INEQUALITY
 Violence against women and children
 Gender discrimination among LGBTQ

GLOBAL INEQUALITY
 It refers to the unequal distribution of scarce resources and values across territories
o Developing (poor, agricultural) vs Developed countries (industrialized)
o First World (developed, capitalist, industrial countries) vs Third World
(developing)
o Global South (Philippines, struggling countries) vs Global North (Singapore, US,
UK, Japan)

Activity 1

Direction: Write a short argumentative essay about your personal stand on the issue about
House Bill No. 8858 minimum age of criminal liability or social responsibility.

MODULE 11 AND 12

FINAL TOPIC: RESPONDING TO SOCIAL, POLITICAL AND CULTURAL CHANGE

SPECIFIC LEARNING OUTCOME:

At the end of the lesson, the learners are able to:
A. Identify how humans respond to social, political and cultural changes
B. Describe how such response create change
C. Analyze the social, cultural, political implications of changes as influenced by human
adaptation
Pre-Test
Direction: Answer what is asked.
1. What is social media for?
2. Is social media an agent of change? In what way?

The advent of change posits certain issues people need to respond to. The
interconnectivity of change also implies the interconnectivity of issues we need to face.
How we respond to it as a people somehow creates a social divide because we differ in
our social, political, cultural or economic strand. Regardless of our stand, these issues
of change calls as citizens to be more engaged, participatory and even organized social
movements.

Any change or issue is not exclusively a single aspect. It is an overlapping or

intertwining of social, cultural and political changes and even other factors. A change in
one aspect elicits change in the other. But speaking of change, we are not only referring
to it negatively but we look at its duality.

Francisco J. Caballes Jr. UCSP

1

The impact of science and technology on social institutions like family, school, church
and government is a major impetus for change. Such cultural, social, political, and
technological changes create a drastic and evolving paradigm on the ways we live our
lives. These changes have brought positive and negative effects to individuals and
societies. Therefore change should be taken in the lens of duality or plurality and not on
a singular mindset.

Social media alone cannot stand by itself. It needs a support system. The popularity of
social media is largely attributed to the development and sophistication of technology.
Thus technology becomes a vehicle of actualizing the impact of social media.
While most of us have social media accounts, we do not only vary in number but also as
to the purpose why we created it in the first place. Whatever is the purpose, it is always
advisable to take precautionary measures of its effects in us and be a wise user. Such
patronage may create an unconscious effect and change in our own individuality.

Human behaviour has a connection to the society as a whole because human action
posits change (political, cultural, social, economic, technological, etc.). such connection
between the behaviour of the individual people and the structures of the society is
viewed on the lens of sociological perspectives. This way of looking at the society
explains and predicts how human adapt to any of those changes and how such
adaptation triggers the same change.

The numerous changes and transformation in the social, political, and cultural aspects
of individuals and societies all over the world can be highly attributed or escalated by
social media as a means of generating and proliferating change. Change is generally
pervasive and is taking in culture, society, and politics.
Such changes in these social dimensions are not only overlapping but also
interdependent.

Activity 1
Essay

Direction: Answer the following questions.

1. What is social media for?

2. What is the data trying to tell you?
3. Is social media an agent of change? In what way?
4. How do social media cause any of the following changes: social, political
and cultural?
5. How could these changes responded to?

Francisco J. Caballes Jr. UCSP

1

DIAGNOSTIC TEST
DIRECTION: Answer the following questions that follows.
1. What is Sociology?
2. How about society?
3-4. Give the 2 types of Social Group.
5. What is the meaning of Social Group?
6. What is Stratification?
7-8. Give the two types of Stratification System.
9-10. Differentiate Sociology and Society.
11-14. Give the types of Agents of Socialization.
15-20. What are the type of society?
21. known as customs, for everyday behavior that people follow for the sake of
tradition or convenience.
22. strict norms that control moral and ethical behavior. These norms are based
On definition of right and wrong
23. norms that society holds so strongly that violating it results in extreme
disgust.
24. codified ethics, formally agreed, written down and enforced by an official law
enforcement agency.
25. include the ideas, concepts, philosophies, designs, etc. that are products of
the mental or intellectual functioning and reasoning of the human mind.

26 includes all the expectations, standards and rules for human behavior.
27 is the lifelong social experience by which individuals develop their human
potential and learn patterns of their culture.
26. a person’s fairly consistent patterns of thinking, feeling and acting.
27. position of each individual influence by the person’s achieved status.
28. allows little or no possibility of moving up.
29. is the movement within the same range of prestige. It refers to transfer
30. of position to another area, but no changes in position;
31. is the movement from one position to another of a different rank. The
32. movement may be an upward mobility or downward mobility
33. refers to the changes of social position within a person’s adult life but
34. within the same generation; and
35. occurs when changes take place form one generation to another.
36. the customary practice of living independently form the relatives and
37. whose domicile is fixed away from the extended family.
38. the customary arrangement whereby a married couple is expected to
39. take up residence with relatives of the father side.
40. the customary arrangement whereby a married couple is expected to
41. take up residence with relatives of the mother side.
42. the customary arrangement whereby a married couple is free to take up
43. residence with relatives of either the mother or father side.

Francisco J. Caballes Jr. UCSP

1

44. the family relatives on the mother side provide greater support, exert
greater influence, and predominantly impose its norms on the family.
45. the family relatives on the father side provide support, exert greater
influence, and predominantly impose its norms on the family.
41-48. Give the elements of Culture.
49. includes all the tangible and visible parts of culture, which include foods,
clothes and even buildings.
50. without physical representation, includes all the intangible parts of culture,
which consist of values, ideas, and knowledge.
51-70. Explain the following
 Kinship By Marriage
 Kinship By Politics
 Social Inequality
 Kinship By Ritual
71-85. Explain Polygyny, Monogymy and Group Marriage.
86-100.Give the four types of Kinship By Blood and explain each type.

Francisco J. Caballes Jr. UCSP

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Prepared by:
Francisco J. Caballes Jr.

Reviewed and Checked by:

JOE ANN PAGARA

SHS Principal

Attested by:

NANCY CHIONG-MAGBANUA, MSIT

Academic Dean

Verified by:

DR. EUFEMIO D. JAVIER, JR.

School President

Francisco J. Caballes Jr. UCSP

1

SIBUGAY TECHNICAL INSTITUTE INCORPORATED

Lower Taway, Ipil,
Zamboanga Sibugay
www.sibugaytech.edu.p
h
Email Address: uldaricoenerio@gmail.com
Telefax: (062)222-2469, Mobile No.: 09661329882

(COLLEGE)
CHED ACCREDITED COURSES

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN COMPUTER SCIENCE

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION MAJOR IN HUMAN

MANAGEMENT

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN MIDWIFERY

BACH C CU MAJOR

: ANIMAL SCIENCE : CROP SCIENCE

BACHELOR OF TECHNICAL-VOCATIONAL TEACHERS EDUCATION MAJOR IN :

: AUTOMOTIVE TECHNOLOGY

: FOOD AND SWERVICE MANAGEMENT

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN HOSPITALITY

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN CRIMINOLOGY

Francisco J. Caballes Jr. UCSP

1

SIBUGAY TECHNICAL INSTITUTE INCORPORATED

Lower Taway, Ipil, Zamboanga
Sibugaywww.sibugaytech.edu.ph
Email Address: uldaricoenerio@gmail.com
Telefax: (062)222-2469, Mobile No.: 09661329882

STII TRAINING CENTER

AGRICULTURAL CROPS PRODUCTION NC II

ANIMAL PRODUCTION (POUTRY CHICKEN) NC II
ANIMAL PRODUCTION (RUMINANTS) NC II
ANIMAL PRODUCTION (SWINE) NC II
BARTENDING NC II
BOOKKEEPING NC III
BREAD & PASTRY PRODUCTION NC II
CAREGIVING NC II
DRIVING NC II
ELECTRONIC PRODUCTS ASSEMBLY SERVICING NC II
EVENTS MANAGEMENT SERVICES NC III
FOOD AND BEVERAGE SERVICES NC II
FRONT OFFICE SERVICES NC II
HEAVY EQUIPMENT OPERATOR (HYDRAULIC EXCAVATOR) NC II
HOUSEKEEPING NCII
MOTORCYCLE/SMALL ENGINE SERVICING NC II
ORGANIC AGRICULTURE PRODUCTION NC II
PHARMACY SERVICES NC III
RUBBER PRODUCTION NC II
SHIELDED METAL ARC WELDING NC I
SHIELDED METAL ARC WELDING NC II
TRAINERS METHODOLOGY COURSE
SHIELDED METAL ARC WELDING NC II
AUTOMOTIVE SERVICING NC I
AUTOMOTIVE SERVICING NC II
HEALTH CARE SERVICES NC II
HEAVY EQUIPMENT OPERATOR (BACKHOE LOADER) NC II
MOTORCYCLE/SMALL ENGINE SERVICING NC II
CAREGIVING NC II
BARTENDING NC II

Francisco J. Caballes Jr. UCSP

1

SIBUGAY TECHNICAL INSTITUTE INCORPORATED

Lower Taway, Ipil, Zamboanga Sibugay
www.sibugaytech.edu.ph
Email Address: uldaricoenerio@gmail.com
Telefax: (062)222-2469, Mobile No.: 09661329882

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

INDUSTRIAL ARTS

DRIVING NC II
SHIELDED METAL ARC WELDING NC II
AUTOMOTIVE SERVICING NC I
AUTOMOTIVE SERVICING NC II
HOME ECONOMICS
FRONT OFFICE SERVICES NC II
HOUSEKEEPING NC II
FOOD AND BEVERAGES SERVICES NC II
BREAD AND PASTRY PRODUCTION NC II
INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY
2D ANIMATION NC III
COMPUTER SYSTEM SERVICING NC II
ELECTRONIC PRODUCTS ASSEMBLY SERVICES NC II
AGRICULTURAL TECHNOLOGY STRAND
ANIMAL PRODUCTION (POULTRY CHICKEN) NC II
ANIMAL PRODUCTION (RUMINANTS) NC II
ANIMAL PRODUCTION (SWINE) NC II
RUBBER PRODUCTION NC II
ORGANIC AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION NC II
ACADEMIC
TRACK HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL
SCIENCES

FRONT OFFICE SERVICES NC II

EVENTS MANAGEMENT NC III
ACCOUNTANCY BUSINESS AND MANAGEMENT
BOOKKEEPING NC III
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, ENGINEERING AND MATHEMATICS

ELECTRONIC PRODUCTS ASSEMBLE

Francisco J. Caballes Jr. UCSP