SPANISH PERIOD

CRUCIFIX- is a cross with an image of Christ on it. The crucifix is the symbol of

Christianity and of the death and resurrection of Christ. For followers of the Christian

faith it serves as a reminder of God’s sacrifice of his only Son so that humanity may

have salvation.

https://www.bbc.co.uk > revision

- This cross conveys the luxury found within churches that dotted the Christian

kingdoms of Northern Spain during the Middle Ages.

https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/464023

CHALICE- a chalice is a large gold or silver cup with a stem. Chalices are used to

hold wine in the Christian service of Holy Communion.

https/:www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/chalice

- The word Chalice derives from the Latin word “calix.” It originated from the Greek

word “kulix” which means a “cup” or “goblet” intended to hold a drink.

- Only wine, water, and a portion of the Consecrated Host are permitted to be placed

in the Chalice and it may not be used for any profane purpose.

www.catholicdoors.com

CANDELABRA CANDLE HOLDER- The earliest versions of the candelabra were

designed by the Romans who used these as an elegant form of ornamental lighting.

Archaeological digs of well-preserved ancient sites like Pompeii contain numerous

examples of Candelabras which suggests that they were probably a common

household item.

https://www.macmillanddictionaryblog.com/candelabra
- Candelabra is a symbol of the Holy Trinity. As a triple candelabra unites three

lights, so the Holy Trinity is a united three in one. The three flames share one and the

same fiery nature, as the three divine persons share the same divine substance.

https://parishableitems.com

-Although it is understood candelabra were used during the Middles Ages (400-1400

AD), the earliest existing artifacts and records of these pieces date from 1600’s and

provide examples of candlestick and candelabra.

https://www.acsilver.co.uk

VINTAGE BRASS CANDLE STICK- The earliest candlestick which has been

discovered is a clay candleholder which dates back to 400BC and it believed that the

candle itself was created as early as 300BC by the Ancient Egyptians, who used

beeswax to illuminate their way in the dark.

- During the 1600’s designs of candlesticks were predominantly silver and much

sturdier that the examples that would follow them.

https:/www.acsilver.co.uk>shop

OCTAGON CLEAR GLASS OIL KEROSENE LAMP- In the 19th century, a polish

pharmacist Ignacy Lukasiewicz invented the kerosene lamp- a device that quickly

went on to light up Europe. He also went on to open the first oil mine and kerosene

refinery in the world, becoming a pioneer of the oil business.

https://culture.pl/en/article/ignacy-lukasiewicz-the-generous-inventor-of-the-

kerosene-lamp

- After opening his first oil well, Lukasiewicz invented the modern kerosene lamp in

1853. At the sam etime, American businessman Robert Dietz and his brother
patented the first functional flat wick burner that was specially designed for kerosene.

https://antiquelampsupply.com/pages/history-of-kerosene-oil-lamp

- Kerosene lamps were used throughout the 19 th century as gas lighting was namely

for the wealthy and electric lighting was just on in rural areas by the late 1800s. Even

after electrification, people retained their glass kerosene lamps for emergency uses.

https:///www.museums.iastate.edu/virtual/blog

CORPUS CHRISTI PORTION OF A CRUCIFIX, 17 th Century- Feast of Corpus

Christi, also called Solemnity of the Most Holy Body and Blood of Christ, festival of

the Roman Catholic Church in honour of the real presence of the body of Jesus Christ

in the Eucharist.

https:/www.britannica.com > topic

ANGEL SCULPTURE- It is a type of carve wood from the 16 th century Renaissance

Haute Epoque

https://www.proantic.com/en/display.php

PHILOMENA- She was 13 years old when she died. Saint Philomena is the patron

saint of infants, babies, and youth. Her feast day is August 11.

https:/www.stlukecatholicchurchplain.com/saint.philomena.html

- Philomena was martyred for her faith and singular devotion to Christ in 304. The

tomb of St. Philomena was inscribed with the words “Peace be with you,

Philomena.”

https:?catholicsaintmedals.com/saints/st.philomena

- Philomena became the only person recognized as a Saint Solely on the basis of
miraculous intercession as nothing was known of her except her name and the

evidence of her martrydoom. Pope Leo XII granted permission for the erection of

altars and churches in her honor.

https:/www.stphilomenaparish.com/patron

SAINT MARY THE VIRGIN- Mary is one of the most important figures in

Christianity, as the ultimate symbol of motherhood her clothing is a reflection of her

virtues such as her purity, modesty, faith and love for her child. In Christianity she is

not only the mother of Christ but also the mother of all humanity.

https:/www.usatoday.com>news

SAINT JOSEPH STATUE- There are two kinds of Saint Joseph statues: one is the

worker who carries a water pitcher, a loaf of a bread and an by his feet; the second is

the patron of the family, holding his foster son, Jesus. Most people call on St. Joseph,

the patron of the family, when trying to sell their home.

https:/www.oceanitytoday.com/business/real_estate_report/st.josephstatuesused-as-

guardian-of-home-tradition

SAINT ANTHONY OF PADUA- Most famous for being the patron saint of lost

things, he’s also the patron saint of amputees, aninmals, Brazil, elderly people,

horses, opressed people, poor people, pregnant, women, shipwreeks and many more.

As one of the most popular catholic saints, St. Anthony is well-known and well-loved

- Anthony was born into a wealthy family and was raised in the church. He joined the

Augustinian canons in 1210 and probably became a priest. In 1220 he joined the
Franciscan order, hoping to preach to the Saracens and be martyred. On his way to

Morocco, he became seriously ill and was forced to return home.

https:/www.britannica.com/biography/Saint-Anthony-of-Padua

SAINT PETER- He is the patron saint of popes and of Rome and of many cities that

bear his name, such as St. Petersburg and Saint Pierre. As a former fisherman he is

the patron saint of netmakers, shipbuilders and fishermen and because he holds “key

of heaven”, he is also the patron saint of locksmith.

https:/www.britannica.com/biography/saint-peter-the-Apostle

SAINT THOMAS AQUINAS- Greatest of the Scholastic philosophers. He produced

a comprehensive synthesis of Christian Theology and Aristotelian philosophy that

influenced Roman Catholic doctrine for centuries and was adopted as the official

philosophy of the church in 1917.

https:/www.britannica.com/biography/Saint-Thomas.