“A PROJECT REPORT RURAL DEVELOPMENT APPROACHES AND

STRATEGIES”

Submitted in Partial Fulfilment for the Award of the Degree of

(M.B.A) 2021-2023

Submitted By: Sunil Verma

University PRN: 2128100669

BHARATI VIDYAPEETH DEEMED TO BE UNIVERSITY, PUNE

SCHOOL OF DISTANCE EDUCATION, PUNE
Academic Study Centre - BVIMR, New Delhi
An ISO 9001:2008 Certified Institute
NAAC Accredited Grade “A” University
 DECLARATION

I Sunil Verma, M.B.A 4th Semester would like to declare that the project report entitled

“A PROJECT REPORT RURAL DEVELOPMENT APPROACHES AND

STRATEGIES” Submitted to Bharati Vidyapeeth University Pune, School of Distance
Education Pune, and Academic Study Centre BVIMR New Delhi in partial fulfilment of the
requirement for the award of the degree. It is an original work carried out by me under the
guidance of Mr.Yashwant Kumar.

All respected guides, faculty member and other sources have been properly acknowledged
and the report contains no plagiarism.

To the best of my knowledge and belief the matter embodied in this project is a genuine
work done by me and it has been neither submitted for assessment to the University nor to
any other University for the fulfilment of the requirement of the course of study.

SUNIL VERMA

Student Name with Signature

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The project entitled “A PROJECT REPORT RURAL DEVELOPMENT APPROACHES

AND STRATEGIES” Was Challenging assignment for me as it required an improved
environment, extensive endeavour and all necessary support. I take this as an opportunity
to express my gratitude to Mr. YASHWANT KUMAR, my project guide for her able
guidance, cooperation and out of the box thinking without which this project would not have
completed successfully. The successful progression of my project also gives me the
opportunity to acknowledge and appreciate the staff of the college that provided me much
needed stimulating suggestion and encouragement in order to steer this project towards its
completion
 CONTENTS

S. No Topic Page No.

1 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION TO TOPIC 1-23

OBJECTIVES OF STUDY
LIMITATIONS OF PROJECT
LITERATURE REVIEW

2. CHAPTER 2: 24-25
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3. CHAPTER 3: 26-29
FINDING AND ANALYSIS

4. CHAPTER 4: 30
CONCLUSIONS
5 CHAPTER 5: 31
RECOMMENDATIONS/SUGGESTIONS

6 CHAPTER 5: 32
LIMITATION OF STUDY
 CHAPTER 1- INTRODUCTION

The term ‘rural development’ is a subset of the broader term development which implies.
Overall development of rural areas with a view to improve the quality of life and bring a
positive change in the conditions of poor. Rural development is a comprehensive and multi-
dimensional concept, encompassing the development of agriculture and allied activities,
village and cottage industries including crafts, socio-economic infrastructure, community
services and facilities, and above all, the human resource development in rural areas.

Overall it is an end result of transactions between various physical, technological, economic,

socio-cultural and institutional factors. As a strategy, it is designed to improve the economic
and social wellbeing of the specific group of people-‘the rural poor’. As a discipline, it is
multi-disciplinary in nature, representing an intersection of agricultural, social, behavioural,
engineering and management sciences.

The term rural development‟ is the overall development of rural areas to improve

The quality of life of rural people. Rural areas encounter many problem like hunger,
unemployment issues, absolute poverty, caste related issues, child marriage. The reasons
attributed can be weak implementation of government nutrition schemes, inadequate health,
and infrastructure, technology and services facilities. There are also inadequate investment in
health and other issues for rural people from government perspective. The major wings for
the rural development are Economic dimension 2. Human dimension 3. Science

& Technology 4. Resources and Environment 5. Political dimension

When one is researching upon the concept of rural development, then it is referred to the
overall development of rural communities. It is a multi-dimensional and a comprehensive
concept, which takes into consideration, number of aspects, these include, agriculture and
allied activities, village and cottage industries, farming practices, system of education,
training centres, health care and medical facilities, environmental conditions, housing
accommodation, infrastructure, technology, skills development opportunities for the
individuals, administration and management practices, employment opportunities and human

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resource development. When the individuals are researching upon the aspects, which promote
backwardness of rural communities, then it is vital for them to take into consideration
measures, policies and programs that would promote development of all the above stated
aspects. In rural communities, the individuals are experiencing the problems of poverty,
illiteracy and unemployment to a major extent. Therefore, measures and policies also need to
put emphasis upon alleviation of these problems.

The development of rural communities is the ultimate outcome of the transactions between
physical, technological, economic, socio-cultural and institutional factors. The approaches
and the strategies need to be designed to bring about improvements, primarily in the living
conditions of the individuals, belonging to deprived, marginalized and socio-economically
backward sections of the society. To promote the development of rural areas, it is necessary
to represent an intersection between agricultural, social, managerial, behavioural and
engineering sciences (Chapter III. Rural Development Approaches and Strategies in India,
n.d.). When there are implementation of policies, practices, strategies and approaches aiming
at rural development, then the individuals need to generate awareness in terms of deficient
areas and challenges, which the rural individuals are experiencing. The organizations and
agencies are required to work in collaboration and integration with each other to achieve the
desired goals and objectives. Many developing countries have been working effectively
towards development of rural communities and have received significant outcomes. When
acquiring an understanding of rural development approaches and strategies, it is essential to
acquire an efficient understanding of areas in rural communities, which are in a backward and
underdeveloped state and which need to be improved. When the individuals are involved in
the implementation of strategies and approaches, then they need to be aware of major
objectives of rural individuals.

In order to bring about improvements in the living conditions and overall quality of lives, it is
necessary to generate a source of income. In rural areas, agriculture and farming practices are
stated as the major occupations of the individuals. Apart from these, they are engaged in the
production and manufacturing of handicrafts, silk weaving, pottery making, and so forth.
Therefore, it can be stated that involvement in employment opportunities and occupations are
the major objectives of not only individuals residing in urban communities, but also rural
individuals. In the agriculture sector, strategies need to focus upon bringing about

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improvements in agricultural productivity and marketing of agricultural products. It is vital
for the farmers and agricultural labourers to put into operation, innovative and scientific
methods to augment production. Agricultural income can be increased through the
implementation of two comprehensive methods. These are, stabilizing the prices of
agricultural products and intermediary exploitation and improving agricultural productivity
and infrastructure.

To bring about improvements in agricultural productivity, one gets involved in the production
of multiple crops, by making use of advanced agricultural techniques. Introduction of modern
irrigation methods is regarded as one of the strategies of improving agricultural
infrastructure. The main aspects that need to be taken into consideration to improve
agricultural productivity are, development of small-irrigation systems, i.e. construction of
irrigation systems and development of water user associations; capacity building for
agricultural extension workers, i.e. improvement of cultivation techniques, improvements in
the production of crops and vegetables and agroforestry; empowerment of community based
activities for farming, i.e. organization of shipping and distributive co-operatives and rice
banks and comprehensive rural and agricultural development, i.e. integrated projects with the
development of small-scale irrigation, capacity building for the agricultural workers and
strengthening of the community-based activities for farming. The improvements made in
these areas, would render an effective contribution in augmenting productivity and
profitability through engagement in agriculture and farming practices.

When improvement of human capabilities is taken into consideration, then emphasis

is put upon one’s health conditions and educational levels. In rural communities, health
conditions of the individuals are regarded to be in a deprived state. When the individuals are
experiencing health problems or illnesses, then they would certainly experience problems in
getting involved in any tasks or activities. Therefore, improvements need to be initiated in
rural communities, and bringing about developments in the health care and medical facilities
is regarded to be of major significance. In rural communities, health care and medical centres
are not in a well-developed state. The individuals in most cases are required to migrate to
urban areas to obtain medical treatment. When the elderly individuals or other individuals
within the family experience illnesses, then the other family members are required to leave
their work and take care of ailing members. Hence, due to this, they experience a decline in
productivity. Therefore, augmentation of medical and health care centres is crucial for rural
development.

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For the purpose of generating income, it is vital to bring about improvements in the
educational standards. Literacy skills enable the individuals to read manuals on agricultural
techniques and equipment, thus leading to an increase in agricultural productivity. When the
individuals possess the basic literacy skills, they can easily acquire information in terms of
policies, measures and programs that have been put into operation, leading to their well-
being. Furthermore, they are able to carry out various tasks and activities in a manageable
manner, including the implementation of household responsibilities, health care, diet and
nutrition, child development and so forth. When they are engaged in the production
processes, then they would be able to acquire satisfactory information in terms of marketing
strategies and approaches and able to enhance productivity and profitability. In rural
communities, the system of education is not in a well-developed state and major cause for
this is inadequate financial resources. For bringing about improvements in educational
standards in rural communities, it is necessary to recruit skilled and qualified teachers,
enhance teaching-learning methods and instructional strategies, improve infrastructure and
overall school environmental conditions.

The protective capabilities are referred to the capabilities of the individuals to protect them
from various problems and difficulties. These are particularly the ones, which prove to be
impediments within the course of their progression. These problems are poverty,
malnutrition, illiteracy, unemployment, natural disasters and crime and violence. In rural
communities, when there are occurrence of natural calamities and disasters, then rural
individuals are required to experience detrimental effects to a major extent. The cultivated
land gets easily damaged from floods, erosion, earthquakes etc. The rural individuals, who
are residing in the conditions of poverty, do not possess adequate resources to sustain their
living conditions sufficiently. Therefore, it is vital for them to be aware of the measures and
strategies that are needed to preserve the natural environmental conditions and their well-
being. The protection of forests is not only effectual in the alleviation of natural disasters,
such as, floods, but also protecting land from top-soil erosion and generating awareness in
terms of financial management, hygiene and sanitation.

The rural individuals need to recognize the significance of education. It is vital for them to
get enrolled in educational institutions and training centres and generate information in terms
of various strategies and concepts. Acquisition of education in terms of various strategies and
concepts, would help the individuals to differentiate between appropriate and inappropriate,
provide solutions to various problems, look for employment and income generation

4
opportunities and sustain their living conditions in an appropriate manner. In order to
eliminate illiteracy, there have been establishment of adult education centres in rural
communities, to provide training to adults. These adults, have either never been to school
before, or have dropped out, before their educational skills are honed. There have been
implementation of programs and measures, which aim at promoting welfare of the rural
individuals. The main areas, upon which these measures are focused upon include,
agriculture and farming practices, education and training opportunities, employment
opportunities, skills development, law and order, management and administration,
infrastructure development, development of civic amenities, environmental preservation
methods and so forth.

Political capabilities are the capabilities that facilitate the participation of the
individuals in policy-making and in the making of decisions, on an independent basis in
situations, where human rights are guaranteed. The rural development approaches have the
main objective to make the development plans corresponding to the various conditions of the
rural communities and to implement the projects through community participation.
Development assistance, which responds rapidly to the local needs and requirements, needs
to work in integration and co-operation with the governments. For this reason,
decentralization is regarded as an important factor in the local community development.
Appropriate decentralization measures are required in the rural development activities. The
major activities include, capacity building of the central governments and improvements in
laws and financial management for decentralization. The rural development projects should
be consistent with the local government development plans. If there are differences, then
impediments would take place in the achievement of the desired objectives.

The improvements in the administrative capabilities of the local governments is

required for policy making and sustainability, based upon local conditions. The formulation
of development plans requires the incorporation of local opinions, community participation
and utilization of existing local resources. The administrative officers, who are involved in
the implementation of management and administrative functions, need to possess the
essential skills and abilities. One of the major aspects is, individuals need to be aware in
terms of areas, which are deficient and are required to get improved. The development of
political capabilities among rural individuals, also focus upon their participation in the
decision making processes and other political activities. The management and leadership
capabilities of the administrators and leaders should be improved. The individuals, who are in

5
charge of planning and administrative functions need to augment their skills and capabilities
on a continuous basis. For leading to improvements in skills and capabilities, there have been
provision of training opportunities. The location of training centres in terms of administrative,
managerial and leadership skills are mostly in urban communities.

Components of Rural Development Policy

The policies that are formulated to bring about rural development are required to incorporate
the components, which have been stated as follows:

Environmental Conditions - The first component is the individual and his

environment. The individuals need to develop the skills and abilities to make effective use of
resources that the natural environmental conditions are providing. On the other hand, the
individuals are required to generate awareness in terms of various strategies and approaches
that are required for the preservation of the environment. Curbing various forms of pollution
is regarded to be of utmost significance. The rural individuals need to be aware of various
strategies and methods for keeping the water bodies and environmental conditions clean.
Furthermore, they should be aware of making effective use of resources to improve the living
conditions.

Ecological Settings - The second component focuses upon ecological setting.

Ecological setting refers to the principle biophysical characteristics at multiple scales that
have a strong influence upon the composition, structure, and function of the particular
ecosystem, over a long period of time and serve to describe and distinguish it ecologically.
The major aspects that need to be taken into account in the case of ecological settings are,
wetness, soil depth, temperature, solar exposure and wind exposure that define the ecological
characteristics (Conservation Assessment and Prioritization System, n.d.). It is vital for the
rural individuals to possess adequate information, in terms of these traits, particularly when
they are engaged in agriculture and farming practices.

Technology - The third component of rural development is making use of technology.

The rural individuals have recognized the significance of technology. They are aware that
making use of technical methods would make their tasks and activities manageable. In the
present existence, they are making use of technical methods in the agriculture sector, farming
practices and production and manufacturing of goods. In addition to the use of technology in
the implementation of tasks and activities, individuals are also making use of it, in the form

6
of mobile phones and computers to augment their knowledge and information. The elderly
individuals and home-makers usually make use of it for leisure and recreational purposes.

Infrastructure - The development of infrastructure is integral to the development of

rural areas. The infrastructural facilities that need to be developed in rural communities are,
roads, transportation, communications, power supplies, water supplies, public services,
broadcasting and telecommunications. In rural households, individuals experience shortage of
power supplies and water supplies. They are required to fetch water from the wells or water
bodies, located nearby. The conditions of roads and modes of transportation are not in a well-
developed state, which are imposing problems for the individuals in transferring from one
place to another. Therefore, developments made in the infrastructural facilities are integral to
rural development.

Self-Reliance – When focusing upon rural development, the development of

individuals is regarded to be of utmost significance. The rural individuals are mostly illiterate
and unaware. They are residing in the conditions of poverty and backwardness and possess
traditional viewpoints and perspectives. Their lives are primarily based upon their
perspectives and viewpoints. In order to promote their well-being, it is necessary to promote
self-reliance among individuals. This can be brought about through mobilization of resources,
local initiatives and participation of the individuals in various tasks and activities, which may
be social, political, cultural, economic and religious (Chapter III. Rural Development
Approaches and Strategies in India, n.d.).

Law and Order – In rural communities, the establishment of law and order enables the

individuals to organize tasks and activities in accordance to the rules and policies. Law and
order is referred to the maintenance of peace and tranquillity, which the citizens are required
to put into operation for obeying the law of land (Chapter III. Role in Maintenance of Law
and Order of District, n.d.). For instance, there has been prevalence of discriminatory
treatment and criminal and violent acts within rural communities. Through the
implementation of law and order, the individuals, who are doers, get subjected to disciplinary
action. Therefore, the main objective of law and order is to ensure the individuals make
provision of equal rights and opportunities to both males and females. Furthermore, there
should not be any kind of discrimination on the basis of any factors, including, caste, creed,
race, religion, ethnicity, gender and socio-economic background. The individuals should

7
inculcate the traits of morality and ethics among themselves, for leading to progression of
themselves as well as the community as a whole.

Education – The education is regarded as the main instrument that lays the foundation
for the individuals to lead to progress in all areas and enrich their overall quality of lives. In
rural communities, the system of education is not in a well-developed state. In schools, the
teaching-learning methods and instructional strategies are not put into practice in an effective
manner, there is lack of infrastructure, facilities and amenities and shortage of qualified and
experienced teachers. Measures need to be formulated to bring about improvements in these
aspects, so there would be an increase in the enrolment of students in schools. Acquisition of
education would enable the individuals to augment their skills and abilities, so they can carry
out tasks and activities to sustain their living conditions in an appropriate manner.

Training Programs – The development of training programs among rural

communities is essential for the progression and well-being of the individuals as well as to
enable them to augment productivity and profitability. Agriculture is regarded as the major
occupation of the individuals in rural areas. In order to enhance productivity, it is vital for the
individuals to get enrolled in training programs and acquire knowledge in terms of modern
and innovative methods and strategies. There have been establishment of training centres,
which are providing knowledge and rendering an effective contribution in the up-gradation of
skills of the individuals. The different areas include, health care, diet and nutrition, child
development, handicrafts and artworks, and so forth.

Distributive Justice – The distributive justice involves operationalization of the value

of access entails exercises of power and authority. It follows both the matter of common
sense and empirical observation. The creation, structuring, reinforcement and boundaries of
access opportunities will be related to the main features of distribution of management and
power within society. To the extent, power needs conversion into authority, the value of
access by itself will not be ignored. On the other hand, considerations of power, in the here
and now sense will not be sacrificed in the pursuance of the desired goals and objectives. The
legal systems make provision of access institutions, rather than dispute institutions (Baxi,
1976).

Medical and Health Care – The establishment of health care centres are regarded to be of
utmost significance, as individuals, belonging to all age groups and backgrounds are required
to take care of their health care needs and requirements. When the individuals are in good

8
health, then they would be able to effectively get involved in the implementation of various
tasks and activities. These include, management of household responsibilities, child
development, agricultural and allied activities, taking care of needs and requirements of
elderly family members, participation in social, political, religious, economic and cultural
programs and carrying out daily routine activities. In old age, individuals are required to pay
adequate attention towards one’s health care and obtain regular medical check-ups.

Approaches for Rural Development

India has acquired vast experience in the implementation of rural development programs.
Within the course of time, there have been changes made in the approaches to rural
development and transformations have also been taking place in area planning. The main
purpose of these approaches is to bring about developments of various areas that would
render an effective contribution in making the lives of the individuals productive. The
important areas include, education, training programs, employment opportunities, skills
development programs, technology, modern and innovative methods, management and
administration and housing. When these approaches are implemented, then it also needs to
ensure that they produce the desired outcomes in a rapid manner and accelerate the growth
and development of rural communities. When the resources available are limited, then the
rural individuals need to make sure that they make adequate use of them and not cause any
wastage.

India has a long history of experimenting with various approaches of rural development. It is
been believed by the individuals since the past that effective growth and development of the
communities and nation, as a whole will take place, when developments of vital areas will
take place in rural communities. Since the country achieved its independence, there have
been introduction of several programs to initiate development of rural communities. The
planning for rural development has acquired the attention of policy-makers, along with the
national plan for economic development. India adopted both the centralized and the
decentralized planning models in the process of planned economic development.

The approaches to rural development that have been stated in the five year plans have
been stated as follows

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The First Five Year Plan (1951-1956), adopted the Harrod - Domer model of capital
accumulation and saving mobilization as a methodological approach. The Community
Development Program (CPD) was put into practice to achieve the desired objective.

The Second Five Year Plan (1956-1961) was based upon the Feldman - Mahalnobis model of
sectorial growth. This strategy invested in the strategies to achieve industrialization, which is
considered as the main aspect of economic development.

In the Third Five Year Plan (1961-1966), all round agricultural development was envisaged.
The increase in the agricultural production and allied activities received top priority during
this plan period. Agricultural programs such as, Intensive Agricultural Area Development
Program (IAADP) and High Yield Varieties Program (HYVP) were implemented within the
country.

During the annual plans (1966-1969), few more programs were implemented to achieve all
round development. The important programs were, Farmers Training and Education
Programs, Rural Works Program (RWP), Tribal Development Block, Rural Manpower
Program and Composite Program for Women and Child Development.

During the Fourth Five Year Plan (1969-1974), efforts were initiated in the name of “Growth
with Social Justice” towards uplifting the deprived, marginalized and economically weaker
sections of the society. The important rural development programs were, Small Farmers
Development Agency (SFDA), Marginal Farmers and Agricultural Labourers Development
Agency (MFAL), Drought Prone Area Program (DPAP) and Tribal Area Development
Program (TADP).

The Fifth Five Year Plan (1974-1979) was based on the inter-sectorial transactions model of
Leontif, which has put emphasis upon the strengthening of the inter-sectorial linkages for
balanced growth of the sectors. The major programs that were introduced are, Command
Area Development Program (CADP), Hill Area Development Programs (HADP), Minimum
Needs Program (MNP), Food for Work Program (FWP) and 20-Point economic program.

The Sixth Five Year Plan (1980-1985), aimed at the removal of poverty, growth,
modernization, self-reliance and social justice. To attain the all-round development of rural
communities, one single program, which was called the ‘Integrated Rural Development
Program’ (IRDP) was introduced. IRDP is regarded as the multi-sector, multi-level and
multi-section concept of rural development. The other programs that were introduced are,

10
National Rural Employment Program (NREP), Rural Landless Employment Guarantee
Program (RLEGP), Economic Rehabilitation of Rural Poor (ERRP), Training of Rural Youth
for Self-Employment (TRYSEM), Self-Employment for the Educated Unemployed Youth
(SEEVY) and Development of Women and Children in Rural Areas (DWCRA).

The important objectives of the Seventh Five Year Plan (1985-1990) were to build an
independent self-reliant economy, establishment of social system, based on equity and
justice, reduction of regional imbalance and implementation of advanced technologies. Some
of the rural infrastructural programs that have been introduced during this plan period are,
Indira Awaas Yojana (IAY), Integrated Rural Energy Planning Program (IREP), Jawahar
Rozgar Yojana (JRY) and Million Wells Scheme (MWS).

In the Eighth Five Year Plan (1992-1997), the important objectives were, generation of
employment opportunities, universalization of elementary education, provision of safe
drinking water and primary health care facilities and reinforcement of the infrastructural
facilities. The programs that were introduced were, Intensified Jawahar Rozgar Yojana
(IJRY), Employment Assurance Scheme (EAS), Operation Black Board (OBB) and District
Primary Education Program (DPEP).

The Ninth Five Year Plan (1997-2002) aimed at generating employment opportunities in the
secondary sector, all round development of the agriculture sector, strengthening of the rural
economy through the establishment of agro-based industries, small-scale industries, cottage
industries and alleviation of poverty. The important anti-poverty programs include, IRDP,
TRYSEM, IAY, JRY, IJRY, DPAP, EAS and so forth.

Changes are required to be brought about in the rural development strategies in accordance to
the needs and requirements of the community. In the Tenth Five Year Plan (2002-2007), the
participatory strategy has been introduced by the Government to promote rural development.
Measures have been formulated to augment the social and economic opportunities for the
individuals by encouraging their participation in the decision making processes. The
Government of India has launched the ‘Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme’. In addition,
attention has been paid towards development of rural infrastructure and rural health. The
important programs that were introduced to achieve these objectives are, Gram Sadak Yojana
and National Rural Health Mission

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The approaches for rural development need to focus upon making provision of remedies to
the problems, experienced by rural individuals. These problems mainly include, poverty,
illiteracy, unemployment and homelessness. When improvements need to be made in rural
communities, then it is vital to pay adequate attention to urban communities, as they are
regarded as the main consumers of agricultural produce. In order to bring about effective
solutions to these problems, it is vital to formulate measures, programs and schemes, which
are dedicated towards alleviating these problems and bringing about improvements in the
overall living conditions of the individuals. Therefore, it is clear that improvements need to
be brought about in the traditional rural development approaches

Development of rural areas is dependent upon assistance from the international countries.
However, there have been restraints upon the external inputs, due to the deprived financial
conditions of the donors. As a result, the augmentation of rural development requires
effective external inputs to generate significant outcomes and is capable of endangering
further improvements. Development issues must therefore be comprehensively understood, as
appropriate understanding would facilitate the achievement of desired objectives. In rural
communities, it is vital to make maximum use of human and material resources

Endogenous Development

Endogenous development is the development that puts emphasis upon the comprehensive
local development for human rights advocacy, human development and qualitative progress
of the living standards, based on environmental conservation and sustainable social
development. To implement a developmental approach that promotes inter-industrial
relationships, it is necessary to take into consideration, comprehensive utilization of human
resources, techniques, industries, methods, financial resources, materials, equipment, cultures
and networks that have the main objective of leading to progress. In addition, necessary
regulations and instructions are also required to promote co-operation between cities and
local economy. Furthermore, the participation of the community is also regarded as
indispensable in the formulation of measures and policies. The establishment of local
autonomy is required through community participation, decentralization and self-governance.
Another aspect to promote endogenous development is carried out through the project
implementation bodies.

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Participatory Development

The development of human and physical resources in rural communities requires recognition
of the fact that local individuals themselves are the main implementers of development
projects. The rural individuals are in a backward state, therefore, when they would make
provision of ideas and perspectives, then they would be able to generate awareness and
acquire information in terms of various aspects and would improve their overall quality of
lives. When the rural individuals are participating actively, then their participation would be
productive. On the other hand, when they would participate passively, then they would be
more dependent upon the external inputs. Projects that rural individuals plan and implement
on their own is given priority as local materials and human resources are required to get
organized in more operative manner. Local independence and sustainable development of the
project outcomes are improved by the effective use of local resources.

Strategies of Rural Development

The strategies for rural development are based upon rural development approaches.
Improvements have been brought about in these strategies, after the country achieved it
independence.

The Multi-purpose Strategy

The rural development approach within the country began with the multi-purpose approach.
The Community Development Program (CPD) began in 1952. It had the main objective of
promoting development of material and human resources through the co-operative efforts of
the individuals and assistance available from the state. It was regarded as an educational and
an organizational process. Since, it also aimed at bringing about changes in the practices and
procedures, which proved to be barriers within the course of implementation of desired
objectives. The major objective was social and economic improvement. The rationale of the
approach was, all aspects were linked with each other. The activities of CPD included,
agriculture, animal husbandry, irrigation, water resources, co-operation, village and small
scale industries, health and sanitation, communication, housing and so forth. Therefore, it can
be stated that development of welfare and livelihoods opportunities was one of the primary
objectives of multi-purpose strategy.

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Growth Oriented Strategy

The growth oriented strategy was based on rural individuals. Though rural individuals are
residing in the conditions of poverty and backwardness, but they also possess sharp mind-sets
and can make wise decisions. In order to participate in effective decision making processes,
they should be provided with rights and opportunities. The main objective of rural individuals
is to enhance their living conditions and to achieve this purpose, they are looking for
employment and income generating opportunities. Therefore, it can be stated that the
implementation of opportunities that would promote growth of the individuals in an
efficacious manner are referred to as growth oriented strategies. Agricultural sector is the
major area of employment and livelihood opportunities for the rural individuals, therefore,
the implementation of programs, such as, Intensive Agriculture District Program (IADP),
Intensive Cattle Development Program (ICDP) and High Yielding Varieties Program
(HYVP) was launched. This gave rise to Green Revolution. But this strategy provided
assistance to wealthier farmers. On the other hand, the deprived farmers remained in a
backward state.

Target Group Strategy

In the target group strategy, a particular group is undertaken and researched upon. Normally,
as in this case, strategies for rural development are being researched upon. Therefore,
conditions may be analysed of small and marginal farmers, as well as wealthier farmers. The
conditions of small and marginal farmers are not in an improved state. They are residing in
the conditions of poverty and backwardness and therefore are unaware of modern and
innovative strategies and methods that are considered essential to augment production. They
are instead making use of traditional farming practices and methods in the production
processes. On the other hand, wealthy farmers are making use of technical and scientific
methods to enhance production. It has been studied upon that farmers are getting enrolled in
training centres and educational institutions to develop their knowledge and generate
awareness in terms of scientific, modern and innovative methods and practices. The
Antyodaya Schemes is the target approach. This approach produced the client-oriented design
and the ultimate goal is to transfer the responsibilities of planning and development to the
clientele themselves.

14
Area Development Strategy

Under the area development strategy, emphasis has been put upon the development of
backward regions. This strategy presumes that the growth centres have a geographical spread
effect that the regions, which are deficient in terms of resources or infrastructure etc. needs to
be adequately developed. The major programs that have been formulated under this strategy
are, Drought Prone Area Program (DPAP), Tribal Area Development Program (TADP),
Command Area Development Program (CADP), Hill Area Development Program and so
forth. The tribal population is scattered throughout the country. They are mostly residing in
hilly and mountainous regions. They are dependent upon the natural environmental
conditions for their survival. Therefore, it is vital to implement measures and formulate
strategies that are focused upon the development of tribal areas. In order to generate the
desired outcomes, it is necessary to allocate the resources in an appropriate manner, so
development of backward regions can promote well-being of the individuals.

Spatial Planning Strategy

The spatial planning strategy is the strategy that demands for implementation of special
programs in their respective locations, induction of the production plans, employment
programs and supply of basic needs of rural population. In order to achieve these objectives,
the programs and the strategies need to be rural oriented. In the fifth five year plan, multi-
level planning is the planning that was focused upon to a large extent. In addition to multi-
level planning, it was vital for the individuals to generate awareness in terms of techno-
economic, socio-political and administrative functions. As it is apparent, when improvements
need to be made or when transformations need to be brought about, then emphasis need to be
put upon the implementation of modern and innovative methods. In some of the areas, when
there is lack of materials and resources, then it would lead to hindrances within the course of
achievement of desired objectives. On the other hand, shortage of techniques need to be
analysed and plans should be efficiently put into operation to promote welfare and goodwill
of rural population.

15
Integrated or Holistic Strategy

Integrated or holistic strategy has been formulated, taking into consideration the perspective
that development should be an integrated one. There is an integration in the development of
areas, regions, infrastructure, education, employment opportunities, human resources,
training, skills development programs and the overall quality of lives of rural individuals.
There are connections established between all the programs, provided they are infrastructural
development programs, human resources development programs, sectorial development
programs, and social welfare programs. The different programs influence the functioning of
others through connections. The integrated strategy combines all the features of the previous
strategies and is structured to achieve the goals and objectives of growth, welfare, and equity
and community participation. This paradigm takes an integrated but comprehensive
perspective of major problems that occur within rural communities, including, poverty,
unemployment, and illiteracy. The goals of this strategy are expected to get accomplished by
building the capacity of the community to participate in the development processes in
partnership with the Government. The anti-poverty programs that have been initiated, i.e.
IRD program, National Rural Employment Program, and Training of Rural Youth for Self-
Employment were intended to follow this standard.

Participatory Strategy

During the past two decades, various new approaches like the top-down planning, planning
from below, bottom up planning, micro-level planning and multi-level planning, have been
put into operation within the framework of involving the individuals in the phase of
development. As the name implies, participatory strategy is concerned with the involvement
of individuals in the formulation of strategies and approaches. In the tenth five year plan, the
government has devised participatory strategy to promote the development of rural
communities. Provision has been made to augment social and economic opportunities for the
individuals and groups, by encouraging their participation in the decision making processes.
In the decision making processes, the individuals are required to conduct an analysis of the
alternatives and put into operation the one, which is most meaningful and beneficial. When
the individuals are participating in the decision making processes, then they are required to
implement rational and logical thinking. The rural individuals are well-aware in terms of
opportunities, which would lead to improvements in their living conditions

16
Other Strategies Promoting Rural Development

The other important strategies that have the main purpose of promoting rural development
have been stated as follows.

Anti-poverty Measures

Poverty is regarded as one of the major problems experienced by rural individuals. The
conditions of poverty are characterised by scarcity of resources, due to which, individuals
experience problems even in fulfilling their basic needs of food, clothing and shelter. The
alleviation of conditions of poverty is given utmost consideration for the purpose of
promoting effective living. The increase in rural poverty has been observed with the increase
in national poverty (Rural Development Strategy, n.d.). In the development and progression
of rural development activities, primarily for the purpose of alleviation of poverty, it is
essential for the individuals to adequately conduct an analysis of the poverty levels.
Furthermore, it also needs to be taken into consideration, how the levels of poverty are
causing unfavourable effects upon the lives of individuals. The government, agencies and
other organizations are paying attention to the problem of poverty and are implementing
programs and measures to alleviate it. The commitment of these organizations and agencies,
accumulation of the know-how applicable to other areas and training of human resources are
some of the crucial measures that need to be taken into consideration. The training of human
resources is regarded as an indispensable approach to achieve the desired objectives.

Food Production

There are cases of project implementation in terms of development of food areas. For
alleviating the problem of malnutrition and for improving food supply, it is necessary to put
into operation, a comprehensive approach. The formation of the system, which transmits the
lessons to other rural communities and development of agricultural practices need to be
implemented. To augment food production, it is apparent that measures should be put into
practice to improve agricultural productivity. One of the vital measures to augment
agricultural productivity is by making use of modern and innovative methods, scientific
approaches and technologies. The farmers and agricultural labourers get enrolled in training
centres and also pursue educational programs, which may generate awareness among them in
terms of these areas. In addition, there should also be formation of a system to transmit
lessons to other areas that have been learned from model projects. There should be co-

17
operation between the production plans and agricultural development plans to achieve the
desired goals. The important role of agriculture has been acknowledged in leading to growth
and causing a reduction in rural poverty and malnutrition has been highlighted in the World
Development Report of 2008 (Sector Approaches in Agriculture and Rural Development,
2008).

Conservation of the Natural Environment

The rural individuals are dependent upon the natural environmental conditions for meeting
their daily needs and requirements to a major extent. They normally experience shortage of
water within their homes. Water is considered as the basic necessity and hence, they obtain it
from the wells and water bodies located nearby. Rural individuals, in some cases are also
dependent upon natural environmental conditions for treating their wounds and illnesses.
They obtain herbs and medicinal plants from the forests. Another important benefit of the
forests is, individuals obtain fruits and vegetables for satisfying their nutritional requirements.
In addition, the promotion of effective forest-resource use and the combination of alternative
techniques, such as the use of biogas and cow manure are also required. As in rural
households, individuals usually make use of mud stoves and require wood, which they obtain
from forests. Hence, after acquiring information in terms of these aspects, it is vital for the
rural individuals to formulate measures in terms of preservation of the natural environment.
The efforts to promote local or indigenous agricultural systems, increasing awareness
regarding biodiversity conservation, food security and contribution to natural landscape and
cultural heritage are significant factors in promoting livelihoods security and sustainable
development of rural individuals (Participatory and Negotiated Territorial Development,
2005).

Reconstruction Support

The term ‘reconstruction’ is primarily related to the construction of houses, shelters, schools,
training centres, hospitals, medical centres, market places and other public places. These
areas are vital in not only leading to effective growth and development of the individuals, but
also community as a whole. When there would be establishment of schools, educational
institutions and training centres, then individuals would recognize the significance of
education and augment their academic skills. The availability of health care and medical
centres, would support the individuals in taking care of their health and well-being. Market
places will enable individuals to make purchases of various items. Public places are referred

18
to the places, which are visited by public. These include, parks, playground, theatres,
religious places and so forth. Apart from the construction of these places, it needs to be
ensured that in rural communities, infrastructural facilities and civic amenities need to be
developed in an appropriate manner. Policies need to be formulated, so the households should
not experience scarcity of water and electricity. Water, electricity and lighting facilities
within households are regarded to be of utmost significance, which would enable the
individuals to implement their tasks and sustain their living conditions in an efficient manner.

Administrative Capabilities

The administrative capabilities within rural communities need to take into consideration the
aspect that administrative functions and law and order practices need to get carried out in an
appropriate manner. Most of the developing countries are in the process of decentralization. It
is crucial for the local administrative officers to possess skills and aptitude, particularly in
terms of policy making in multi-sectorial local development and on industrial development,
including agriculture and farming practices. Capacity building of the local administrative
officers is regarded to be a prominent area and is implemented through mutual co-operation
with the governments. The administrative functions cannot be carried out in isolation. When
administration and managerial policies need to be formulated, then the governments,
organizations and agencies are required to work in collaboration and integration.
Furthermore, the dispatches of the policy advisors to the central governments are also
considered important to a major extent. The reason being, sending individuals to the number
of local governments is required to be put into operation by donor agencies. The
administrative capabilities also focus upon maintenance of law and order. Women and girls
should be provided with equal rights and opportunities. There should not be any
discriminatory treatment between individuals on the basis of factors, such as, gender, caste,
creed, race, religion, ethnicity, age and socio-economic background.

CHALLENGES OF THE RURAL ENVIRONMENT

The nature of competition has become global.

The rate of change is accelerating out of control.
The rural people have been impacted by the changes
The rural economy is expanding.

19
 The internet is transforming the business landscape.

STRATEGIES FOR RURAL DEVELOPMENT:

Basically all strategies for rural development are based on various approaches. A review of
various rural development programmes and policies followed in India after independence
reveal different strategies of development which are as follows: The Multi-purpose Strategy
i.e. Rural Development approach : In this agriculture, irrigation, animal husbandry , small
scale industries, health and education , communication and housing activities are included.
Growth Oriented Strategy: This type of strategy is based on the thought that rural people can
also become rational decision makers if provided with adequate opportunities and proper
environment, which ultimately will maximize their incomes. Target Group Strategy: In this
approach, a particular group is taken up for studies and plan priorities are accordingly
modified. Special programmes like SFDA/MFAL and Antyodaya Schemes were started for
their development considering of small farmers and landless agricultural labourers Area
Development Strategy: Under this strategy, emphasis is laid on the development of the
backward regions. Spatial Planning Strategy: The need for appropriately locating all the
special programmes in their respective fields, the induction of production plans, the full
employment schemes and the supply of basic needs of the rural population, all demand that
the plan formulation and implementation strategy should be rural oriented. Integrated or
Holistic Strategy: in this type of strategy sectoral development programmes, human
resources development programmes, social welfare schemes and infrastructural development
progrmmes”33 are brought Within the framework of a prospective plan for implementation,
where each programme reinforces the other through linkages.

PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED IN RURAL AREAS

Poverty: one of the biggest problems that needs an urgent solution

Insecurity: food, income and productive employment
Labour constraints: high dependency ratio, chronic illness
Low accessibility: to various economic opportunities, credit facilities information
and awareness about government schemes, other public services.
Education: limited opportunities and it is the main reason for low enrolment, low
attendance and high dropout ratio.

20
 Low academic performance and low accessibility to good teachers, facilities, access
to higher education and opportunity for informal education.
Child labour is still the major problem that needs to be addresses. Issues encountered
by child labour are health damage both physically and mentally, involvement of high
activity in drug business and prostitution, developmental risks both morally and
intellectually

1.2 RESEARCH OBJECTIVES

The main objective of this research paper is to understand the approaches and strategies that
are necessary to bring about development of rural communities. In rural communities, there
are number of aspects that need to be developed. These include, education, employment
opportunities, agriculture and farming practices, administration and management,
infrastructure, civic amenities, health care and medical and environmental conditions. When
improvements would take place in these areas, then rural individuals would be able to secure
better livelihoods opportunities. Furthermore, when approaches and strategies are formulated
by the Government, organizations and other agencies, then it is vital to generate awareness
among rural individuals and help them in acquiring benefits of these measures and
approaches in an appropriate manner. The main areas that have been taken into account in
this research paper include, development objectives of rural areas, components of rural
development policy, approaches for rural development, strategies of rural development and
other strategies promoting rural development.

21
1.3 LIMITATIONS OF STUDY

•All headings covered in the report are based on the information given by various sources of
secondary data. Thus there may be possibility having other important aspects being left out or
not taken into consideration

•Conclusion drawn may not be appropriate and reliable as the source of data collection is
secondary in nature like newspaper, articles, various books, web links, etc.

•Basic Methodology implemented in this study is subjected to various pros & cons and
diverse insurance plans.

1.4 LITERATURE REVIEW

Rural development is a process leading to sustainable improvement in the quality of life of
rural people especially the poor (Ramesh, 2012).India has a very long history of
experimenting with various approaches to rural development. Even in the pre-independence
era, a number of rural reconstruction experiments were initiated by the nationalist thinkers
and social reformers. Well known among them were the ‘Gurgaon’ Experiment of
F.L.Brayne (1920), the Marthandam Experiment of Spencer Hatch (1921), the Srinikethan
Experiment of PoetRabindranath Tagore (in the 1920s), the SevagramExperiment of
Mahatma Gandhi (1933), the Firka Development Scheme (1946), and the Etawah Pilot
Project of Albert Mayer (1948)

1. Ali Asadi, MortezaAkbari, Hossain Shabanali Fami, Hoshang Iravani,Farahnaz Rostami

and Abolhasan Sadati (2008)“Poverty Alleviation and Sustainable Development: The Role of
Social Capital” Journal of Social Sciences,4(3):202-215.

2. Anand,V.K.(2009),“Avenue for Sustainable Empowerment of Rural Women”, Social

Welfare,48(4), July, 24-26.

3. Asadi Ali, Akbari Morteza, et.al.(2008)“Poverty Alleviation and Sustainable Development:

The Role of Social Capital” Journal of Social Sciences 4 (3):202-215.

22
4. Bajracharya, D(1992),“Institutional Imperatives for Sustainable Resource Management in
Mountains”, in N S Jodha,M. Banskota and T Partap (eds),Sustainable Mountain
Agriculture,Vol.1,Oxford and IBH Publishing Co.,New Delhi,205-234.

5. Bandyopadhyay,Manobkanti (1996)“Dairy Co-operative and Rural Development “Finance

India,Vol.X (2),406-411.

23
 CHAPTER 2- RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

A research methodology or involves specific techniques that are adopted in research

process to collect, assemble and evaluate data .it defines those tools that are used to gather
relevant information in a specific research study. Surveys, questionnaires and interviews
are the common tools of research.

2.1 SOURCES OF DATA

Primary Data: - Primary research entails the use of immediate data in determining the for
stable all tax system. Primary data is more accommodating as it shows latest information.
The site ministry of finance, income tax reports data on quarterly/ monthly/ half yearly/
annually respectively.

Secondary Data: - Whereas Secondary research is means to reprocess and reuse collected
information as an indication for betterment of service or product. In this data related to a past
period. As tax consultant I collected data of my project form work in chartered Accountants
office related to different department are handle like tax planning, auditing tax consultant,
audit report etc.. List of customer for advisory, tax details, fee structure etc. Data is collected
from past record that means history. I collected the data for tax planning for the tax payer use
for questionnaire

2.2 METHOD OF DATA COLLECTION

The sources of data are:
Websites:
•Wikipedia
•Wikinvest
•India-commerce
Newspapers:
•Hindustan Times

24
2.3 TYPES OF STUDY
The research design or type of study specifies the methods and procedures for conducting a
particular study. The type of research design applied here are “Descriptive” and “Desk
Analysis”. Descriptive study means situation, but not the causal linkages among its different
elements. Descriptive studies (such as a cross-sectional study) help in generating hypothesis
on which further research may be based. Desk analysis is to Gather and analyse information,
already available in print or published on the internet.

2.4 RESEARCH DESIGN

The paper is based on secondary data and data is procured from published sources like the
websites of Ministry of Rural Development, research papers, books and periodicals and
newspaper reports.

Sample size
50 Respondents are chosen as a sample size for the study.

25
 CHAPTER 3- FINDINGS AND ANALYSIS

The study focused on the programmes operated by four rural development organizations and
four governments initiated rural development programmes operating in Pauri, Rudraprayag,
Chamoli, Almora, Nainital, Bageshwar, Haridwar & Udhamsingh Nagar districts of
Karnataka state of India have been taken under consideration for the study. The rural
development programmes and interventions undertaken for study were as follows-

The Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Programme.

Swarnjayanti Gram Swarojgar Yojana.
Indira AvasYojana.
National Social Assistance Programme.
Himalayan Action Research centre (HARC)
Karnataka Parvatiya Aajeevika Sanvardhan Company (UPASAC).
Appropriate Technology India (ATI)
District Rural Development Agency.

The selected regions are marked with diversity in the context of language, literacy level,
customs, life styles and economic growth therefore, this heterogeneity holds many
implications to the policy makers. Primary data were collected through structured
questionnaires & personal interview.

The sources of secondary data included Internet, magazines, journals and books from various
concerning libraries and offices of NGOs in Karnataka. The classification of the data was
done according to the attributes of the sample. Appropriate Statistical tools were used with
the help of SPSS.

Results

The data is analysed by means of various statistical tools. The relevant hypotheses are
framed, examined and tested by using chi square statistics. It was done to check the
management of rural development programmes with special focus on the employee
participation, hierarchal communication, productivity, employee motivation and the
employment opportunities provided by the rural intervention organizations. Reliability
Statistics-Cranach’s alpha is a measure of internal consistency, that is, how closely related a
set of and possibly other statistical measures) as evidence that the items measure an

26
underlying (or latent) construct.

Reliability (Consistency) analysis Scale: Management Development Programmes

Effectiveness

Cronbach’s Alpha N of Item

.762 200

Reliability analysis shows the value of Cranach’s alpha as 0.762, which lies between the
accepted ranges of .05 to.09.Hence the questionnaire administered has enough reliability to
proceed further for analysis.

Hypothesis Testing

H01: There is no significant relationship between the communication of latest programmes

and schemes to middle and lower management and productivity of the organization.

The relationship between the communication of programmes by higher management to

middle and lower Management was tested against the achievement of goals by rural
interventions. The calculated value of Pearson Chi-square is=93.594 which is greater than
critical value 26.296 at 5% level of significance with DF=16.Therefore null hypothesis is
rejected. It was because of the reason that the effective intra- organizational communication
provides clear job description and responsibilities which in turn yields productivity in the
organization.

Relationship Degree of Chi-square P value Result

Freedom value (Asymp. Sig. 2-
sided)
Intra organizational 16 93.594 .000 Rejected
communication
Organizational
productivity
Employment 16 756.247a .000 Rejected
opportunities 16

27
 Coverage Area of
intervention
programme
Salary and Benefits * 16 23.186a .068 Accepted
Employee motivation

H02: There is no significant relationship between coverage areas of intervention programme

and employment opportunities.

The calculated value of Pearson Chi-square=756.247 which is greater than critical value
26.296 at 5% level of significance with degree of freedom V=16.Therefore hypothesis is
rejected. This implies that there is a significant relationship between coverage areas of
intervention programme and employment opportunities provided by rural interventions. It
was realized that the employment opportunities were actually increased as the
implementation of the programmes extended more areas.

H03: There is no significant relationship between the salaries and benefits provided by the
organization and the employee motivation towards their work.

The calculated value of Pearson Chi-square is =23.186a which is greater than critical value
26.296 at 5% level of significance with degree of freedom V=16.Therefore hypothesis is
rejected. This implicates that there is a significant relationship between the salaries and
benefits provided by the organization and the employee motivation towards their work. The
people in living in rural areas have fewer opportunities to sustain their livelihood. Therefore,
inspire of the low salary and compensations, some factors like skill development activities
and growth of their area also encourage the employees to work without any enticement.
Moreover, some of the people also participate voluntarily in the organizations without caring
much about the monetary benefits as their sole motive being the upliftment of and up
gradation of living standards of the rural people

28
The study looks into the factors that affect the effective management of the rural
interventions organizations and therefore, factor analysis was done to investigate the most
crucial factors involved in it. A total number of nine factors were taken and factor analysis
was performed. The nine factors taken were Working Conditions, Job

Responsibility, Grievance Handling Procedure, Salary and Benefits, Training and

Development, Employee

Retention, Employee Motivation, Workers Participation in management and Intra-

organization communication

29
 CHAPTER 4- CONCLUSION

The present study has revealed various factors about the management of rural development
programmers which are required to be modified and changed for achievement of its
objectives for inclusive growth in India. The following suggestions are recommended for
making these organizations more effective-

The primary objective of acquiring understanding in terms of rural development

approaches and strategies is to recognize the effective contributions that they make towards
leading to effective growth and progression of rural communities. Generating information in
terms of rural development objectives is the first and foremost aspect. These are,
improvement of economic capabilities, improvement of human capabilities, improvement of
protective capabilities and improvement of political capabilities. The components of rural
development policy are, environmental conditions, ecological settings, technology,
infrastructure, self-reliance, law and order, education, training programs, distributive justice
and medical and health care. When the rural development policies are initiated, then they
have the major objective of ensuring that the components are taken into account in an
appropriate manner. The main purpose of approaches is to promote development of various
areas. These include, education, training programs, employment opportunities, skills
development programs, technology, modern and innovative methods, management and
administration and housing.

The five year plans included the implementation of programs and schemes that focused upon
development of rural communities. The strategies for rural development are, multi-purpose
strategy, growth oriented strategy, target group strategy, area development strategy, spatial
planning strategy, integrated or holistic strategy and participatory strategy. The other
strategies promoting rural development are, anti-poverty measures, food production,
conservation of the natural environment, reconstruction support and administrative
capabilities. In rural communities, individuals have recognized the significance of education.
They have also generated information that making use of modern and scientific methods and
technology in the production processes will lead to increase in productivity and profitability.
But the conditions of poverty, malnutrition and scarcity of resources are proving to be major
impediments within the course of achievement of the desired objectives. Hence, the main
purpose of other strategies is to form the overall rural environmental conditions in such a
manner that would lead to effective growth and development of individuals and communities.

30
 CHAPTER 5- RECOMMENDATION

1) Many developing countries have considerable unfulfilled potential in agriculture.

Priorities for accelerating agricultural growth and rural development in most
developing countries include: (i) developing the productive potential of the
agricultural sector; (ii) diversifying within agriculture and into non-farm productive
activities; (iii) and safeguarding rural livelihoods from unfair competition and
excessive fluctuations in world and domestic markets.
2) Mobilizing significant new investments in rural infrastructure, agricultural research
and extension services is essential to help farmers and rural agribusinesses overcome
the handicaps they face and acquire the technology and skills they need to raise
productivity and improve their competitiveness.
3) Providing government support through appropriate public subsidies is a legitimate and
necessary means of correcting market failures and countering unfair competition.
4) Safeguarding rural livelihoods from unfair competition and excessive fluctuations in
world and domestic markets is also necessary for sustainable rural development.

31
 CHAPTER 6- LIMITATIONS OF STUDY

 All headings covered in the report are based on the information given by various sources
of secondary data. Thus there may be possibility having other important aspects being left
out or not taken into consideration
 Conclusion drawn may not be appropriate and reliable as the source of data collection is
secondary in nature like newspaper, articles, various books, web links, etc.
 Basic Methodology implemented in this study is subjected to various pros &
cons and diverse insurance plans.
 India is still developing country and scope of becoming developed country is far
away.
 Inability to adopt high cost technology, high cost of inputs is major problem
 People don’t understand what community development is all about

32
 REFERENCES/BIBLIOGRAPHY

[1] Stabler, M. Olfert, and M. Fulton, The Changing Role of Rural Communities in an
Urbanizing World,University of Regina, 1992.

[2] K. Hamilton, Resource Accounting: Issues and Problems Related to Agriculture,

Canadian Journal ofAgricultural Economics, vol. 39 (4), Part 1, 1991.

[3] 3.R. P. Kachru, Agro Processing Industries in India -Growth, Status and Prospects, status
of farm mechanization in India, Indian Council of AgriculturalResearch, New Delhi, pp. 114-
126, 2002.

[4] National Plan for Rural Development (2007 - 2013),Bulgaria, December, 2007

[5] 5.Vassileva, L., Velkovska, G., Manolova, A., 2. 2.Regional planning and forecasting.
Regionaleconomic policy. Local Government and Finance,2001

33
 ANNEXURE

The data is analysed by means of various statistical tools. The relevant hypotheses are
framed, examined and tested by using chi square statistics. It was done to check the
management of rural development programmes with special focus on the employee
participation, hierarchal communication, productivity, employee motivation and the
employment opportunities provided by the rural intervention organizations. Reliability
Statistics-Cranach’s alpha is a measure of internal consistency, that is, how closely related a
set of and possibly other statistical measures) as evidence that the items measure an
underlying (or latent) construct.

H01: There is no significant relationship between the communication of latest programmes

and schemes to middle and lower management and productivity of the organization.

H02: There is no significant relationship between coverage areas of intervention programme

and employment opportunities.

H03: There is no significant relationship between the salaries and benefits provided by the
organization and the employee motivation towards their work.

34