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2018 Survey of Entrepreneurs and MSMEs in Indonesia - 0
2018 Survey of Entrepreneurs and MSMEs in Indonesia - 0
SURVEY OF
ENTREPRENEURS
AND MSMES IN
INDONESIA
Building the Capacity of MSMEs
Through Human Capital
Table of Contents
1 Executive Summary
4 Methodology
5 Introduction
37 References
Executive Summary
BASED ON THE SURVEY RESULTS OF 448 ENTREPRENEURS INVOLVED IN MICRO,
SMALL, AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISES (MSMES) IN INDONESIA, the Asia Pacific Foun-
dation of Canada report on the 2018 Survey of Entrepreneurs and MSMEs in Indonesia
provides an analysis of business development in the country with a specific focus on
human capital. The survey report is broken down into three major sections focusing on
company and entrepreneur profiles in Indonesia, growth plans and barriers to growth,
and challenges and opportunities related to human capital. Each section also identifies
age, gender, and industry-specific data and trends.
Key findings from the 2018 Survey of Entrepreneurs and MSMEs in Indonesia are:
•• Personal networks of survey respondents play the largest role in acquiring new
talent for their MSMEs, but male respondents are more likely than women respon-
dents to use other methods of recruiting outside of these networks.
•• Investing in new employees or upskilling current employees are the preferred
options of survey respondents when considering scaling up enterprises, but access
to high- or appropriately-skilled labour is low – particularly for micro-enterprises.
•• The environment is a concern, with 96% of survey respondents falling on a
spectrum between finding environmental sustainability a concern and considering
it a top priority.
•• Survey respondents are unlikely to have extensive international experience, with
only 2% of all respondents having some form of relevant international experience.
•• Youth respondents have a slight edge on the adoption of social media, but all
survey respondents lack access to online tools such as support services or a
company website.
Key recommendations include:
•• Develop strong co-ordination between the private sector, all levels of government,
and MSMEs to help MSMEs find information on policies and programs already
available to them through digital advertising and local information centers.
•• Support in-school entrepreneurship training, particularly through the Ministry of
Production and Ministry of Education in Indonesia.
•• Invest in information and communications technology (ICT) infrastructure to
support MSMEs to reach online resources and tools, as well as potential employees
outside of their personal networks.
1
Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation, 2018, Small and Medium Enterprises Working Group, https://www.apec.org/Groups/
SOM-Steering-Committee-on-Economic-and-Technical-Cooperation/Working-Groups/Small-and-Medium-Enterprises.
2
Asian Development Bank. 2018. “Asian Development Outlook 2018: How Technology Affects Jobs.”
3
Ibid.
4
The MSME Act is the commonly used language to refer to the ‘Law of The Republic of Indonesia Number 20 Year 2008
Regarding Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises.’
5
Ministry of Cooperatives and SMEs. 2018. Program Activity. http://www.depkop.go.id/berita-informasi/program-kegia-
tan/.
6
World Economic Forum. 2017a. “The Human Capital Report 2017.”
7
World Economic Forum. 2017b. “The Global Competitiveness Report 2016-2017.”
8
Hermanto, Dr. Bambang, and Dr. S.E. Suryanto. 2017. “Entrepreneurship Ecosystem Policy in Indonesia.” Mediterranean
Journal of Social Sciences 8 (1): 110-115.
9
Global Entrepreneurship Monitor. 2016. “Indonesia: 2015/2016 Report.”
10
OECD. 2017. “Education at a Glance 2017.”
11
Global Entrepreneurship Monitor. 2016.
Across all survey respondents, only 32% have five or more years of
experience. Overall, 46% of respondents have less than five years of transferable
experience. Further, 21% have no transferable work experience at all. Notably, female
respondents (27%) are more likely when compared to male respondents (14%) to found a
company with no transferable work experience.
12
Global Entrepreneurship Monitor. 2016.
13
USAID. 2012. “A Snapshot of Indonesian Entrepreneurship and Micro, Small, and Medium Sized Enterprise Devel-
opment.” https://crawford.anu.edu.au/acde/ip/pdf/lpem/2012/20120507-SMERU-Dan-Thomson-Bellefleur.pd
lpem/2012/20120507-SMERU-Dan-Thomson-Bellefleur.pdf.
Survey respondents that are women entrepreneurs make up the majority of the founders
of MSMEs within the top four industries, with the exception of materials or manufactur-
ing. Within these industries there is a clear gap between the younger (under 35) and older
generations (over 35), with younger respondents making up a minority of the MSMEs in
all of these industries. This is part of a larger trend across all industries represented in
the survey. Indonesia is a young country with a median age of 27.9 years.14 Providing an
enabling environment for younger Indonesians to enter and succeed in the MSME space
must be a policy imperative for the country moving forward. This will include addressing
social and economic factors to support young entrepreneurs (under 35), and being aware
of the skills needed for the top industries in Indonesia.
14
Central Intelligence Agency. 2018. The World Factbook. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/
fields/2177.html.
15
International Monetary Fund. 2018. “Indonesia: Selected Issues”; World Economic Forum. 2017. “The Global Human
Capital Report 2017.”
16
Asian Development Bank. 2018.
17
International Finance Corporation. 2016. “Women-Owned SMEs in Indonesia: A Golden Opportunity for Local Financial
Institutions.”
18
The Capacity subindex features four common measures of formal educational attainment: percentage of the population
that has completed at least primary, (lower) secondary or tertiary education, respectively, and the proportion of the
population which has a basic level of literacy and numeracy (World Economic Forum. 2017.)
19
Climate Asia. 2012. “Indonesia: How the People of Indonesia Live with Climate Change and What Communication Can
Do.”; World Bank Indonesia. 2011. “Climate Change, Environment and Forestry Activities.”
20
Climate Asia. 2012.
Survey respondents are highly unlikely to have an online presence, with 99% reporting
not having a website. Much of this is due to a lack of digital infrastructure, as only 22% of
Indonesia’s population has access to the Internet.21 Comparatively, the populations of the
Philippines and Vietnam access the Internet at rates of 41% and 53%, respectively.22 Of
21
Freedom House. 2016. “Freedom on the Net 2016: Indonesia.”
22
Ibid.
23
Ibid.
24
McKinsey Indonesia Office. 2016. “Unlocking Indonesia’s Digital Opportunity.”
25
Freedom House. 2016.
26
McKinsey Indonesia Office. 2016.
27
Cornell SC Johnson College of Business. 2017. “The Global Innovation Index 2017: Innovation Feeding the World.”
28
Ibid.
29
Cornell SC Johnson College of Business. 2017.
30
OECD. 2017 Programme for International Student Assessment. http://www.oecd.org/pisa/
31
The World Bank. 2017. Unemployment, youth total (% of total labor force ages 15-24). November. https://data.world-
bank.org/indicator/SL.UEM.1524.ZS?contextual=default&locations=ID.
32
Irjayanti, Maya, and Anton Mulyono-Azis. 2012. “Barrier Factors and Potential Solutions for Indonesian SMEs.” Procedia
Economics and Finance 4 (1): 3-12.
33
Indonesia Investments. 2016. Low Credit Growth in Indonesia, but Micro Credit Program (KUR) on Course. https://
www.indonesia-investments.com/finance/financial-columns/low-credit-growth-in-indonesia-but-micro-credit-program-
kur-on-course/item7197?
Sexual harassment and a glass ceiling in the workplace for women and minorities are the
least reported HR-related issues facing survey respondents. However, it is important
to keep in mind that the survey relies on respondents to self-report on internal issues.
Due to the sensitivity of these topics, cultural settings, a lack of victim reporting, and
the nature of the survey, the scope and scale of workplace harassment can be difficult to
assess. And while reporting of actual incidents of sexual harassment or discrimination
can be difficult to determine, Better Work Indonesia has found that 85% of workers in
Indonesia are concerned about sexual harassment.34
34
Better Work Indonesia. 2013. “3rd Compliance Synthesis Report.”
35
Marginalized groups were defined in the survey as: “…ethnic or religious minorities, members of the LGBTQ community,
disabled persons, low-income earners, etc.”
While most survey respondents have not yet experienced employee turnover, the more
commonly cited reasons for employee turnover are a lack of advancement opportunities
(25% of total respondents) and dissatisfaction with the workplace environment (25%
of total respondents). Further, 21% of respondents report a misalignment between
employee skills and job requirements as a reason for turnover. Given the high importance
respondents placed on professional skills when hiring, coupled with their reliance on
personal and professional networks, this finding would support the need to help MSMEs
develop a strategic approach to finding talent beyond these networks and to assist
jobseekers in acquiring the required skills.
Moving forward, Indonesia will benefit from enhancing human capital within the
country. The findings from the 2018 Survey of Entrepreneurs and MSMEs in Indonesia
highlight the need to help current and future entrepreneurs develop their ability to find,
develop, and maintain a strong, effective, and productive labour force. Further, strategic
and targeted education and training of current and aspiring entrepreneurs is needed to
feed into a strong MSME ecosystem. This will help to ensure MSMEs are able to continue
contributing to the Indonesian economy and enhance their regional and global com-
petitiveness. Improvement in these areas will require a whole-of-government approach
in several areas of the country. Highlighted here are three major recommendations for
Indonesia to adopt.
Asian Development Bank. 2018. “Asian Development Outlook 2018: How Technology
Affects Jobs.”
Asian Development Bank Institute. 2016. “SMEs in Developing Asia: New Approaches to
Overcoming Market Failures.”
Climate Asia. 2012. “Indonesia: How the People of Indonesia Live With Climate Change
and What Communication Can Do.”
Cornell SC Johnson College of Business. 2017. “The Global Innovation Index 2017:
Innovation Feeding the World.”
Hermanto, Dr. Bambang, and Dr. S.E. Suryanto. 2017. “Entrepreneurship Ecosystem
Policy in Indonesia.” Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences 8 (1): 110-115.
Indonesia Investments. 2016. Low Credit Growth in Indonesia, but Micro Credit
Program (KUR) on Course. https://www.indonesia-investments.com/finance/
financial-columns/low-credit-growth-in-indonesia-but-micro-credit-program-kur-
on-course/item7197?
Irjayanti, Maya, and Anton Mulyono-Azis. 2012. “Barrier Factors and Potential Solutions
for Indonesian SMEs.” Procedia Economics and Finance 4 (1): 3-12.
OECD. 2017. “Financial Education for Micro, Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises in
Asia.”
World Bank, The. 2017. Unemployment, youth total (% of total labor force ages
15-24). November. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.UEM.1524.
ZS?contextual=default&locations=ID.
World Bank Indonesia. 2011. “Climate Change, Environment and Forestry Activities.”
World Economic Forum. 2017b. “The Global Human Capital Report 2017.”