VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

Belagavi – 590014, Karnataka State, India

Technical Seminar Report on

“GOOGLE DRIVERLESS CAR”

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
IN

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Submitted by
DANIEL RAJAN A
(1AJ20ME402)

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

CAMBRIDGE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY NORTH CAMPUS

Bengaluru-562110

2022-2023
 CAMBRIDGE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
NORTH CAMPUS
Kundana Hobli, Devanahalli Taluk
Bangalore-562110

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the technical seminar entitled “GOOGLE DRIVERLESS CAR”
has been carried out by DANIEL RAJAN A (1AJ20ME402), is bonafide student of Cambridge
Institute of Technology-North Campus, in partial fulfilment for 8th semester of Bachelor of
Engineering in Mechanical Engineering of the Visvesvaraya Technological University,
Belagavi during the year 2022-2023. It is certified that all corrections/suggestions indicated for
Internal Assessment have been incorporated in the report. The Technical Seminar Report has
been approved as it satisfies the academic requirements in respect of work prescribed for the
said semester.

Technical Seminar Co-ordinator HOD

(Prof. Abhilash S G) (Dr. Manjunath S)

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
It is indeed a matter of great pleasure and privilege to be able to present this technical
seminar on the “GOOGLE DRIVERLESS CAR” the latest technological advancement in
Mechanical Engineering.

The completion of 8th semester technical seminar work is a milestone in a student’s life
and its execution are inevitable in the hands of my guides. I am highly indebted for our faculty
from our institute for their guidance and appreciate them for being an inspiration for us to carry
out the successful completion of submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements of the
degree of bachelor of engineering in mechanical engineering in the privileged college of
“Cambridge Institute of Technology North Campus”.

I am immensely indebted to Mr. Abhilash S G for his continuous guidance and help. I
also express our profound thanks to HOD, Dr. Manjunath S of Mechanical Engineering
Department. It is due to their enduring efforts, patience and enthusiasm, which has given a
sense of direction and purposefulness to seminar and ultimately made it a success.

Finally, I sincerely thank to all those who have rendered their valuable service either
directly or indirectly and helped me for making the technical seminar successful.

DANIEL RAJAN A

(1AJ20ME402)
 ABSTRACT

Google’s presence and subsequent domination in the past fifteen years of the information
technology industries has financially and otherwise enabled Google to explore seemingly
unrelatedprojects ranging from the Google mail to the Google driverless car. The Google
driverless car is defined as a robotic vehicle designed to militate against traffic congestion,
accidents, and hydro- carbon emission while fulfilling all transportation capabilities without
any form of human assistance. This study, therefore, focused on the evolution, mechanism
of autonomous cars, and evaluated the prospects of Google driverless car in Nigeria and
existential threats that the car presents to several other industries, including the insurance
and healthcare industries. It further explored the edge this invention has over conventional
cars in the automobile industry. The materials used for this study were collected from both
primary and secondary sources and analysis made on the Google driverless car mechanisms
showed that the driverless car will, among other benefits, improve safety and yield better
traffic flow, road use and fuel consumption efficiency, increase vehicle cost saving, as well
as reduce death and other road hazards. From this analysis the paper recommended that
governments at all level should provide supportive environment germaneto autonomous
vehicle commuting and address all the cyber threats interlaced with this technologyand
viewed that this technology will unearth a monumental change in all spectrum of life for
Nigerian commuters.
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
Sl.No. TITLE Page
No.

1 INTRODUCTION 1-3

2 HISTORY 4

3 COMPONENTS 5

3.1 HARDWARE SENSOR 6-14

3.2 GOOGLE STREETVIEW 6-8

3.3 ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE 8-10

4 WORKING 15

5 APPLICATIONS 12-13

MERITS 14

DEMERITS 15-16

6 CONCLUSION 15

7 FUTURE SCOPE 15-16

8 REFERENCES 22
Google Driverless Car 2022-23

LIST OF FIGURE

NO NAMES PAGE NO

1.1 Google Car 2

2.1 Sebastian Thrun 4
3.1 Radar Sensor 5
3.2 Front and Back side of the road 6
3.3 Lidar Sensor 7
3.4 Road 7
3.5 Google Map 8
3.6 Position Estimator 9
3.7 Video Camera 10
3.8 Hardware Sensors and their 10
location
3.9 Street View 11
3.10 Hardware assembly of the system 12
3.11 Deep learning 14
4.1 Working 15

Department Of Mechanical Engineering, CITC

Google Driverless Car 2022-23

CHAPTER-1
INTRODUCTION
The inventions of the integrated circuit and later, the microcomputer, were major factors in the
development of electronic control in automobiles. The importance of the microcomputer cannot be
overemphasized as it is the brain that controls many systems into day's cars. For example, in a
cruise control system, the driver sets the desired speed and enables the system by pushing a button.
A micro-computer then monitors the actual speed of the vehicle using data from velocity sensors.
The actual speed is compared to the desired speed and the controller adjusts the throttle as
necessary.

A completely autonomous vehicle is one in which a computer performs all the tasks
that the human driver normally would. Ultimately, this would mean get-ting in a car, entering the
destination into a computer, and enabling the system from there, the car would take over and drive
to the destination with no human input. The car would be able to sense its environment and make
steering and speed changes as necessary. This scenario would require all of the automotive
technologies mentioned above: lane detection to aid in passing slower vehicles or exiting a
highway; obstacle detection to locate other cars, pedestrians, animals, etc.; adaptive cruise control
to maintain a safe speed; collision avoidance to avoid hitting obstacles in the road way; and lateral
control to maintain the cars position on the roadway

In addition, sensors would be needed to alert the car to road or weather conditions to ensure safe
travelling speeds. For example, the car would need to slow down in snowy or icy conditions. We
perform many tasks while driving without even thinking about it. Completely automating the car
is a challenging task and is a long way. However, advances have been made in the individual
systems. changes at intervals the structure & motor ratings, the system may even be born-again for
real applications.

Google's robotic car is a fully autonomous vehicle which is equipped with radar and LIDAR and
such can take in much more information, process it much more quickly and reliably, make a correct
decision about a complex situation, and then implement that decision far better than a human can.

Department Of Mechanical Engineering, CIT NC Page 1

Google Driverless Car 2022-23

The Google car system combines information gathered for Google Street View with
artificial intelligence software that combines input from video cameras inside the car, a LIDAR
sensor on top of the vehicle, radar sensors on the front of the vehicle and a position sensor attached
to one of the rear wheels that helps locate the car's position on the map. At the same time some
hardware components are used in the car they are APPIANIX PCS, VELODYNE, SWITCH,
TOPCON, REAR MONITOR, COMPUTER, ROUTER, FAN, INVERTER and BATTERY along
with some software program is installed in it. Google anticipates that the increased accuracy of its
automated driving system could help reduce the number of traffic-related injuries and deaths, while
using energy and space on roadways more efficiently.

Figure1.1 Google car

The combination of these technologies and other systems such as video based lane analysis,
steering and brake actuation systems, and the programs necessary to control all of the components
will become a fully autonomous system The problem is winning the trust of the people to allow a
computer to drive a vehicle for them, because of this, there must be research and testing done over
and over again to assure a near fool proof final product. The product will not be accepted instantly,
but over time as the systems become more widely used people will realize the benefits of it

Department Of Mechanical Engineering, CIT NC Page 2

Google Driverless Car 2022-23

Overview
The overview of this project is to implement a driverless car that can drive itself from one
point to another without assistance from a driver. One of the main impetuses behind the call for
driverless cars is safety. An autonomous vehicle is fundamentally defined as a passenger vehicle.
An autonomous vehicle is also referred to as an autopilot, driverless car, auto-drive car, or
automated guided vehicle (AGV).
Most prototypes that have been built so far performed automatic steering that were based
on sensing the painted lines in the road or magnetic monorails embedded in the road.

Purpose of the current work is to study and analyze the driverless car technology. This
mobility is usually taken for granted by most people and they realize that transportation forms
the basis of our civilization. The need for a more efficient, balanced and safer transportation
system is obvious. This need can be best met by the implementation of autonomous
transportation systems.

Current work focuses on how to use the Future Car Technology That's On the Road
Today. Inthe future, automated system will help to avoid accidents and reduce congestion. The
future vehicles will be capable of determining the best route and warn each other about the
conditions ahead. Many companies and institutions working together in countless projects in
order to implement the intelligent vehicles and transportation networks of the future.

Department Of Mechanical Engineering, CIT NC Page 3

Google Driverless Car 2022-23

CHAPTER 2
HISTORY
The Sebastian Thrun was invented the Google driverless car. He was director of
the Stanford Artificial Intelligence laboratory. Sebastian friends were killed in car accident, so
that he decided there should not be any accidents on the road by car. By that decision only the
Google Driverless car was invented.

Figure 1.1 Sebastian Thrun

Our goal is to help prevent traffic accidents, free up people’s time and reduce carbon emission by
fundamentally changing car use”-Sebastian Thrun. The Google Driverless car was testedin the
year 2010; Google has tested several vehicles equipped with the system, driving 1,609kilometers
(1,000 mi) without any human intervention, in addition to 225,308 kilometers (140,000 mi) with
occasional human intervention. Google expects that the increased accuracy of its automated
driving system could help reduce the number of traffic-related injuries and deaths, while using
energy and space on roadways more efficiently. It was introduced in oct-2010 and it becomes
legalin Nevada at June 2011, August 2012- Accident.

The project team has equipped a test fleet of at least eight vehicles. The car has
traversedSan Francisco's Lombard Street, famed for its steep hairpin turns and through city
traffic. The vehicles have driven over the Golden Gate Bridge and on the Pacific Coast Highway,
and have circled Lake Tahoe. The system drives at the speed limit it has stored on its maps and
maintains its distance from other vehicles using its system of sensors. The system provides an
override that allows a human driver to take control of the car by stepping on the brake or turning
the wheel, similar to cruise control systems already in cars.

Department Of Mechanical Engineering, CIT NC Page 4

Google Driverless Car 2022-23

CHAPTER-3
COMPONENTS

HARDWARE SENSOR
RADAR Sensor

Radar is an object-detection system which uses electromagnetic waves specifically radio

waves - to determine the range, altitude, direction, or speed of both moving and fixed objects such
as aircraft, ships, spacecraft, guided missiles, motor vehicles, weather formations, and terrain.

Figure 3.1 Radar Sensor

A radar system has a transmitter that emits radio waves called radar signals in predetermined
directions. When these come into contact with an object they are usually reflected and/or scattered
in many directions. Radar signals are reflected especially well by materials of considerable
electrical conductivity- especially by most metals, by sea water and by wetlands. Some of these
make the use of radar altimeters possible. The radar signals that are reflected back towards the
transmitter are the desirable ones that make radar work. If the object is moving either closer or
farther away, there is a slight change in the frequency of the radiowaves, due to the Doppler effect.

Department Of Mechanical Engineering, CIT NC Page 5

Google Driverless Car 2022-23

Radar receivers are usually, but not always, in the same location as the transmitter. Although the
reflected radar signals captured by the receiving antenna are usually very weak, these signals can
be strengthened by the electronic amplifiers that all radar sets contain. More sophisticated methods
of signal processing are also nearly always used in order to recover useful radar signals.

The three RADAR sensors were fixed in front of the bumper and one in the rear bumper. These
will measures the distance to various obstacles and allow the system to reduce the speed of the car.
The back side of sensor will locates the position of the car on the map.

Figure 3.2 First and Back side of the road

For example, when the car was travelling on the road then RADAR sensor was
projected on road from front and back side of the car.

Department Of Mechanical Engineering, CIT NC Page 6

Google Driverless Car 2022-23

LIDAR Sensor
LIDAR (Light Detection And Ranging also LADAR) is an optical remote sensing technology that
can measure the distance to, or other properties of a target by illuminating the target with light,
often using pulses from a laser.

Figure 3.3 Lidar sensor

LIDAR uses ultraviolet, visible, or near infrared light to image objects and can be used with a wide
range of targets, including non-metallic objects, rocks, rain, chemical compounds, aerosols, clouds
and even single molecules. A narrow laser beam can be used to map physical features with very
high resolution. LIDAR has been used extensively for atmospheric research and meteorology.

The LIDAR is fixed on the top of the car. It contains 64 lasers that are sent to the surroundings of
the car. These laser beams hits objects around the car and reflects back. By this the distance of the
objects from the car is determined and also the time to reach that object.

Figure 3.4 Road

Department Of Mechanical Engineering, CIT NC Page 7

Google Driverless Car 2022-23

For example, if a person is crossing the road, the LIDAR sensor will reorganize him by sending
the laser beam in to the air as waves and waves are disturbed thus it identifies him as some object
was crossing and by this the car will be slow down.

Global Positioning System (GPS)

The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a space-based global navigation satellite System (GNSS)
that provides location and time information in all weather, anywhere on or near the Earth, where
there is an unobstructed line of sight to four or more GPS satellites. GPS receiver calculates its
position by precisely timing the signals sent by GPS satellites high above the Earth.

Figure : 3.5 Google Map

Each satellite continually transmits messages that include
1) The time the message was transmitted.
2) Precise orbital information (the ephemeris).
3) The general system health and rough orbits of all GPS satellites.

The receiver uses the messages it receives to determine the transit time of each message and
computes the distance to each satellite. These distances along with the satellites' locations are used
with the possible aid of trilateration, depending on which algorithm is used, to compute the position
of the receiver. This position is then displayed, perhaps with a moving map display or latitude and
longitude; elevation information may be included. Many GPS units show derived information such
as direction and speed, calculated from position changes. Three satellites might seem enough to
solve for position since space has three dimensions and a position near the Earth's surface can be
Department Of Mechanical Engineering, CIT NC Page 8
Google Driverless Car 2022-23

assumed. However, even a very small clock error multiplied by the very large speed of light the
speed at which satellite signals propagate results in a large positional error. There fore receivers
use four or more satellites to solve for the receiver's location and time. The very accurately
computed time is effectively hidden by most GPS applications, which use only the location. A few
specialized GPS applications do however use the time; these include time transfer, traffic signal
timing, and synchronization of cell phone base stations.

Position Estimator

Figure 3.6 Position Estimator

A sensor mounted on the left rear wheel This sensor measures any small movements made
by the car and helps to accurately locate its position on the map. The position of the car can be seen
on the monitor.

Video Cameras

The video camera was fixed near the rear view mirror. That will detect traffic lights and
any moving objects front of the car. For example if any vehicle or traffic detected then the car will
be sow down automatically, This slowing down operation s done by the artificial intelligence
software.

Department Of Mechanical Engineering, CIT NC Page 9

Google Driverless Car 2022-23

Figure 3.7 Video Camera

Figure 3.8 Hardware sensors and their Location

Department Of Mechanical Engineering, CIT NC Page 10

Google Driverless Car 2022-23

3.2. GOOGLE STREET VIEW

Google Street View is a technology featured in Google Maps and Google Earth that provides
panoramic views from various positions along many streets in the world. It was launched on May
25, 2007, originally only in several cities in the United States, and has since gradually expanded
to include more cities and rural areas worldwide.

Google Street View displays images taken from a fleet of specially adapted cars. Areas not
accessible by car, like pedestrian areas, narrow streets, alleys and ski resorts, are sometimes
covered by Google Trikes (tricycles) or a snowmobile. On each of these vehicles there are nine
directional cameras for 360 views at a height of about 8.2 feet, or 2.5 meters, GPS units for
positioning and three laser range scanners for the measuring of up to 50 meters180 in the front of
the vehicle. There are also 3G/GSM/Wi-Fi antennas for scanning 3G GSM and W-Fi hotspots.
Recently, "high quality images are based on open source hardware cameras from Elphel

Figure 3.9 Street View

Where available, street view images appear after zooming in beyond the highest zooming level in
maps and satellite images, and also by dragging a "pegman" icon onto a location on a map. Using

Department Of Mechanical Engineering, CIT NC Page 11

Google Driverless Car 2022-23

the keyboard or mouse the horizontal and vertical viewing direction and the zoom level can be
selected. A solid or broken line in the photo shows the approximate path followed by the camera
car, and arrows link to the next photo in each direction. At junctions and crossings of camera car
routes, more arrows are shown.

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

Artificial intelligence is the intelligence of machines and the branch of computer

science that aims to create it. AI textbooks define the field as "the study and design of intelligent
agents where an intelligent agent is a system that perceives its environment and takes actions that
maximize its chances of success. John McCarthy, who coined the term in 1956, defines it as "the
science and engineering of making intelligent machines"

Figure 3.10 Hardware assembly of the system

Just like a human, self-driving cars need to have sensors to understand the world around them and
a brain that collects, processes and chooses specific actions based on information gathered. The
same goes for self-driving cars, and each autonomous vehicle is out fitted with advanced tools to
gather information, including long-range radar, LIDAR, cameras, short/medium- range radar, and
ultrasound Each of these technologies is used in different capacities, and each collects different
information. However, this information is useless unless it is processed and some form of action is
taken based on the gathered information.

Department Of Mechanical Engineering, CIT NC Page 12

Google Driverless Car 2022-23

This is where Artificial Intelligence comes into play and can be compared to the human brain, and
the actual goal of Artificial Intelligence is for a self-driving car to conduct in-depth learning

Artificial Intelligence has many applications for these vehicles; among the more immediate and
obvious functions :

• Directing the car to a gas station or recharge station when it is running low on fuel.
• Adjust the trip's directions based on known traffic conditions to find the quickest route.
• Incorporate speech recognition for advanced communication with passenger.
• Eye tracking for improved driver monitoring.

Artificial intelligence has been present in modern cars for some time now. It has all started with
smart driver’s assistants that monitor the vehicle’s surroundings and support the driver or alert
them in case of an emergency or an accident risk. Such systems allow drivers to benefit from such
solutions as:

• Emergency braking: For example, Volvo’s CWAB system can use full braking power to
stop the car and avoid the accident.
• Night vision: These systems use thermographic cameras to increase the seeing distance in
darkness or poor weather conditions. Mercedes offers such a solution.
• Enhanced communication and alerts: Voice commands, weather alerts, etc.
• Lane control: The vehicle alerts you when you drive off your lane. BMW offers such
assistant.

that’s just the beginning. We are all used to these intelligent assistants, as they’ve become common,
especially in top-of-the-line cars. Let’s go further because today, we have everything we need to
put artificial intelligence in self-driving cars, making them 100% autonomous. Your company can
benefit from this technology as well!

Department Of Mechanical Engineering, CIT NC Page 13

Google Driverless Car 2022-23

How AI is used in self-driving cars

Self-driving cars have become possible primarily thanks to computer vision and deep learning. CV
uses high-resolution cameras and lidars that detect what happens in the car’s immediate
surroundings. As a result, car systems can react to possible obstacles and avoid accidents. Of
course, CV is not enough. You also have to teach car systems how to drive according to traffic
rules. And this is where machine learning, backed up by deep learning, steps into the game.

Figure 3.11 Deep learning

Deep learning is one of the most advanced AI technologies that works similarly to the human brain.
Every piece of data (concerning self-driving cars, we talk about data received by the vehicle’s
sensors) goes through the multi-layered neural network, enabling analyzing images in a much more
comprehensive way. This solution allows carmakers to achieve a much higher level of complexity
and accuracy. In effect, self-driving cars are really smart and can operate even in congested cities.

Department Of Mechanical Engineering, CIT NC Page 14

Google Driverless Car 2022-23

CHAPTER

How does it Work...?

The "driver" sets a destination. The car's software calculates a route and starts the car
on its way. A rotating, roof-mounted LIDAR (Light Detection and Ranging-a technology similar
to radar) sensor monitors a 60-meter range around the car an creates a dynamic 3D map of the car's
current environment.
A sensor on the left rear wheel monitors sideways movement to detect the car's position
relative to the 3-D map. Radar systems in the front and rear bumpers calculate distances to
obstacles. Artificial intelligence (A) software in the car is connected to all the sensors and has input
from Google Street View and video cameras inside the car.

Figure 4.1 Working

Department Of Mechanical Engineering, CIT NC Page 15

Google Driverless Car 2022-23

CHAPTER 5
APPLICATIONS

Intelligent transporting
Intelligent transport systems vary in technologies applied, from basic management system such as
car navigation; traffic signal control systems; container management systems; variable message
signs; automatic number plate recognition or speed cameras to monitor applications, such as
security CCTV systems; and to more advanced applications that integrate live data and feedback
from a number of other sources, such as parking guidance and information systems; weather
information bridge deicing systems; and the like. Additionally, predictive techniques are being
developed to allow advanced modelling and comparison with historical baseline data this
technology will be a revolutionary step in intelligent transportation.

Military applications
Automated navigation system with real time decision making capability of the system makes it
more applicable in war fields and other military applications.

Transportation in hazardous places

The complete real time decision making capability and sensor guided navigation will leads to
replace the human drivers in hazardous pace transportation.

Shipping
Autonomous vehicles will have a huge impact on the land shipping industry. One way to transport
goods on land is by freight trucks. There are thousands of freight trucks on the road everyday
driving for multiple days to reach their destination All of these trucks are driven by a paid employee
of a trucking company. If the trucks were able to drive on their own, person to move the vehicle
from one point to another is no longer needed. The truck is also able to drive to their destination
without having stop to skep, eat, or anything best ides more fuel. All that is necessary
is someone to bad the vehicle and someone to unload the vehicle. This would save trucking
companies a very large amount of money, but it would also put thousands of people out of jobs

Department Of Mechanical Engineering, CIT NC Page 16

Google Driverless Car 2022-23

These people would have to find and learn a new profession as driving a freight truck is a full time
job with little time spent at home to learn how to do another profession. This is potentially life
ruining for many employees in this industry

Public transportation
Various forms of public transportation are controlled by a human operator. Whether it is on a bus,
in a train, subway, street car, or shuttle, there is a person sitting in the drivers seat and they are
controlling what the vehicle is doing. For trains and other rail-based transportation, it is a simpler
process more involved with accelerating and decelerating the train from and into stops with no
concern over keeping in a lane. However, on a bus or shuttle, a person must follow rules, watch
the actions of other drivers and pedestrians, keep the bus in lane, and make sure they stop at every
bus station. These are many tasks that one person must be able to handle and react to and control
at the same time. In the early stages of implementation, it would most likely keep the driver behind
the wheel as a safe guard in case there is a problem with the system.

Taxi services
Another business that would be strongly affected is taxi services. It is based solely on driving
someone around who does not have a car or does not want to drive. Then an employee is dispatched
to go and pick up the person and bring them to their destination. Taxis also drive around cities and
wait in busy areas for people to request a cab. A taxi service comprised completely of autonomous
vehicle could be started. A person can call in and request to be picked up and then be brought to
their destination for a fee.

Department Of Mechanical Engineering, CIT NC Page 17

Google Driverless Car 2022-23

MERITS

• Without the need for a driver, cars could become mini-leisure rooms. There would be more
space and no need for everyone to face forwards. Entertainment technology, such as video
screens, could be used to lighten long journeys without the concern of distracting the driver.
• Sensory technology could potentially perceive the environment better than human senses,
seeing farther ahead, better in poor visibility, detecting smaller and more subtle obstacles,
more reasons for less traffic accidents.
• Speed limits could be increased to reflect the safer driving. shortening journey times.
• Parking the vehicle and difficult maneuvering would be less stressful and require no special
skills. The car could even just drop you off and then go and park itself.
• People who historically have difficulties with driving, such as disabled people and older
citizens, as well as the very young, would be able to experience the freedom of car travel
There would be no need for drivers' licenses or driving tests.
• Autonomous vehicles could bring about a massive reduction in insurance premiums for car
owners.
• Efficient travel also means fuel savings, cutting costs.
• Reduced need for safety gaps means that road capacities for vehicles would be significantly
increased.
• Passengers should experience a smoother riding experience.
• Self-aware cars would lead to a reduction in car theft
• Travelers would be able to journey over night and sleep for the duration.
• Traffic could be coordinated more easily in urban areas to prevent long tailbacks at busy
times. Commute times could be reduced drastically.

Department Of Mechanical Engineering, CIT NC Page 18

Google Driverless Car 2022-23

DEMERITS

• Driverless cars would likely be out of the price range of most ordinary people when
generally introduced, likely costing over $100,000.
• Truck drivers and taxi drivers will lose their jobs, as autonomous vehicles take over.
• A computer malfunction, even just a minor glitch, could cause worse crashes than anything
that human error might bring about.
• The cars would rely on the collection of location and user information, creating major
privacy concerns.
• Hackers getting into the vehicle's software and controlling or affecting its operation would
be a major security worry.
• There are problems currently with autonomous vehicles operating in certain types of
weather. Heavy rain interferes with roof-mounted laser sensors, and snow can interfere
with its cameras.
• Reading human road signs is challenging for a robot.
• As drivers become more and more used to not driving, their proficiency and experience
will diminish. Should they then need to drive under certain circumstances, there may be
problems.
• The road system and infrastructure would likely need major upgrades for driverless
• vehicles to operate on them. Traffic and street lights, for instance, would likely all need
altering.
• Self-driving cars would be great news for terrorists, as they could be loaded with explosives
and used as moving bombs.
• Human behavior such as hand signals are difficult for a computer to understand.

Department Of Mechanical Engineering, CIT NC Page 19

Google Driverless Car 2022-23

CHAPTER 6
CONCLUSION

Currently, there are many different technologies available that can assist in creating autonomous
vehicle systems. Items such as GPS, automated cruise control, and lane keeping assistance are
available to consumers on some luxury vehicles. The combination of these technologies and other
systems such as video based lane analysis, steering and brake actuation systems, and the programs
necessary to control all of the components will become a fully autonomous system. The problem
is winning the trust of the people to allow a computer to drive a vehicle for them, because of this,
there must be research and testing done over and over again to assure a near fool proof final
product. The product will not be accepted instantly, but overtime as the systems become more
widely used people will realize the benefits of it. The implementation of autonomous vehices will
bring up the problem of repacing humans with computers that can do the work for them There will
not be an instant change in society, but it will become more apparent over time as they are
integrated into society.

Department Of Mechanical Engineering, CIT NC Page 20

Google Driverless Car 2022-23

CHAPTER 7
FUTURE SCOPE

The transition to an automated transportation structure will greatly prevent many problems caused
by the traffic. Implementation of autonomous cars will allow the vehicles to be able to use the
roads more efficiently, thus saving space and time. With having automated cars ,narrow lanes will
no longer be a problem and most traffic problems will be avoided to a great extent by the help of
this new technology .Research ind icates that the traffic patterns will be more predictable and less
probkmatic with the integration of autonomous cars.

Smooth traffic flow is at the top of the wish list for countless transportation officials. Car
manufacturers are already using various driver assist systems in their high-end models and this
trend is becoming more and more common. As a result of this trend, the early co- pilot systems are
expected to gradually evolve to auto-pilots. All developments show that one day the intelligent
vehicles will be a part of our daily lives, but it is hard to predict when The most important factor
is whether the public sector will be proactive in taking advantage of this capability or not. The
Public Sector will determine if the benefits will come sooner rather than later.

Since these assist systems are very similar with the systems that are used in autonomous car
prototypes, they are regarded as the transition elements on the way to the implementation fully
autonomous vehices.

Department Of Mechanical Engineering, CIT NC Page 21

 REFERENCES

[1] Memon, M. Ahmed, S. Ali, A. R. Memon and W. Shah, "Self-driving and driver
relaxingvehicle," 2016 2nd International Conference on Robotics and Artificial
Intelligence (ICRAI), Rawalpindi, 2016.
[2] D. Lv, X. Ying, Y. Cui, J. Song, K. Qian and M. Li, "Research on the
technology ofLIDAR data processing," 2017 First International Conference
on Electronics Instrumentation & Information Systems (EIIS), Harbin, 2017.
[3] Publication, IJRASET. “Autonomous Obstacle Avoidance Vehicle Using LIDAR
and anEmbedded System.” International Journal for Research in Applied Science
and Engineering Technology IJRASET (2020).
[4] C. Rohrig and F. Kunemund, "Estimation of position and orientation of mobile
systems in a wireless LAN," 2007 46th IEEE Conference on Decision and Control,
New Orleans,LA, 2007.
[5] Carullo, Alessio & Parvis, Marco. (2001). An ultrasonic sensor for distance
measurementin automotive applications. Sensors Journal.
[6] Chen, Mo & Fridrich, Jessica & Goljan, Miroslav & Lukás, Jan. (2007). Source
digitalcamcorder identification using sensor photo response non-uniformity -
art.
[7] John Markoff (2010-10-09). "Google Cars Drive Themselves, in Traffic". The
New YorkTimes. Retrieved 2010-10-11
[8] Davies, A. (2016, February 29). Google’s self-driving car caused its first crash.
RetrievedApril 19, 2016.
[9] Guynn, J., & Della Cava, M. (2015, December 17). Google ‘disappointed’ by
proposedrestrictions on driverless cars