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DC-DC Converter - II
DC-DC Converter - II
EEE 4101
DC-DC Converters
(Choppers)
When M1 is ON at t=0, the MOSFET short circuits the path and (𝒄)
the inductor charges up through the M1. Here, the diode 𝑽𝒂 − 𝑽𝒔 𝒕
remains completely OFF as inductor current entirely flows 𝒊𝑫
𝑰𝒎𝒂𝒙
through M1 (short circuit). Hence, 𝐢𝐝 = 𝟎.
𝑰𝒎𝒊𝒏 𝑰𝒂
During the on period of the transistor, the inductor current (𝒅)
reaches its peak value, Imax . Here, the voltage across the 𝒊𝒄 𝑰𝒎𝒂𝒙 − 𝑰𝒂 𝒕
inductor is equal to the input voltage and can be written as- 𝑰𝒎𝒊𝒏 − 𝑰𝒂
(𝒆)
𝒕
∆I 𝑰𝒂
VS = L = vL ……..(𝟏)
t on 𝑽𝒎𝒂𝒙
𝒗𝒄 , 𝒗𝒐
𝑽𝒂
Since, diode if OFF, the load is disconnected from the input 𝑽𝒎𝒊𝒏
∆𝑽
terminal. During this time, the capacitor discharges through the 𝒊𝒐 𝒕
(𝒇)
load in order to maintain a constant average load current, Ia . 𝑰𝒂
𝐤𝐓 (𝟏 − 𝐤)𝐓 (𝒈)
During this time, the capacitor or the load voltage reaches its 𝒕
Mode 1 Mode 2
minimum, Vmin . Sarah C. Gomes
Boost (Step-Up) Converter
− 𝒗𝑳 + Gating pulse
𝒊𝒅
𝒕𝒐𝒏 𝒕𝒐𝒇𝒇
additive (𝒂)
𝒊𝒔 , 𝒊𝑳 𝑰𝒎𝒂𝒙 𝒕
𝒗𝒐 ∆𝑰 𝑰𝑳
𝑰𝒎𝒊𝒏
(𝒃)
𝒗𝑳 𝒕
When M1 is OFF at t= t on = 𝑘𝑇 , the inductor immediately gets 𝑽𝒔
connected to the load. During this time, the inductor reverses its polarity
(𝒄)
and starts discharging through Dm. Hence, the input supply along with 𝑽𝒂 − 𝑽𝒔 𝒕
the inductor is now delivering power to the load. 𝒊𝑫
𝑰𝒎𝒂𝒙
According to KVL, 𝑉𝑠 + 𝑣𝐿 = 𝑣𝑜
𝑰𝒎𝒊𝒏 𝑰𝒂
∆I (𝒅)
Or, Vs − Va = −L ……..(𝟐)
toff 𝒊𝒄 𝑰𝒎𝒂𝒙 − 𝑰𝒂 𝒕
𝑰𝒎𝒊𝒏 − 𝑰𝒂
During the off period of the transistor, the inductor current reaches its (𝒆)
𝒕
minimum value, Imin . 𝑰𝒂
The diode conducts current and is equal to the inductor or the input 𝒗𝒄 , 𝒗𝒐
𝑽𝒎𝒂𝒙
current. The diode current can be given as- 𝑽𝒂
∆𝑽
𝑽𝒎𝒊𝒏
i d = i c + Ia (𝒇)
𝒊𝒐 𝒕
𝑰𝒂
Here, when M1 is ON, id = 0 ic = −Ia 𝐤𝐓 (𝟏 − 𝐤)𝐓 (𝒈)
𝒕
This implies that during this period, the capacitor charges up to a peak Mode 1 Mode 2
Sarah C. Gomes
value of Vmax .
Boost (Step-Up) Converter
Gating pulse
𝒕𝒐𝒏 𝒕𝒐𝒇𝒇
From equations (1) and (2), we get – (𝒂)
𝒊𝒔 , 𝒊𝑳 𝑰𝒎𝒂𝒙 𝒕
− Vs − Va t off = Vs t on ∆𝑰 𝑰𝑳
𝑰𝒎𝒊𝒏
Or, Va 𝑇 1 − 𝑘 − Vs 𝑇 1 − 𝑘 = Vs 𝑘𝑇 (𝒃)
𝒗𝑳 𝒕
Vs
Or, Va = 𝑽𝒔
1−𝑘
(𝒄)
Substituting k = ton/T = tonf, we get- 𝑽𝒂 − 𝑽𝒔 𝒕
𝒊𝑫
𝑰𝒎𝒂𝒙
𝑡𝑜𝑛 ……..(𝟑)
𝑰𝒎𝒊𝒏 𝑰𝒂
(𝒅)
Again we can write-
𝒊𝒄 𝑰𝒎𝒂𝒙 − 𝑰𝒂 𝒕
𝑰𝒎𝒊𝒏 − 𝑰𝒂
𝑡𝑜𝑛 and, 𝑡𝑜𝑓𝑓 (𝒆)
𝒕
𝑰𝒂
𝑽𝒎𝒂𝒙
Where, ∆𝐼 = 𝐼𝑚𝑎𝑥 − 𝐼𝑚𝑖𝑛 assuming the current to fall linearly. 𝒗𝒄 , 𝒗𝒐
∆𝑽 𝑽𝒂
𝑽𝒎𝒊𝒏
(𝒇)
𝒊𝒐 𝒕
𝑰𝒂
……..(𝟒) 𝐤𝐓 (𝟏 − 𝐤)𝐓 (𝒈)
𝒕
Mode 1 Mode 2
Sarah C. Gomes
Boost (Step-Up) Converter
Peak-to-peak inductor ripple current
We know,
1
𝑇 = 𝑓 = 𝑡𝑜𝑛 + 𝑡𝑜𝑓𝑓 =
Or,
Or,
When the transistor is on, the capacitor supplies the load current for t = ton. The average capacitor
current during the on time is Ic = Ia and the peak-to-peak ripple voltage of the capacitor is-
1 𝑡𝑜𝑛 𝐼𝑎 𝑡𝑜𝑛
∆𝑉 = න 𝐼𝑎 𝑑𝑡 =
𝐶 0 𝐶
Sarah C. Gomes
Boost (Step-Up) Converter
Condition for Continuous Inductor Current
here, 𝐼𝐿 is the average inductor current, which is also the average input current
1
𝐼𝐿 = 𝐼𝑠 = 2 ∆𝐼 in case where the current is just about continuous
Therefore, ∆𝐼 = 2𝐼𝑠
𝑉𝑠 𝑘 𝐼𝑎
Or, =2 [from equation (4)]
𝑓𝐿 1−𝑘
𝑉𝑠 𝑘 𝑉𝑎 2𝑉𝑠
Or, =2 = Resistive load
𝑓𝐿 𝑅(1−𝑘) 𝑅(1−𝑘)2
Sarah C. Gomes