Forces of

Attraction
Concept in a Box Dipole-dipole
(between polar molecules)

H-bond
(between H and N, O, or F)
Intermolecular
forces of attraction
London Dispersion (between any
molecule)

Boiling point
Forces of Melting point
Attraction Material hardness
Physical properties of
substances

Intramolecular forces Ionic bond

of attraction
Nonpolar

Covalent
bond Polar
• A polar molecule is characterized
by its unequal sharing of electrons
while a non-polar molecule show
equal sharing of electrons.
• The polarity of a molecule can be
determined by taking notes of
atom’s electronegativity difference
and its molecular geometry.
Recall

Atoms in molecules and

ionic substances are
attached to each other either
by sharing or complete
transfer of electrons.
Recall

What are the forces or

bonds that keep the
atoms in a substance
attracted to one
another?
Intramolecular Forces

Atoms in a molecule or ionic

substance stay attracted to
one another because of
chemical bonds. These can
either be covalent or ionic.
Intramolecular Forces
These attraction between
atoms are called
INTRAMOLECULAR
FORCES.
If there are forces
acting between
atoms, are there
also forces that
occur between
molecules?
Intermolecular Forces
These are attractive forces
present between molecules.
They are important because they
determine some physical properties
of molecules like boiling point,
melting point, and density.
Types of Intermolecular Forces
1. Van der Waals Forces
• Dipole-dipole interaction
• Dipole-induced dipole
interaction
• London Dispersion forces
2. Ion-dipole Interaction
3. Hydrogen Bonding
 Van der Waals Forces
DIPOLE-DIPOLE INTERACTION
• Presents in polar
molecule
• Partially positive
(+) end of one
molecule is
attracted to the
partial negative (-)
of another
molecule.
 Van der Waals Forces
DIPOLE-DIPOLE INTERACTION

DIPOLE-DIPOLE FLORCE
 Van der Waals Forces
DIPOLE- INDUCED DIPOLE
INTERACTION
• An interaction between a polar
molecule and a non-polar molecule
• The partial charges in the dipole
polarizes the non-polar molecule;
creating regions of partial (+) and
(-) poles
 Van der Waals Forces
DIPOLE- INDUCED DIPOLE
INTERACTION
 Van der Waals Forces
LONDON DISPERSION FORCE
• Occurs between two or
more non-polar
molecules
• Electron distribution
creates instantaneous
dipoles that influences
the neighboring atoms
through attractive and
repulsive forces
 Van der Waals Forces
LONDON DISPERSION FORCE
• Non-polar molecules can have
instantaneous or temporary dipole due to
unsymmetrical electron density.
Van der Waals Forces
Van der Waals Types of Molecules
Involved
Forces
Dipole-dipole Between polar
molecules
Dipole-induced Between polar and
non-polar molecules
dipole
London Between nonpolar
dispersion molecules
Ion-Dipole Interaction
• Results from the
attraction between
either a cation (+) or
an anion (-) with
permanent polar
molecules.
• The ions are attracted
to the opposite
charges present in the
dipole
Ion-Dipole Interaction
• The partially
negative
charge of the
oxygen atom in
the water
molecule is
attracted to
the positive
sodium ion
Hydrogen Bond
• A special type of dipole-
dipole interaction
between the H-atoms in
a polar bond
• H-atoms are bonded
with more
electronegative atoms
such as O, N, or F to
form H-bonds with other
molecules.
Hydrogen Bond