Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Lecture 10 Animal Breeding 1
Lecture 10 Animal Breeding 1
AND GENETICS
Animal Breeding
Application of the principles of animal
genetics with the goal of
improvement of animals
evolved to become a systems science
that incorporates genetics,
reproductive physiology, statistics,
computer science, and animal
husbandry
ANIMAL BREEDING
AND GENETICS
Genetics
Concerned with determining
the mode of inheritance of
transmission of biological
properties from generation to
generation
Sometimes called science of
heredity (concerned with the
mechanics of inheritance) and
variation (differences among
individuals)
VARIATION
BASIC TYPES OF VARIATION
PHENOTYPIC VARIATION
refers to the actual variation we observe among animals for each
trait of interest
PHENOTYPE- what we can measure and touch (Ex: growth rate
or backfat depth)
GENOTYPE- genes that make up the animal
GENETIC VARIATION
refers to the amount of variation that is controlled by genes.
Important contributors to the field
of Genetics:
Gregor Mendel (1866)- the Father of Genetics; an Austrian
monk who conducted breeding experiments on garden peas
(Pisum sativum L.), formulated and published his hypothesis
about the mechanics of inheritance of characteristics of
plants; discovered that hereditary characteristics were
determined by elementary factors (now called genes).
• Progenitors of gamete
development:
Spermatogonia
Oogonia
Gametogenesis- the process of producing
the reproductive cells
R R W W
gametes
calves R W R W R W R W
R W R W
R W R W
gametes
R R R W R W W W
P B p b
Pp Bb First gen
sperm egg
PpBb X PpBb
PB Pb pB pb PB Pb pB pb
PB Pb pB pb
Outbreeding
Heterosis or
hybrid vigor
Increased vigor of
the offspring over
that of the parents
Reproduction
Reproductive cycle and rate of genetic improvement
Puberty : period of sexual maturity
Formation
oogenesis ovulation of corpus
luteum
Estrous cycle : period in between 2 heat periods
Monoetrous animals –
Polyestrous animals –
one estrous cycle per
year several estrous cycle
Breeding season –
Pseudopregnancy
period of
successive estrous – false pregnancy
cycle
Pregnancy
Placentation:
Fertilization: the development of the
union of sperm and extra embryonic
egg cells, usually membranes/placenta as
takes place in the a means of meeting the
ampulla of the oviduct increasing need of the
embryo for more
Implantation: nutrition
the new embryo becomes
established at a Pregnancy diagnosis:
developmental site in the • Absence of estrus
uterus, where it will then • Change of contour of the
develop and become a abdomen
fetus • Palpation
• Use of x-ray
• Biological test
Fetal placenta includes:
Chorion:
outermost
membrane; in
contact with the
maternal uterus
Allantois:
first water bag;
in between the
chorion and
amnion Amnion:
innermost
membrane; closest
to the fetus
Parturition: labor, general term for act of
giving birth
2nd stage:
1st stage:
Actual
Uterine
delivery of the
contraction
fetus
3rd stage:
Delivery of the
placenta
Artificial insemination
Advantages:
Increase to an extra ordinary the use of superior sires
Prevents transfer of diseases
Continuethe period of usefulness (in case unable to
mount) of male
Prevents injury (in case of too heavy male)
Lessen the breeding cost
AI disadvantages:
Infectious disease can be spread easily
Cant be applied yet to all species of animal
Need AI technician
Multiple ovulation and embryo transfer
(MOET) technology- increase the rate of
reproduction of the females that are selected
to serve as embryo donors to as much as 30
to 50 times; already been successfully
demonstrated in cattle; not as widely
practiced as AI
Dolly:
sheep in Scotland
was the first
successful clone of
an adult animal