V.S.

Niketan College, Minbhawan

Kathmandu, Nepal

PHYSICS Project

NAME: MONIKA ADHIKARI

CLASS: 11
SECTION: D
ROLL NO: 18
GROUP: D1
SHIFT: MORNING
 V.S Niketan College
Tinkune, Kathmandu
Phone no: 01-44621787

We certify that this project is satisfaction in the scope of the

use of biology application in the partial fulfillment for the
requirement of 10+2 in Physics Science Stream."

Evaluation Committee

Principal/Vice Principal/Program Coordinator Head of Department

Department of Science Mr. Hari K.C.
V.S Niketan College Department of Physics
Tinkune, Kathmandu V.S Niketan College
Tinkune, Kathmandu

Date:…………….. Date:………………….

(External Examiner) (Internal Examiner/

Supervisor)
Date:……………... Date:…………………..
 Acknowledgement
I would like to express my sincere thanks and gratitude to my
physics teacher Gayendra Jha for his sincere guidance and
advice to complete my project successfully. Also, I am
thankful to physics coordinator Mr. Hari K.C. for providing
such an interesting topic for our physics project.
Most of all, I thank our college management for providing s
successfully. the facilities and opportunity to do this project.
I am also grateful to my parents and friends for their constant
support and help throughout the project, without their
encouragement and support this project could not have been
completed on time.
Lastly, I would like to thank all the accessories and every
single person who helped me to complete this physics project

MONIKA ADHIKARI
 Topic
To Study the Hooke’s Law, Stree-Strain
Relationship
 INDEX
Content Page No.

Abstract 1

Objective 2

Theory 3&4

Materials Required 5

Procedure 6

Observations 7

Results 8

Application 9

Precautions 10

Bibliography 11
Abstract
ooke’s law states that the strain of the material is proportional to the
applied stress within the elastic limit of that material. In the 19th-
century, while studying springs and elasticity, English scientist Robert
Hooke noticed that many materials exhibited a similar property when
the stress-strain relationship was studied. There was a linear region
where the force required to stretch the material was proportional to
the extension of the material. When the elastic materials are stretched,
the atoms and molecules deform until stress is applied, and when the
stress is removed, they return to their initial state.
Objective
To Study the Hooke’s Law, Stress-Strain Relationship
Theory
Stress and strain take different forms in the situations. For small
deformations the stress and strain are proportional to each other. This
is known as Hooke’s law.
Thus,
stress ∝ strain
stress = k × strain
where, k is the proportionality constant and is known as
modulus of elasticity.
Hooke’s law is an empirical law and is found to be valid for
most materials. However, there are some materials which do not
exhibit this linear relationship.
The relation between the stress and the strain for a given
material under tensile stress can be found experimentally. In a
standard test of tensile properties, a test cylinder or a wire is stretched
by an applied force. The fractional change in length (the strain) and
the applied force needed to cause the strain are recorded. The applied
force is gradually increased in steps and the change in length is noted.
A graph is plotted between the stress (which is equal in magnitude to
the applied force per unit area) and the strain produced. A typical
graph for a metal. Analogous graphs for compression and shear stress
may also be obtained. The stress-strain curves vary from material to
material. These curves help us to understand how a given material
deforms with increasing loads. From the graph, we can see that in the
region between O to A, the curve is linear. In this region, Hooke’s law
is obeyed. The body regains its original dimensions when the applied
force is removed. In this region, the solid behaves as an elastic body.
In the region from A to B, stress and strain are not proportional.
Nevertheless, the body still returns to its original dimension when the
load is removed. The point B in the curve is known as yield point
(also known as elastic limit) and the corresponding stress is known as
yield strength (σy) of the material.
If the load is increased further, the stress developed exceeds the yield
strength and strain increases rapidly even for a small change in the
stress. The portion of the curve between B and D shows this. When
the load is removed, say at some point C between B and D, the body
does not regain its original dimension. In this case, even when the
stress is zero, the strain is not zero. The material is said to have a
permanent set. The deformation is said to be plastic deformation. The
point D on the graph is the ultimate tensile strength (σu ) of the
material. Beyond this point, additional strain is produced even by a
reduced applied force and fracture occurs at point E. If the ultimate
strength and fracture points D and E are close, the material is said to
be brittle. If they are far apart, the material is said to be ductile.
As stated earlier, the stress-strain behaviour varies from material to
material. For example, rubber can be pulled to several times its
original length and still returns to its original shape. Fig. shows stress-
strain curve for the elastic tissue of aorta, present in the heart. Note
that although elastic region is very large, the material does not obey
Hooke’s law over most of the region. Secondly, there is no well-
defined plastic region. Substances like tissue of aorta, rubber etc.
which can be stretched to cause large strains are called elastomers.
Materials Required
1.Vertical Hanging Spring
2. Ruler
3.Different Masses
Procedure

1. Hang the spring on a vertical plane.

2. Measure its initial length.
3. Hang one mass.
4. Record the new length.
5. Calculate the difference between the initial and new lengths.
6. Repeat the procedure with different masses while recording the
new lengths.
7. Record the extension by subtracting the new length from the initial
in each measurement.
8. Plot a graph of the extension, x, versus the mass.
9. Calculate the spring constant from the slope of the graph.
Observation

1. When a graph between stress and strain is plotted for a wire, it is

observed that stress directly proportional to strain and Hooke’s law
is followed.
2. Hooke’s Law only applies to materials being stressed to their elastic
limit.
3. If stress is increased, a large strain in the wire is seen but the wire
returns to its original length when load is withdrawn.
4. The region between elastic limit, and fracture limit is called plastic
region.
Result

1. Hooke’s Law is applied only in the elastic region.

2. Hooke’s Law gives accurate results only for solid bodies if the
forces and deformations are small.
3. Hooke’s Law is not universal law.
Application of Hooke’s Law

1. It is used in breathing (lungs), skin, spring beds, diving boards and

cars suspension systems.
2. It is used as a fundamental principle behind the manometer, spring
scale and balance wheel of the clock.
3. It is also used as the foundation for seismology, acoustics and
molecular mechanics.
Precautions

1. Kinks should be removed from experimental wire before starting

experiment.
2. Diameter of wire should be measured at different positions and
along two mutually perpendicular directions at every position.
3. Two-minute wait should be made after gently adding or removing
a weight.
4. Load should be increased or decreased in regular steps.
Reference / Bibliography
1. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hooke%27s_law
2. https://byjus.com/jee/hookes-law/
3. https://www.britannica.com/science/Hookes-law