Japan and the Meiji Restoration

The
The Opening
Opening and
and Modernization
Modernization of
of Japan
Japan
1750-1900
1750-1900
 Tokugawa Period (1600-1868)

“pacified,
“pacified,but
butnot
notreally
reallyunified”
unified”

Himeji
HimejiCastle:
Castle:Built
Builtinin1600s
1600s

Centralized
• •___________________feudalism
___________________ • •Belief
BeliefSystems
Systems
• •Ruled
RuledbybyShogun,
Shogun,Emperor
Emperorasasaafigurehead
figurehead - -Shintoism
Shintoism
• •Capital
CapitalCity
CityofofEdo
Edo(Tokyo)
(Tokyo) - -Zen
ZenBuddhism
Buddhism
- -Prohibited
ProhibitedChristianity
Christianity
• •Rigid
RigidSocial
SocialStructure
Structure(Daimyo
(DaimyoSamurai,
Samurai,peasants,
peasants,artisans,
artisans,merchants)
merchants)
Tokugawa Period (1600-1868)

••Highly
Highlyregulated
regulatedtrade
trade
••Limited
Limitedtrade
tradewith
with
China,
China,Korea
Koreaand
andDutch
Dutch

Arrival of the United States

 Growing Commercialization
••By
By1750,
1750,world’s
world’smost
mosturbanized
urbanizedcountry
country Problems
Problems
••Edo ••Peasants/samurai
Peasants/samurailured
luredinto
intocommerce
commerce––
Edowas
waslargest
largestcity
cityininworld–
world–11million
millionpeople
people
••Emerging
Emergingcapitalist
capitalistsociety
society––literate,
literate,educated
educated ignored
ignoredsocial
social“status”
“status”
population ••Corruption
Corruptioniningovernment
government
populationdue
duetotoConfucian
Confucianinfluence
influence
••1830
1830famine–
famine–people
peoplelost
lostfaith
faithininShogunate
Shogunate
 1853: The Arrival of the United States
_____________
Matthew Perry Makes “Friends” with Japan

In
InJuly,
July,1853
1853Perry
Perrypresented
presentedthe
the
Japanese
JapaneseEmperor
Emperorwithwithaaproposed
proposed
commercial
commercialand andfriendship
friendshiptreaty.
treaty.
He
Hewould
wouldreturn
returnaayear
yearlater
laterto
toreceive
receive
their
theiranswer.
answer.
 Letter
Letterfrom
fromPresident
PresidentMillard
MillardFillmore
Fillmoretotothe
theShogun
Shogunof
ofJapan
Japan

Great and good friend,

“

I have directed Commodore

Perry to assure your imperial

majesty that I entertain the

kindest feelings toward your

majesty's person and

Letter
Letterfrom
fromPresident
PresidentMillard
MillardFillmore
Fillmoretotothe
theShogun
Shogunof
ofJapan
Japan

… I am desirous that our two

countries should trade with each

other, for the benefit both of Japan

and the United States.

Letter
Letterfrom
fromPresident
PresidentMillard
MillardFillmore
Fillmoretotothe
theShogun
Shogunof
ofJapan
Japan

...We know that the ancient laws of

your imperial majesty's government

do not allow of foreign trade, except

with the Chinese and the Dutch; but

as the state of the world changes… it

seems to be wise, from time to time,

 Letter
Letterfrom
fromPresident
PresidentMillard
MillardFillmore
Fillmoretotothe
theShogun
Shogunof
ofJapan
Japan

...These are the only objects for which I

have sent Commodore Perry, with a

powerful squadron, to pay a visit to your

imperial majesty's renowned city of Yedo:

friendship, commerce, a supply of coal and

provisions, and protection for our

shipwrecked people."
 Gunboat Diplomacy
Perry returned in 1854.
This time he appeared with seven ships - four
sailing ships, three steamers – and 1600 men.

So…what’s it
gonna be??
 The Treaty of Kanagawa
InIn1854
1854the theTreaty
TreatyofofKanagawa
Kanagawawas wassigned
signedwhich
whichestablished:
established:
Permanent Friendship friendship
1.1.___________________
___________________ friendshipbetween
betweenthe
thetwo
twocountries
countries
2.2. proper
propertreatment
treatmentfor
forshipwrecked
shipwreckedAmericans
Americans
3.3. fuel
fuelfor
forAmerican
Americanships
ships
4.4. two
twoports
portsopened
openedfor
fortrade
trade

Result:
Result:
The
Thesigning
signingof
ofthis
thistreaty
treatysignaled
signaledthe
theend
endof
ofJapanese
Japanese________.
isolation
________.
 The last Tokugawa Shogun
Shogun Yoshinobu Sakamoto Ryoma
“Revere the
Emperor, expel
the
barbarians”

Sakamoto
SakamotoRyoma
Ryomacreated
createdaaplan
planfor
forJapan
Japantoto
Unequal
Unequaltreaties
treatieswere
wereseen
seenasashumiliating
humiliating modernize
modernizeand
andunify
unifyunder
underthe
therule
ruleofofthe
theEmperor.
Emperor.
and
andsome
somedaimyo
daimyowanted
wantedtotoremove
removethe
the He
Heconvinced
convincedthe
theShogun
Shoguntotoresign.
resign. HeHewas
was
Shogun
Shogunfrom
frompower.
power. assassinated
assassinatedshortly
shortlyafter
afterby
byaapro-Shogun
pro-Shogunsupporter.
supporter.
 The Meiji Restoration

This
Thisperiod
periodisisknown
knownas
asthe
the______________
Meiji Restoration
______________
Meiji
Meijimeaning Enlightened
meaning______________.Rule
______________.

By
By1868,
1868,aagroup
groupofofyoung
youngsamurai
samuraiclaimed
claimed Over
Overthe
thenext
nextgeneration
generationthe
thewhole
wholesociety
society
that
thatthey
theywere
wererestoring
restoringpower
powertoto and
andits
itsinstitutions
institutionswere
weretransformed
transformedtoto
Mutsuhito the
___________, serve
servethe
theneeds modernization
needsofof_____________.
_____________.
___________, the1515year
yearold
oldJapanese
Japanese
Emperor.
Emperor.
 Selective Borrowing
“When
“WhenIIsaw
sawaahospital
hospital[abroad],
[abroad],IIwanted
wantedtotoknow
knowhowhowitit
was
wasrun
run––who
whopaid
paidthe
therunning
runningexpenses;
expenses;when
whenIIvisited
visited
aabank,
bank,IIwanted
wantedtotolearn
learnhow
howthethemoney
moneywas
wasdeposited
deposited
and
andpaid
paidout.
out. By
Bysimilar
similarfirsthand
firsthandquestions,
questions,IIlearned
learned
something
somethingofofthe
thepostal
postalsystem
systemandandthe
themilitary
military
conscription
conscription(draft).
(draft). AAperplexing
perplexinginstitution
institutionwas
was
representative
representativegovernment.”
government.”
Fukuzawa Yukichi
Japanese Scholar

World Events

ellion
Taiping Reb U.S. Civil W
ar
1850-1864 Suez Canal 1861-1865
1858-1869
 “Rich Country, Strong Army!”
Political Reforms
•Centralized
•CentralizedNation-State
Nation-State
•Equality
•Equalityunder
underthe
thelaw
law
•1889
•1889––Emperor
Emperorissues
issuesaa“voluntary
“voluntarygift”
gift”totothe
thepeople
people––aaconstitution
constitution
•Developed
•DevelopedaaParliament
Parliamentcalled
calledthe
theDiet
Diet
•Emperor
•Emperorstill
stillhad
hadpower
power––influenced
influencedby byoligarchy
oligarchy
“Rich Country, Strong Army!”
Military Reforms

•Abolished
•AbolishedSamurai
Samuraiclass
class
•No
•Nolonger
longerallowed
allowedtotocarry
carryswords
swords
•Created
•Createdmodern
modernarmy
armybased
basedonon
conscription
conscriptionfrom
fromall
allclasses
classes
•Created
•Createdmodern
modernnavy
navy
 Economic Reforms “Rich Country, Strong Army!”
State
StateSponsored
SponsoredIndustry:
Industry: Ministry
MinistryofofIndustry
Industry1870
1870

• •Newly
Newlydeveloped
developedState
StateBanks
Banksfunded
fundednewnewroads,
roads,railroads
railroads
• •Guilds
Guildsandandroad
roadtariffs
tariffsabolished
abolishedtotocreate
createnational
nationalmarket
market
• •Land
Landreform/new
reform/newagricultural
agriculturaltechniques
techniquesincreased
increasedfood
food
• •Government
Governmentdominated
dominatedmines,
mines,shipyards,
shipyards,heavy
heavyindustry
industry
• •Created
Createdpostal
postalsystem,
system,commercial
commerciallaws,
laws,schools
schools

Silk
Silkfactories
factories1915
1915
Private
Private Enterprise in the TextileIndustry
Enterprise in the Textile Industry New
NewWestern
Westernstyle
stylepublic
publiceducation
education
 Do Now:

1.1. What
WhatJapanese
Japanesetraditions
traditions
are
aredepicted
depictedin
inthis
this
painting?
painting?
2.2. What
Whataspects
aspectsof
ofthis
this
painting
paintingreflect
reflectwestern
western
ideals?
ideals? Explain.
Explain.
3.3. How
Howdoes
doesthis
thispainting
painting
showcase
showcasethe
thechanging
changingtimes
times
of
ofJapan?
Japan?
Landscape art of the 16th Century displays
themes of isolation, reflection, and simplicity.
Japanese artists and scholars, emulated their
Chinese mentors. This reflective, somewhat
romantic ink landscape includes pale touches
of red and yellow.
 Final Thoughts
Western ____________
technology was adopted which
allowed the Japanese to fully ______________
industrialize
in less than 50 years. By the end of the Meiji
Restoration, the Japanese no longer feared
that they would be _____________.
imperialized Rather,
they set out to practice imperialism
themselves to obtain power and natural
________
__________. Japan was quickly emerging as a
resources
world-class power using western technology
and methods while still maintaining its
___________ _________
traditional cultural values.
Meiji _____________.
This period was known as the _____ Restoration